牛泡沫病毒中国株感染兔的研究

将牛泡沫病毒(BFV3026)感染的细胞经耳缘静脉注射兔子,并以正常细胞注射的兔为对照.1年后处死,病毒挽救实验及PCR检测显示兔经一次注射即可被BFV3026感染,病毒广泛分布于感染兔的多种脏器中,通过共培养可从感染兔血、肝、脾、肺、肾中拯救出相应感染性病毒颗粒,并在脑、骨髓、心、胰、肠系膜中检到高拷贝BFV原病毒DNA存在.同时,血清学检测表明感染兔在接受注射一个月后即产生高滴度抗病毒蛋白抗体,并维持该滴度水平直至实验终止,兔未表现任何可观病变.     

牛泡沫病毒BFV3026细胞感染性的确立及包装细胞系的建立

分别将牛泡沫病毒BFV3026接种于胎牛肺细咆(FBL）、牛肺细咆系(BL12)、新生牛肾细胞(NBK)、兔肺细胞(RL)、人乳腺癌上皮细咆(MCF)、293T、HeLa、CV-1、CHO等9种细胞,通过对它们及其传代细胞的病变观察-RT—PCR检测,确立BFV3026对这9种细胞的感染。并以BFV3026原病毒DNA为模板,通过PCR构建以pcDNA3．1(-)为载体的gag—pol、env真核表达质粒共转染BL12细胞,经G418持续筛选,获得8个Neo^R细胞克隆RT—PCR及包装实验证实：其中7个细胞克隆能有效行使包装辅助功能。     

RU5区对BFV3026基因表达的调控

以牛泡沫病毒(Bovine foamy virus, BFV)中国株BFV3026原病毒DNA为材料,构建R区系列缺失质粒, 通过对其转染细胞中RT水平及对缺失质粒与luc报告质粒共转染细胞中萤火虫荧光素酶活性的测定,确立U5区对于BFV3026两类启动子LTR和IP均具有负调控作用;同时将带有不同R区的BFV3026结构基因片段克隆于异源启动子CMV之下,通过对其转染细胞293T中RT酶活性的测定,确立R区对于病毒结构基因pol的表达具有一定的调节作用,并将其功能区域初步界定在R区5′端100bp内.     

RU5区对BFV3026基因表达的调控

以牛泡沫病毒(Bovine foamy virus,BFV)中国株BFV3026原病毒DNA为材料,构建R区系列缺失质粒,通过对其转染细胞中RT水平及对缺失质粒与luc报告质粒共转染细胞中萤火虫荧光素酶活性的测定,确立U5区对于BFV3026两类启动子LTR和IP均具有负调控作用;同时将带有不同R区的BFV3026结构基因片段克隆于异源启动子CMV之下,通过对其转染细胞293T中RT酶活性的测定,确立R区对于病毒结构基因pol的表达具有一定的调节作用,并将其功能区域初步界定在R区5′端100bp内。     

MCMV不同途径感染免疫缺损性小鼠体内效应的研究

通过血管注射、腹下注射、唾液腺注射等3种不同途径将野生型小鼠巨细胞病毒(murine cytomegalovirus,MCMV)感染免疫缺损型小鼠CM17 SCID(sevele combined immunodeficiency,严重免疫缺损综合症),在感染后不同的时间内分别取唾液腺、脾、肝、肺和肾脏测定其病毒滴度,以及测定感染后SCID小鼠的死亡率．同时通过唾液腺注射RvM43突变株,测定病毒在唾液腺中的滴度．结果显示：经尾部血管途径注射的体内唾液腺、肺、脾、肝和肾脏的病毒滴度高峰期和SCID小鼠死亡时间均显著性早于经腹下注射、唾液腺注射途径、除唾液腺器官外,经唾液腺注射途径肺、脾、肝和肾脏的病毒的出现时间晚于经尾部血管和腹下注射途径．经唾液腺注射后,唾液腺中突变型RvM43在各时间点的病毒滴度及高峰出现时间与野生型相同．由此可知,从唾液腺感染小鼠后：MCMV病毒在唾液腺中的生长不受M43基因突变的影响,小鼠巨细胞病毒不同途径感染免疫缺损型小鼠CMl7 SCID的体内生物学效应有差异．因此有必要通过不同途径感染宿主来研究MCMV基因的体内功能．     

