黄瓜花性别分化和内源激素的关系

黄瓜雌花中GA3 和IAA含量均高于雄花 ;雌花在大孢子母细胞时期以后直到发育成熟 ,IAA含量持续增加 ,雄花中IAA含量则下降 ;ZT含量增加有利于大小孢子母细胞的形成而ABA含量增加则有利于四分体的形成。高水平的ZT/IAA和低水平的GA3 /ZT有利于大孢子母细胞和花粉粒的形成 ,大孢子四分体在高水平的GA3 /ZT和低水平的ZT/IAA下形成。雌性系黄瓜经硝酸银处理后茎尖中GA3 增加、IAA和ZT减少 ,有利于雄性分化 ;强雄性系黄瓜经乙烯利处理后 ,茎尖中GA3 下降 ,IAA和ZT增加 ,有利于雌性分化。据此认为内源IAA可能是黄瓜性别发育的关键性激素     

表油菜素内酯对黄瓜下胚轴伸长、内源GA~3,ABA及淀粉含量的影响

1 ppm表油菜素内酯(epiBR)能显著地促进光下生长的黄瓜下胚轴伸长。其促进伸长的效应需约5h滞后期,明显超过IAA而与GA_3的滞后期接近。GA_3对epiBR促进黄瓜下胚轴的伸长具有增效作用。epiBR能提高内源GA_3,ABA的水平,处理24h后,GA_3/ABA值约为对照的两倍。经epiBR处理后的黄瓜下胚轴内淀粉含量较低,并维持在同一水平,这与GA_3的作用颇为一致。     

罗汉果花芽分化过程中形态及其激素水平变化特征

采用石蜡切片和酶联免疫法(ELISA)对罗汉果雄性、雌性、两性花芽分化过程的形态和激素水平变化进行观测,为罗汉果开花调控和品种选育提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)罗汉果雄性、雌性、两性花的花芽分化过程均可分为花芽未分化期、花芽分化初期、花序分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期和雌蕊原基分化期7个阶段。雄蕊原基分化期前,3种花芽分化过程无明显差异,各时期形态特征均依次为:茎端呈圆锥状(花芽未分化期)→茎端经半球形变成扁平状(花芽分化初期)→距茎端5~7节位处分化出穗状花序(花序分化期)→小花原基周围形成5个萼片原基(萼片原基分化期)→萼片原基内侧形成5个花瓣原基(花瓣原基分化期)。雄蕊和雌蕊原基分化期,3种花芽分化过程存在明显差异,雄蕊原基内侧出现雌蕊原基后,雄花芽雄蕊原基继续发育成雄蕊,雌蕊原基停滞生长,退为一个小突起;雌花芽雌蕊原基继续发育成雌蕊,雄蕊原基生长缓慢,退化为小花丝;两性花芽雌蕊和雄蕊原基均继续发育,形成外观正常的雌蕊和雄蕊。(2)内源激素脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GAs)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量在3种花芽分化过程中变化规律相似,即ABA含量在花芽生理分化期降低,花芽形态分化期升高,而GAs和ZR含量则基本保持不变;吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量在3种花芽分化过程中变化存在明显差异,雌花芽IAA含量在花芽生理分化期升高,花芽形态分化期逐渐降低,而雄性和两性花芽的IAA含量则基本保持不变。ABA/GAs、ABA/IAA、ZR/IAA和ZR/GAs激素含量比值在3种花芽分化过程中变化规律相似,ABA/GAs在花芽生理分化期降低,花芽形态分化期升高,而BA/IAA、ZR/IAA和ZR/GAs则基本保持不变。研究认为,罗汉果花芽分化过程经历一个"两性期",高ABA含量和ABA/GAs比值有利于罗汉果花芽分化,IAA可能对罗汉果花性分化具有重要作用。     

ABA与GA_3对黄瓜离体子叶和石刁柏茎生根的影响

较高比值的内源ABA/GA_S有利于黄瓜黄化子叶和石刁柏茎不定根的发生。外源ABA具有增加组织内ABA含量并降低GA_S含量而促进生根的作用,而外源GA_S则与ABA效果相反。外源GA_S浓度为10~(-5)mol/L时,外源ABA对黄瓜子叶生根的诱导被明显抑制。子叶内GA_S含量较高的黄瓜1101品系其父本发根能力明显低于母本。ABA与GA_3对不定根发生的调控作用在黄瓜子叶离体培养的第一天最明显。     

