太行山猕猴牙齿与颅长的相关性

对太行山猕猴牙齿有关变量做了测量,统计,并就其与颅骨长间的异速生长和相关程度进行了研究。结果表明,太行山猕猴牙齿具有明显的性别差异,雄性牙齿的变异程度在犬齿和中央门齿表现尤为突出。在线性型或面积方面,雄性牙齿的异速生长均快于雌性和雄＋雌,此与其生活史对策相适应,在雄性,雌性或雄＋雌,下颌齿变量与颅骨长的相关程度比上颌更为密切,与有关资料的比较表明,太行山猕猴与金丝猴之间的差异小于与菲氏叶猴之间的差异。     

滇金丝猴下颌的生物力学研究

利用生物力学原理,判别分析和异速生长对我国特有的滇金丝猴下颌研究表明,由于雄性比雌性具有相对更长的下颌,导致了整个下颌结构在两性间的差异。在所分析的8个变量中,4个被选为性别鉴别的重要特征,判别式为:D=-27.65-0.729CONM1+0.596MANDL+1.204MANDSYM-1.778MANCORPW。与猕猴和长鼻猴相比,滇金丝猴具有相对短的下颌骨,较宽的下颌髁和较高的下颌体。这些特征保障了下颌齿,特别是颊齿列更有利于叶类食物的咀嚼,即有利于咀嚼过程中消除下颌的疲劳。     

成年太行山猕猴头骨变量相关性及比较研究

对 12例成年太行山猕猴头骨变量进行测量和统计学分析的结果表明 :在耳点间宽 (X6 )、上面宽(X10 )、左眶宽 (X15)、两眶宽 (X16 )、上颌齿槽弓长 (X2 1)等变量间存在显著的性别差异。相关性分析结果显示 ,下颌角度 (X34 )、枕骨大孔长 (X36 )、枕骨大孔宽 (X37)分别与其它变量间相关不显著 ;颅骨最大长(X1)、眉间点 -人字点长 (X2 )、中眶间宽 (X13)分别与其它变量间相关性少数达到显著或极显著 ;其余头骨变量间相关性绝大多数都达到显著或极显著水平。与湘鄂、闽粤猕猴颅骨有关变量相比 ,有显著的不同。三个猕猴种群的聚类分析结果显示 ,湘鄂、闽粤猕猴种群间的生物学距离相对较近 ,而太行山猕猴与二种群间的距离均较远。     

成年太行山猕猴(Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)肩关节变量的研究

本项研究对成年太行山猕猴肩关节变量进行了测量和统计,作了异速生长分析,并对太行山猕猴(M.mulatta tcheliensis)、滇南猕猴(M.mulatta mulatta)、川西猕猴(M.mulatta lasiotis)、湘鄂猕猴(M.mulatta littoralis)肩关节变量进行了比较和聚类分析。与上述3个亚种相比,太行山猕猴较短的肩胛骨、较小的锁肱指数、较大的三角肌止点指数和较小的摆荡指数,表明太行山猕猴肩关节形态结构更适应于地面上的活动,说明其在地面上活动较多,在树上活动较少。     

太行山猕猴颅骨的形态学及多变量研究

对２１例成年太行山猕猴颅骨的主要形态特征进行了描述和测量,并进行了初步的统计学分析。结果表明,成年太行山猕猴颅骨在耳点间宽（Ｘ１３）、上面宽（Ｘ１９）、左眶宽（Ｘ２７）、右眶宽（Ｘ２８）、两眶宽（Ｘ３７）等变量间存在显的性别差异。与湘鄂、闽粤猕猴颅骨有关变量相比,有显的不同。３个猕猴种群的聚类分析结果显示,湘鄂、闽粤猕猴种群间的生物学距离相对较近,而太行山猕猴与前二种种群间的距离均较远。太行山     