重组逆转录病毒介导的转蚓激酶基因兔

目的通过重组逆转录病毒介导获得转蚓激酶基因家兔。方法将含有蚓激酶基因的表达盒插入到逆转录病毒载体pLNCL中获得了蚓激酶重组逆转录病毒载体,利用脂质体转染PA317包装细胞,G418进行筛选得到了阳性细胞克隆,克隆扩大培养后病毒上清直接注射雄性兔的睾丸组织转染精原干细胞。结果病毒上清经NIH3T3细胞进行滴度测定,最高滴度为1×104CFU/mL。病毒注射3月龄兔睾丸组织,过1.5个月取其睾丸、肾、脾、肝、肺进行组织切片观察,结果正常。提取交配所得F0、F1代仔兔基因组,经PCR、Southern检测,转基因阳性率F0代为6.3%(2/32)、F1代为15.3%(2/13)。结论通过重组逆转录病毒直接注射3月龄兔睾丸组织可获得转基因兔,病毒对兔的脏器无损害。     

猪瘟病毒中国兔化弱毒疫苗株在原代牛睾丸细胞中拉殖特性的研究

以猪瘟病毒中国兔化弱毒疫苗株（ＣＳＦＶ Ｃ株）为实验材料,研究该病毒株在原代牛睾丸细胞中增殖的基本特性与规律。找到了一株能够使用免疫荧光技术进行检测的ＣＤ株猪瘟病毒,并对病毒滴度的测定方法进行了改进,发展完善了荧光斑技术（Ｆ－ＰＦＵ）。使用改进的病毒滴度测定方法,对接毒后培养上清中病毒滴度的变化趋势进行了检测,在原代牛睾丸细胞中,接毒后５ｄ,几乎所有的细胞者可被病毒感染;释放到培养液中有活性的病毒     

轮状病毒LH9株在Vero细胞中的培养条件优化研究

为优化轮状病毒株在Vero细胞上的培养条件,将轮状病毒基因重配株LH9按0.1MOI分别接种于不同规格的细胞培养瓶(100ml、2000ml、3L、15L)。病毒接种采用吸附与未吸附两种方式、病毒收获采取低温冻融后离心与直接离心两种方法,观察分析对病毒滴度的影响。实验中,用CASY细胞计数仪分析活细胞率,病毒接种后逐日观察细胞病变(CPE)并取样,采用细胞半数感染量测定病毒滴度。结果表明,使用不同规格细胞培养瓶经吸附法培养接种、低温破碎法收获的LH9株病毒滴度高,其中以15L立瓶培养滴度最高(6.0～7.0 logCCID50/ml)。     

猪瘟病毒中国兔化弱毒疫苗株在原代牛睾丸细胞中增殖特性的研究

以猪瘟病毒中国兔化弱毒疫苗株 (CSFVC株 )为实验材料 ,研究该病毒株在原代牛睾丸细胞中增殖的基本特性与规律。找到了一株能够使用免疫荧光技术进行检测的C株猪瘟病毒 ,并对病毒滴度的测定方法进行了改进 ,发展完善了荧光斑技术 (F PFU)。使用改进的病毒滴度测定方法 ,对接毒后培养上清中病毒滴度的变化趋势进行检测。在原代牛睾丸细胞中 ,接毒后 5d ,几乎所有的细胞都可被病毒感染 ;释放到培养液中有活性的病毒粒子达到 10 5F PFU/mL以上 ,后维持在该水平。对原代细胞中细胞种类随代次增加的变化趋势进行了观察 ,并对CSFV的增殖特点及生产中出现的一收毒价不稳定、多次收获病毒等现象的机制进行探讨。并对影响猪瘟病毒增殖的因素进行了实验 ,不仅加深了对猪瘟病毒C株在原代牛睾丸细胞中增殖规律的了解 ,还为疫苗生产中猪瘟病毒产量的提高提供新的思路     

猪瘟病毒中国兔化弱毒疫苗株在原代牛睾丸细胞中增殖特性的研究

以猪瘟病毒中国兔化弱毒疫苗株(CSFV C株)为实验材料,研究该病毒株在原代牛睾丸细胞中增殖的基本特性与规律.找到了一株能够使用免疫荧光技术进行检测的C株猪瘟病毒,并对病毒滴度的测定方法进行了改进,发展完善了荧光斑技术(F-PFU).使用改进的病毒滴度测定方法,对接毒后培养上清中病毒滴度的变化趋势进行检测.在原代牛睾丸细胞中,接毒后5d,几乎所有的细胞都可被病毒感染;释放到培养液中有活性的病毒粒子达到105F-PFU/mL以上,后维持在该水平.对原代细胞中细胞种类随代次增加的变化趋势进行了观察,并对CSFV的增殖特点及生产中出现的一收毒价不稳定、多次收获病毒等现象的机制进行探讨.并对影响猪瘟病毒增殖的因素进行了实验,不仅加深了对猪瘟病毒C株在原代牛睾丸细胞中增殖规律的了解,还为疫苗生产中猪瘟病毒产量的提高提供新的思路.     