鸡血藤愈伤组织培养过程中内源激素变化研究

旨在建立密花豆组织培养再生体系并测定其再生过程中内源激素的动态变化。利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对密花豆嫩叶愈伤组织诱导与不定芽分化过程中的4种内源激素:生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、玉米素(ZT)和赤霉素(GA_3)的含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,在愈伤组织的诱导过程中,IAA的含量始终处于较高水平,并在愈伤组织生长最旺时达最大,而ABA、ZT和GA_3的含量一直保持在较低水平;IAA/ABA对愈伤组织的诱导与生长有着重要的调节作用。在愈伤组织的分化过程中,IAA的含量呈先降后升,并在分化成芽期达到最高,且高于愈伤组织诱导期,介于1.15-1.87μg/g之间;ZT和ABA的含量均呈先升后降趋势,而GA_3则一直呈上升趋势;IAA/ABA呈先降后升趋势,对芽的分化与生长有着重要的促进作用;GA_3/ABA和ZT/ABA呈先降后升趋势,协同促进鸡血藤愈伤组织成功分化出不定芽。内源激素对愈伤组织的诱导和分化成芽有着重要的影响,合适的浓度和比例能有效的促进外植体的脱分化与再分化,并协同促进细胞的分裂、分化和生长。     

海南蒲桃花芽形态分化过程观测及其生理生化变化特征

为了解海南蒲桃[Syzygium cumini(L.) Skeels.]花芽形态分化及相关生理生化变化特征,为海南蒲桃花果量调控和栽培管理提供依据。该研究采用冷冻切片技术和扫描观察法对海南蒲桃花芽形态分化过程的结构特征进行观测,并采用蒽酮比色法、考马斯亮蓝G-250法和酶联免疫吸附检测法测定花芽相关生理指标。结果表明:(1)海南蒲桃花芽形态分化过程包括7个阶段:花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期和雄蕊雌蕊形成期。(2)花芽形态分化过程中,花芽长度呈"快—慢"趋势增加,宽度呈"快—慢—快"趋势增加。(3)花芽可溶性糖和淀粉含量变化趋势为先降后升,蛋白质含量却持续升高。(4)花芽形态分化过程中,花芽GA_3含量极低,ABA、IAA和ZT含量升高,ABA/GA_3、ZT/GA_3比值增大,ABA/IAA比值减小。研究认为,在海南蒲桃花芽形态分化过程中,大量的碳水化合物和蛋白质积累,低水平的GA_3,高水平的ZT、ABA、IAA及ABA/GA_3、ZT/GA_3比值,均有利于海南蒲桃完成花芽形态分化。     

土壤容重对花生根系生长性状和内源激素含量的影响

本文采用柱栽方法,研究了不同土壤容重对花生根系生长性状和内源激素含量的影响。结果表明:在花生苗期,较低的土壤容重利于花生根系生长,根系中生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA_3)、细胞分裂素(ZR)含量升高,而脱落酸(ABA)含量下降。适宜的土壤容重(1.2~1.3 g·cm~(-3))下,花生根系保持较高的IAA、GA_3、ZR含量和较低的ABA含量,有利于根系生长和保持较好的根系形态。根系IAA、GA_3、ZR含量与根系干重、总长度、体积和表面积均呈显著或极显著正相关,ABA含量则相反。IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、GA_3/ABA也与根系干重、总长度、体积和表面积呈显著或极显著正相关。据此可见,土壤容重为1.2~1.3 g·cm~(-3)可维持有利于花生根系生长的内源激素水平。     

PP333对柑桔抗冻力以及叶片内源ABA和GA3含量的影响（简报）

9月中旬叶喷并土施2000ppmPP333(0.2g有效成分/株)能抑制柑桔盆栽树晚秋梢生长,增强抗冻力1.22℃(“国庆1号”温州蜜柑)和0.57℃(“Verna”柠檬),降低叶片内源GA_3含量,增加ABA含量,从而使ABA/GA_3比值提高。     

不同成花量金花茶花果期果枝叶内源激素的变化

该研究运用酶联免疫法(ELISA)对不同成花量(花多、花少、无花)金花茶花果期果枝叶内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA_3)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、脱落酸(ABA)含量进行了测定。结果表明:始花期金花茶果枝叶内源IAA先升高后降低,花多株含量低于花少株;有花株ZR含量高于无花株;GA_3含量呈现整体上升趋势,有花株高于无花株;ABA含量先降低后升高,无花株高于花多株。盛花期IAA、GA_3、ABA含量整体下降,ZR含量先降低后升高,花多株叶内源IAA、ZR、GA_3含量高于花少株或无花株,ABA含量低于花少株或无花株。花期内,有花株果枝叶IAA/ZR、IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、GA_3/ABA比值均高于无花株,而(IAA+GA_3)/ZR比值低于无花株,说明金花茶花果的发育不仅和单个激素的含量有关,还和激素平衡有关。秋梢期营养生长旺盛时无花株IAA/ZR比值较大,花果期生殖生长强烈时比值较小,(IAA+GA_3)/ZR与之相反。这说明花蕾期高水平的内源IAA、ZR和ABA及低水平的内源GA_3有利于金花茶开花;末花期高含量的IAA、ZR和低含量的GA_3、ABA可减少落花落果,提高坐果率,有利于果实快速生长;果实生长后期高含量的ABA有利于果实成熟。该研究结果为生产上应用生长调节剂调控金花茶成花、坐果提供了理论依据。     