短尾猴下颌骨的性二型

对30个成年短尾猴下颌骨的8个有关变量作了性二型研究。单因子分析说明,8个变量均达到了显著差异水平。判别分析得到的第一判别式为:D=-11.013+1.151下颌骨髁长+0.269下颌骨髁宽。当D=-1.271±0.182时,标本为雌性;当D=0.973±0.290时为雄性。雄性下颌骨髁比雌性更长和更宽,且变化较为稳定,可作为种内性别间的鉴别特征。雄性比雌性具有较大咀嚼阻力臂(下颌长),但其他阻力臂则比雌性相对较短。与一些灵长类相同变量的比较说明,短尾猴下颌骨结构与猕猴较为接近,与长尾叶猴则相差甚远。这可反映它们食性和行为方面的亲疏关系。     

太行山猕猴下颌骨变量相关性研究

本研究测量了１８例（雄４,雌１４）成年太行山猕猴下颌骨的１２项变量。通过对下颌骨变量的性别判别分析和相关分析。结果显示：太行山猕猴下颌骨变量有其自身特征,与其它猕猴下颌骨资料比较表现出一定差异;用Ｏｔｔｅｓｔａｔ方法对有关变量建立性别判别函数式,其判别率达８６．８６％,下颌骨变量相关性研究表明,各变量之间有正相关,也有负相关,大多数变量之间相互程度较差,不同变量之间其相关程度存在一定差异。     

成年太行山猕猴肩关节变量的研究

本项研究对成年太行山猕猴桃肩并节变量进行了测量和统计,作了异速生长分析,并对太行山猕猴、滇南猕猴、川西猕猴、湘鄂猕猴肩并关节变量进行了比较和聚类分析,与上述３个亚种相比,太行山猕猴较短的肩胛骨,较小的锁肱指数,较大的三角肌止点指数和较小的摆荡指数,表明太行山猕猴肩关节形态结构更适应于地面上的活动,说明其在地面上活动较多,在树上活动较少。     

太行山猕猴牙齿性别差异研究

以太行山猕猴牙齿为对象,主要研究各牙齿的性差大小及分布模式.测量43例太行山猕猴牙齿的2个主要变量.数据通过SPSS统计分析软件处理.性差大小用雄雌差值(Dif)和性差百分比(P.D)表示.结果表明,太行山猕猴牙齿性差主要表现在犬齿性差"区"和第3臼齿,主要是MD径,越靠近犬齿其性差越大,下颌的更为明显.表明太行山猕猴牙齿的不同变量、不同位置性差程度不同.本研究在进行性差推断和种间比较时有一定的实用价值和理论价值.     

猕猴颊齿大小的性差研究初报

对28例太行山成年猕猴(♂10,♀18)的上、下颌颊齿齿冠面积进行测量。运用SPSS 10.0统计软件的多变量分析,选择有关颊齿变量建立性别判别函数。结果表明:猕猴颊齿具有明显的性差。选择不同的变量和选择不同的判别函数其性别正确判别率不同。上、下颌颊齿的性差有一定差异。使用逐步判别法建立判别函数,其性别正确判别率上颌颊齿为89.3%,下颌颊齿为92.3%。     

Cranial adaptation to a high attrition diet in Japanese macaques

Primates with diets that require greater occlusal forces to process exhibit anteroposteriorly shorter, vertically deeper faces, more anteriorly placed masseter attachment areas, and broader, taller mandibular corpora compared to closely related species/populations. Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)eat different, perhaps mechanically tougher to process, foods than other macaques do. Accordingly, they should exhibit structural features of the skull related to dissipating great occlusal loads. To test this hypothesis I compared cranial variables amongst wild-caught, adult female skulls (n = 85) of M. fuscataand three other macaque species (M. mulatta, M. fascicularis,and M. nemestrina)and applied least-squares and reduced-major-axis regression analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) to 17 cranial variables reflecting facial, vault, and mandibular dimensions. When scaled for size, the Japanese macaque has a vertically deeper and anteroposteriorly shorter face,a broader but not taller mandibular corpus, and a more anteriorly placed masseter muscle than the other three macaques do. The first PCA axis isolates variation due to a suite of characters related to mechanical efficiency in dissipating occlusal loads (vertically deep face and broad corpus) and differentiates the Japanese macaques from the other species. This, coupled with reported dietary differences among species, suggests that Japanese macaques are selected for dissipating greater occlusal loads than other macaques are. The presence of a narrow mandible relative to cranial breadth and a hyperrobust mandibular corpus width suggests that axial torsion is a significant influence in the masticatory regime of M. fuscata.The lack of an increase in corpus height indicates that parasagittal bending is not as significant an influence. Geographic and climatic influences cannot account for the patterns of variation between M. fuscataand the other macaques.     