Characterization of a full-length infectious clone of bovine foamy virus 3026

The biological features of most foamy viruses (FVs) are poorly understood, including bovine foamy virus (BFV). BFV strain 3026 (BFV3026) was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an infected cow in Zhangjiakou, China. A full-length genomic clone of BFV3026 was obtained from BFV3026-infected cells, and it exhibited more than 99% amino acid (AA) homology to another BFV strain isolated in the USA. Upon transfection into fetal canine thymus cells, the full-length BFV3026 clone produced viral structural and auxiliary proteins, typical cytopathic effects, and virus particles. These results demonstrate that the full-length BFV3026 clone is fully infectious and can be used in further BFV3026 research.     

Similar Patterns of Infection with Bovine Foamy Virus in Experimentally Inoculated Calves and Sheep

Foamy viruses (FVs) are the least known retroviruses commonly found in primates, cats, horses, and cattle. Although FVs are considered apathogenic, simian and feline FVs have been shown to be associated with some transient health abnormalities in animal models. Currently, data regarding the course of infection with bovine FV (BFV) are not available. In this study, we conducted experimental infections of natural (cattle) and heterologous (sheep) hosts with the BFV₁₀₀ isolate and monitored infection patterns in both hosts during the early phase postinoculation as well as after long-term infection. Four calves and six sheep inoculated with BFV₁₀₀ showed no signs of pathology but developed persistent infection, as confirmed by virus rescue, consistent detection of BFV-specific antibodies, and presence of viral DNA. In both hosts, antibodies against BFV Gag and Bet appeared early after infection and persisted at high and stable levels while seroreactivity toward Env was consistently detectable only in BFV-infected sheep. Interestingly, the BFV proviral DNA load was highest in lung, spleen, and liver and moderate in leukocytes, while salivary glands contained either low or undetectable DNA loads in calves or sheep, respectively. Additionally, comparison of partial BFV sequences from inoculum and infected animals demonstrated very limited changes after long-term infection in the heterologous host, clearly less than those found in BFV field isolates. The persistence of BFV infection in both hosts suggests full replication competence of the BFV₁₀₀ isolate with no requirement of genetic adaptation for productive replication in the authentic and even in a heterologous host.     

Preparation of BFV Gag antiserum and preliminary study on cellular distribution of BFV

Viruses (e.g. Human immunodeficiency virus, Human simplex virus and Prototype foamy virus) are obligate intracellular parasites and therefore depend on the cellular machinery for cellular trafficking. Bovine foamy virus (BFV) is a member of the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily of Retroviruses, however, details of its cellular trafficking remain unknown. In this study, we cloned the BFV gag gene into prokaryotic expression vector pET28a and purified the denaturalized Gag protein. The protein was used to immunize BALB/c mouse to produce antiserum, which could specifically recognize the BFV Gag protein in BFV-infected cells through western blot assay. Additionally, these results demonstrated that both the optimal and suboptimal cleavage of Gag protein occur in BFV-infected cells. Subsequently, the Gag antiserum was used to investigate subcellular localization of BFV. In immunofluorescence microscopy assays, colocalization microtubules (MTs) and assembling viral particles were clearly observed, which implied that BFV may transport along cellular MTs in host cells. Furthermore, MTs-depolymerizing assay indicated MTs were required for the efficient replication of BFV. In conclusion, our study suggests that BFV has evolved the mechanism to hijack the cellular cytoskeleton for its replication.     

Selective Modification of Adenovirus Replication Can Be Achieved through Rational Mutagenesis of the Adenovirus Type 5 DNA Polymerase

Mutations that reduce the efficiency of deoxynucleoside (dN) triphosphate (dNTP) substrate utilization by the HIV-1 DNA polymerase prevent viral replication in resting cells, which contain low dNTP concentrations, but not in rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells, which contain high levels of dNTPs. We therefore tested whether mutations in regions of the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA polymerase that interact with the dNTP substrate or DNA template could alter virus replication. The majority of the mutations created, including conservative substitutions, were incompatible with virus replication. Five replication-competent mutants were recovered from 293 cells, but four of these mutants failed to replicate in A549 lung carcinoma cells and Wi38 normal lung cells. Purified polymerase proteins from these viruses exhibited only a 2- to 4-fold reduction in their dNTP utilization efficiency but nonetheless could not be rescued, even when intracellular dNTP concentrations were artificially raised by the addition of exogenous dNs to virus-infected A549 cells. The fifth mutation (I664V) reduced biochemical dNTP utilization by the viral polymerase by 2.5-fold. The corresponding virus replicated to wild-type levels in three different cancer cell lines but was significantly impaired in all normal cell lines in which it was tested. Efficient replication and virus-mediated cell killing were rescued by the addition of exogenous dNs to normal lung fibroblasts (MRC5 cells), confirming the dNTP-dependent nature of the polymerase defect. Collectively, these data provide proof-of-concept support for the notion that conditionally replicating, tumor-selective adenovirus vectors can be created by modifying the efficiency with which the viral DNA polymerase utilizes dNTP substrates.     