喷施GA3和6 BA对“富士”苹果顶芽内源激素及成花成枝的影响

为探讨外源GA_3、6-BA对"富士"苹果大小年现象调控机理及其在成花成枝中的作用,试验以4年生"富士"苹果树为材料,分别在不同生长时期、相同浓度GA_3、6-BA喷施处理树体和以不同喷施次数、不同浓度的GA_3、6-BA处理树体,利用超高效液相色谱法测定枝条顶芽中内源激素(GA_3、IAA、ABA、ZT)含量,同时考察不同类型枝条成花率、成枝率和枝条长度。结果显示:(1)在不同生长时期喷施GA_3促进了顶芽中内源GA_3和ABA含量的积累,抑制了ZT和短枝IAA的合成,同时降低了不同类型枝条的成花率、促进了生理分化前期短枝的成枝率;6-BA处理增加了所有枝条顶芽中GA_3、ABA以及短枝顶芽中IAA和中长枝顶芽中ZT的合成,从而促进了花芽生理分化前期不同类型枝条的成花率、短枝的成枝率以及中长枝的伸长,但对短枝的伸长有抑制作用。(2)单次喷施GA_3抑制了所有枝条顶芽中IAA的合成,促进了所有枝条顶芽中GA_3、ABA以及短枝顶芽ZT含量的积累,使得成花率降低、成枝率增加、枝条伸长减小,GA_3浓度越大对顶芽中ZT合成的抑制越明显。多次喷施GA_3增加了所有枝条顶芽中GA_3和IAA的积累,短枝中ABA含量减小而中长枝增加,并使得成花率降低,成枝率减小,但对ZT含量和枝条伸长无显著影响。(3)单次喷施6-BA增加了短枝顶芽中GA_3和ABA含量以及所有枝条中ZT的含量,但抑制了中长枝GA_3和ABA的合成以及所有枝条顶芽中IAA的合成;使得成花率降低,成枝率增加,抑制了短枝枝条伸长而促进了中长枝伸长;多次喷施6-BA使得所有枝条顶芽中GA_3和IAA含量增加,短枝ABA含量减小,短枝ZT含量增加而中长枝ZT含量减小,并抑制了所有枝条成花率和短枝的伸长,但对成枝率和中长枝的伸长无显著影响。研究表明:不同生长时期使用外源激素可以促进顶芽中GA_3和ABA的合成,但对IAA、ZT的含量以及成花率、成枝率、枝条长度影响随处理时期的不同而有所改变。喷施次数和浓度对内源激素的合成、成枝率以及枝条的伸长有不同的调节作用,但都抑制了花芽的分化,使成花率降低。     

Peroxidase and IAA Oxidase Activity and Isoenzyme Patterns in Cucumber Plants, as Affected by Sex Expression and Ethephon

Peroxidase and IAA-oxidase activity, electrophoretic patterns of total proteins and isoenzymes and the effect of Ethephon (= Ethrel, 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid) on these patterns were compared in extracts of monoecious and gynoecious cucumber plants. The activity of both peroxidase and IAA oxidase was greater in gynoecious than in monoecious plants. Ethephon treatments given at the 2-leaf stage increased peroxidase activity, especially in monoecious plants, and decreased IAA-oxidase activity. Ethephon treatment did not affect total protein or isoenzyme patterns, but increased band intensity, especially that of one band in monoecious plant extracts. No differences between monoecious and gynoecious plants were found in total protein, peroxidase and IAA-oxidase isoenzyme patterns. Peroxidase and IAA-oxidase activity sites on the gel were similar.     

The M locus and ethylene-controlled sex determination in andromonoecious cucumber plants.

Sex determination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants is genetically controlled by the F and M loci. These loci interact to produce three different sexual phenotypes: gynoecious (M-F-), monoecious (M-ff), and andromonoecious (mmff). Gynoecious cucumber plants produce more ethylene than do monoecious plants. We found that the levels of ethylene production and the accumulation of CS-ACS2 mRNA in andromonoecious cucumber plants did not differ from those in monoecious plants and were lower than the levels measured in gynoecious plants. Ethylene inhibited stamen development in gynoecious cucumbers but not in andromonoecious ones. Furthermore, ethylene caused substantial increases in the accumulation of CS-ETR2, CS-ERS, and CS-ACS2 mRNA in monoecious and gynoecious cucumber plants, but not in andromonoecious one. In addition, the inhibitory effect of ethylene on hypocotyl elongation in andromonoecious cucumber plants was less than that in monoecious and gynoecious plants. These results suggest that ethylene responses in andromonoecious cucumber plants are reduced from those in monoecious and gynoecious plants. This is the first evidence that ethylene signals may influence the product of the M locus and thus inhibit stamen development in cucumber. The andromonoecious line provides novel material for studying the function of the M locus during sex determination in flowering cucumbers.     