A biomechanical analysis of mandibular scaling in old world monkeys

Scaling of mandibular dimensions in male Old World monkeys was investigated. Mandibular condyle length, width, and area were regressed separately against body mass and mandibular length for a total of 14 species of Cercopithecoids. Scaling of mandibular depth and width against both body mass and mandibular length were also investigated. When results of regression analysis using the two different independent variables (body mass and mandibular length) were compared, there were significant pattern differences in scaling of cercopithecines versus colobines. Compared to body mass, male cercopithecines had relatively large mandibles (length, width, and depth) and also relatively large condyles (length, width, and area). However, compared to mandibular length, cercopithecines had relatively transversely thin and shallow mandibles and relatively narrow condyles. It is shown that a “biomechanical” interpretation of mandibular scaling patterns against body mass in Old World monkeys demonstrates only that cercopithecines have prognathic faces, an already well-known and well-documented condition. When the biomechanical effects of prognathic faces are controlled for (by scaling against mandibular length), it is shown that cercopithecines possess special adaptations in condyle length while colobines possess special adaptations in condyle width and mandibular depth and width. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of selecting a relevant reference variable in scaling studies where biomechanical interpretations are attempted.     

太行山猕猴髋骨变量研究初报

本文对22例（♂11,♀11）成年太行山地区猕猴髋骨有关变量进行测量,通过有关变量单因素方差分析、R型聚类和回归分析,结果表明：太行山猕猴的髋骨变量有较明显的自身特征,髋骨有关变量在雌雄之间有明显差异。     

Biometric analysis of the mandibles of Papio anubis and Cercopithecus aethiops

Six biometric measurements were recorded from dry mandibles of 53 Papio anubis and 84 Cercopithecus aethiops: intercondylar width, intercoronoid width, intermolar width (IMW), mesiodistal width of the condyles, height of the occlusal table and anteroposterior length of the chewing surface from P4 to M3 (CL). The mean values and correlation matrices of these variables show that, despite the difference in size, the overall shape of the mandible in male and female is similar within species. The principal component analysis shows that in P. anubis the six variables contribute almost equally to the first component (75% of total variance), suggesting that the large mandible may be force related because of the greater mechanical forces required for chewing certain foods. In C. aethiops, the contribution of IMW and CL is less in the first component (52.7% of total variance), suggesting that the biochemical forces of mastication are more complex to adapt the mandible to a shorter muzzle and a particular diet.     

青藏高原褐背拟地鸦表型特征的性别差异与地理变异

将数值分类用于鸟类分类学研究时,对于雌雄的形态特征差异没有被重视,尤其是对于雌雄同形的鸟类。本文以雌雄同形的褐背拟地鸦Pseudopodoces humilis为材料,运用SPSSl0．0FORwINDOwS统计分析软件对108号褐背拟地鸦标本(51♀♀,57♂♂)的数量性状(体长、跗跖长、翅长、尾长、嘴宽、嘴高、上喙长、下喙长、嘴裂、第3趾爪长、第1趾爪长)的原始数据进行分析,结果表明雌、雄性状在翅长(n＝51,P＝0．012)和嘴高(n＝57,P＝0．043)上有明显差异,但在体长、跗跖长、尾长、嘴宽、上喙长、下喙长、嘴裂、第3趾爪长、第1趾爪长等数值特征上却没有明显的差异。所以在以后对于褐背拟地鸦的地理种群变异和亚种分化的研究中,翅长和嘴高两特征应该根据雌雄分别讨论。通过对不同性状量度和纬度的相关回归分析,发现在测量标本所涉及的采集地范围内,即主要在青藏高原东南部地区,褐背拟地鸦体长和雄乌的翅长在地理分布上随纬度的增加而变小,而其它性状特征没有明显的地理分布纬度上的变化。