A new indicator cell line established to monitor bovine foamy virus infection

In order to improve the accuracy for quantitating the bovine foamy virus (BFV) in vitro, we developed a baby hamster kidney cell (BHK)-21-derived indicator cell line containing a plasmid that encodes the firefly luciferase driven by the BFV long terminal repeat promoter (LTR, from −7 to 1012). The BFV titer could be determined by detecting the luciferase expression since the viral trans-activator BTas protein activates the promoter activity of the LTR. One clone, designated BFVL, was selected from ten neomycin-resistant clones. BFVL showed a specific and inducible dose- and time-dependent luciferase activity in response to BFV infection. Although the changes in luciferase activity of BFVL peaked at 84 h post infection, it was possible to differentiate infected and uninfected cells at 48 h post infection. A linear relationship was established between the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of BFV and the activated ratio of luciferase expression in BFVL. Moreover, the sensitivity of the BFVL-based assay for detecting infectious BFV was 10,000 times higher than the conventional CPE-based assay at 48 h post infection. These findings suggest that the BFVL-based assay is rapid, easy, sensitive, quantitative and specific for detection of BFV infection.     

In vivo model of adeno-associated virus vector persistence and rescue.

Gene therapy vectors based on human DNA viruses could be mobilized or rescued from individuals who are subsequently infected with the corresponding wild-type (wt) helper viruses. This phenomenon has been effectively modeled in vitro with both adenovirus (Ad) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors but has not previously been studied in vivo. In the current study, we have developed an in vivo model to study the interactions of a recombinant AAV vector (AAV-CFTR) with wt AAV type 2 (AAV2) and a host range mutant Ad (Ad2HR405) for which monkey cells are permissive (D.E.Brough, S.A.Rice, S.Sell, and D.F.Klessig, J. Virol. 55:206-212, 1985). AAV-CFTR was administered to the respiratory epithelium of the nose or lung of rhesus macaques. Primary cells were harvested from the infusion site at time points up to 3 months after vector administration to confirm vector DNA persistence. Vector DNA was present in episomal form and could be rescued in vitro only by addition of wt AAV2 and Ad. In in vivo rescue studies, vector was administered before or after wt-AAV2 and Ad2HR405 infection, and the shedding of AAV-CFTR was examined. Ad2HR405 and wt-AAV2 infections were established in the nose with concomitant administration. wt-AAV2 replication occurred in the lung when virus was administered directly at a high titer to the lower respiratory tract. AAV-CFTR vector rescue was also observed in the latter setting. Although these studies were performed with small numbers of animals within each group, it appears that AAV-CFTR DNA persists in the primate respiratory tract and that this model may be useful for studies of recombinant AAV vector rescue.     

Transformation of Rat Liver Cells with Chicken Sarcoma Virus B77 and Murine Sarcoma Virus

Rat liver cells in vitro were transformed with chicken sarcoma virus B77, giving RL(B77) cells, and with murine sarcoma virus (Harvey), giving RL(MSV) cells. Rat liver cells transformed spontaneously in vitro were designated RL cells. In addition, the RL(MSV) cell line was adapted for growth in culture fluid containing 25 mug of 5-bromodeoxyuridine per ml. All cell lines were tumorigenic in 1-wk-old rats. The number of cells needed for induction of tumor growth was 1,000-fold higher in the case of RL(B77) cells in comparison with RL(MSV) cells and RL cells. No production of viral particles from any of the cell lines investigated was detected by plating concentrated supernatant fluid of the cultures on different secondary embryo cells with and without fusion by Sendai virus, by labeling with uridine-5-(3)H, or by assay for deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity. The viral genome was rescued by fusion of RL(B77) cells with chicken cells. Chicken sarcoma virus rescued from (RL(B77) cells differed in plating efficiency on duck cells from B77 virus rescued from transformed rat embryo cells. No virus was rescued after fusion of RL(MSV) and RL cells with mouse, rat, or chicken embryo cells. Infectious murine sarcoma virus can be induced by 5-bromodeoxyuridine from RL(MSV) cells.     

Persistent infection of rabbits with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus.

Chronic infection of rabbits was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV)-infected cells. Ten BIV-infected animals were monitored serologically for up to 2 years. Results of serologic and virus rescue assays indicated that all animals became infected and demonstrated a rapid and sustained BIV-specific humoral response. BIV was rescued by cocultivation from spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood leukocytes of infected animals. Viral DNA in immune tissues was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of BIV sequences. These data and specific immunohistochemical staining of mononuclear cells of the spleen for BIV antigen suggest that the infection is targeted to immune system cells.