Sexual differentiation in cucumber: Abscisic acid and gibberellic acid contents of various sex genotypes

The AbA content of cucumber shoot tips was determined by GLC.Shoot tips of monoecious plants had a higher AbA content thanthose of gynoecious ones, and SD conditions caused higher AbAcontent than LD conditions. AbA content per unit dry weightof young floral buds was 5- to 9-fold higher than in older ones. A GLC method was developed to allow parallel identificationand quantitative determinations of GA₃ and AbA with the samesample. The shoot tip contents of both growth substances weredetermined at four developmental stages of the monoecious plant.Both significantly increased until the 12th day after plantingthen decreased; the GA₃ content decreased markedly. A general hypothesis for the role of growth substances in regulatingsex expression of cucumber is presented and discussed. (Received January 7, 1977; )     

Auxin,biosynthesis of ethylene and sex expression in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Ethylene production, level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and activity of the ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) were higher in apices of gynoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Alma) as compared to monoecious cucumber (C. sativus cv. Elem). Application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) enhanced ethylene and ACC production in both cultivars. The stimulatory effect of IAA was more pronounced in gynoecious apices. Induction of ethylene production and accumulation of ACC resulting from treatment with IAA were effectively blocked by aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). Content of endogenous IAA, measured by an enzyme immunoassay, was lower in gynoecious cucumber as compared to monoecious one. Treatment of gynoecious plants with the antiauxins -(p-chlorophenoxy)isobutyric acid (PCIB) and -naphthaleneacetic acid (-NAA) did not inhibit female sex expression.It appears that although exogenous IAA enhances ACC and ethylene production, endogenous IAA might not have a major role in the control of sex expression in cucumber of the Beit-Alfa type.Prof. Rudich passed away in May 1986.     

Sexual differentiation in cucumber: The effects of abscisic acid and other growth regulators on various sex genotypes

AbA, ethephon and gibberellin were applied to cucumber plantsof monoecious, gynoecious, andromoneocious and hermaphroditeinbred lines, as well as to F₁ (gynoecious?monoecious) plants.Exogenous AbA enhanced the male tendency in monoecious cucumberplants and the female tendency in gynoecious plants, irrespectiveof light regime. Exogenous ethephon treatments increased thefemale tendency in monoecious plants, and decreased it in gynoeciousones. These effects were influenced by day length. ExogenousAbA counteracted the effect of gibberellin (A₄₊₇) treatmentin gynoecious plants, but had no such effect in monoecious ones. In addition to its differential effect on sexual differentiation,AbA stimulated flower development in gynoecious plants and inhibitedit in monoecious plants. These responses to AbA are discussedin the light of previously reported effects of plant growthregulators on various sex types of cucumber. The present resultsare being integrated into an updated working hypothesis on sexcontrol in cucumbers. (Received August 30, 1976; )     

The level of phytohormones in monoecious and gynoecious cucumbers as affected by photoperiod and ethephon

The endogenous levels of auxin, gibberellin, and inhibitors were followed in monoecious and gynoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants, and in plants treated with the ethylene-releasing compound Ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid). Higher auxin inhibitor and lower gibberellin levels were associated with female tendency. The endogenous level of gibberellin and auxin decreased in Ethephon-treated plants. Application of Ethephon induced a rise in abscisic acid. Root application of abscisic acid promoted female tendency of gynoecious cucumbers grown under conditions which increase maleness. High CO₂ levels, which are known to antagonize ethylene, increased maleness of gynoecious cucumbers. The possibility of interrelationship between gibberellin, auxin, ethylene, and abscisic acid on sex expression are discussed.     

黄瓜植株性别表现与3种氧化酶同工酶的关系

采用同工酶电泳技术分析了二叶期纯雌株和雌雄株黄瓜（Ｃｕｃｕｍｉｓ ｓａｔｉｖｕｓ Ｌ．）子叶和真叶过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶同工酶,结果发现：给株比雌雄株酶活性强、酶带数量多,这种差异酶带大多与雌性或雌雄性别紧密相关,经检验可以作为黄瓜雌性株早期鉴定的生化标记,尤其以真叶中多酚氧化酶同工酶Ｒｆ０．２８７表现稳定,鉴定成功率高。等电聚焦电泳垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分辨效果好。