益生菌与宿主疾病关系的研究进展

人类肠道中含有的多种微生物,称为肠道菌群,它们对宿主的健康起着至关重要的作用。肠道菌群的组成包括细菌、病毒和真核生物,已经被证明与宿主健康有密切的联系,尤其是其中的益生菌。益生菌通过多种途径发挥作用,包括与宿主微生物的相互作用、抵御病原菌的定殖、改善肠道屏障功能、调节免疫功能、产生相关代谢产物,在宿主的代谢、免疫和神经系统中发挥有益作用。综述益生菌的作用机制,讨论了近年来益生菌应用临床研究实例以更好地理解其对疾病风险和健康可持续性的贡献,将为新的治疗干预和疾病预防策略提供参考。     

伊犁黑蜂蜂胶对口腔主要致龋细菌及生物膜生长的实验研究

目的研究伊犁黑蜂蜂胶对口腔常见致龋细菌及其生物膜生长的影响,观察其防龋效果。方法 (1)通过液体稀释法测定伊犁黑蜂蜂胶对口腔常见致龋菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)及最小杀菌浓度(MBC);(2)生物膜形成抑制试验测定伊犁黑蜂蜂胶对口腔常见致龋菌的最小生物膜形成抑制浓度(MBIC50);(3)通过结晶紫染色法测定伊犁黑蜂蜂胶对口腔常见致龋菌的最小生物膜清除浓度(MBEC);结果(1)伊犁黑蜂蜂胶对变形链球菌、远缘链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、血链球菌、粘性放线菌和内氏放线菌的最低抑菌浓度分别是0.78、0.39、1.56、0.39、0.20和0.20 mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度分别为1.56、0.78、3.125、0.78、0.39和0.39mg/mL;(2)伊犁黑蜂蜂胶对变形链球菌、远缘链球菌、血链球菌、粘性放线菌和内氏放线菌的MBIC50分别是0.39、0.39、0.39、0.05和0.10mg/mL;(3)伊犁黑蜂蜂胶对变形链球菌、远缘链球菌、血链球菌、粘性放线菌和内氏放线菌的MBEC分别是6.25、1.56、3.1256、0.78和0.78mg/mL。结论伊犁黑蜂蜂胶对口腔主要致龋细菌的生长具有抑制作用,能够抑制主要致龋细菌单菌生物膜的形成,并具有一定清除作用,是具有一定防龋效果的天然药物。     

Toll样受体5和鞭毛蛋白的相互作用影响宿主区分病原菌和益生菌（英文稿）

【目的】大量的证据表明机体正常的免疫活动在很大程度上依赖于免疫系统和肠道菌群的相互作用,具体表现为免疫系统对病原菌进行免疫清除而对益生菌耐受。其中,免疫系统的Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)和来自肠道菌群的微生物相关的分子模型(Microorganism associated molecular patterns,MAMPs)被认为在宿主免疫系统对病原菌和益生菌的区分中发挥了重要作用,因为TLRs对MAMPs的识别能够激活先天性和获得性免疫反应。在TLRs对MAMPs的识别中,只有TLR5对细菌鞭毛蛋白的识别是基于蛋白-蛋白的相互作用,比较容易对其结合方式进行研究。因此,我们研究的主要目的就是要确定TLR5与鞭毛蛋白的相互作用是如何影响宿主区分病原菌和益生菌的。【方法】构建了多种肠道细菌(包括益生菌和病原菌)鞭毛蛋白的系统发育树,并比对了鞭毛蛋白的TLR5识别序列。【结果】发现病原菌和益生菌的鞭毛蛋白序列有所不同,尤其是TLR5结合并识别的鞭毛蛋白位点。【结论】病原菌和益生菌不同的鞭毛蛋白识别区域可能是鞭毛细菌适应TLR5识别下生存的结果,据此宿主能够对病原菌和益生菌进行区分。此外,相关研究表明TLRs在肠上皮细胞的分布具有基底侧和顶端的两极性,能够分别引发对病原菌的免疫反应和对益生菌的免疫耐受,从而抵御病原菌的入侵感染、与益生菌和平共处。鞭毛蛋白和TLR5蛋白的相互作用反映了肠道菌群和免疫系统在分子层面的相互作用和共同进化,是宿主区分病原菌和益生菌的分子机制之一。     

苦参提取物对口腔主要致龋细菌作用的实验研究

目的观察苦参提取物对口腔主要致龋细菌及其生物膜生长、黏附、产酸和产糖的影响,探寻其防龋作用机制。方法将苦参提取物按照二倍梯度稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度,0.5 g/L氯己定为阳性对照,不含药液组为阴性对照组;采用紫外分光光度计测定细菌黏附能力;通过生物膜结晶紫染色法测定生物膜抑制浓度和生物膜清除浓度;通过ΔpH法和苯酚-硫酸法分别测定细菌的产酸和合成水不溶性胞外多糖情况。结果苦参提取物对口腔主要致龋细菌的最低抑菌浓度均为4 g/L;在4 g/L时,对变形链球菌、远缘链球菌、血链球菌、粘性放线菌和内氏放线菌黏附抑制率分别为(77.6%±1.2%)、(66.7%±1.8%)、(60.68%±2.9%)、(79.8%±1.2%)和(85.1%±1.3%)。2 g/L时能够显著抑制浮游菌产酸及合成水不溶性胞外多糖能力。4 g/L时对变形链球菌、远缘链球菌、血链球菌、粘性放线菌、内氏放线菌和嗜酸乳杆菌生物膜形成抑制率分别为(87.5%±1.3%)、(85.4%±0.5%)、(89.0%±0.3%)、(77.2%±0.7%)、(87.4%±1.1%)和(80.4%±1.3%);并对以上细菌生物膜的最低清除浓度分别为16、16、16、16、8和8 g/L。苦参提取物在50%的最小生物膜清除浓度下对单菌生物膜的产酸和合成水不溶性细胞外多糖的抑制率分别为67.5%～94.1%和42.3%～60.0%。结论苦参提取物能够抑制口腔主要致龋细菌浮游和生物膜状态下的生长、黏附、产酸和产糖,其有望成为一种龋齿预防制剂。     

Toll样受体5和鞭毛蛋白的相互作用影响宿主区分病原菌和益生菌(英文)

【目的】大量的证据表明机体正常的免疫活动在很大程度上依赖于免疫系统和肠道菌群的相互作用,具体表现为免疫系统对病原菌进行免疫清除而对益生菌耐受。其中,免疫系统的Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)和来自肠道菌群的微生物相关的分子模型(Microorganism associated molecular patterns,MAMPs)被认为在宿主免疫系统对病原菌和益生菌的区分中发挥了重要作用,因为TLRs对MAMPs的识别能够激活先天性和获得性免疫反应。在TLRs对MAMPs的识别中,只有TLR5对细菌鞭毛蛋白的识别是基于蛋白-蛋白的相互作用,比较容易对其结合方式进行研究。因此,我们研究的主要目的就是要确定TLR5与鞭毛蛋白的相互作用是如何影响宿主区分病原菌和益生菌的。【方法】构建了多种肠道细菌(包括益生菌和病原菌)鞭毛蛋白的系统发育树,并比对了鞭毛蛋白的TLR5识别序列。【结果】发现病原菌和益生菌的鞭毛蛋白序列有所不同,尤其是TLR5结合并识别的鞭毛蛋白位点。【结论】病原菌和益生菌不同的鞭毛蛋白识别区域可能是鞭毛细菌适应TLR5识别下生存的结果,据此宿主能够对病原菌和益生菌进行区分。此外,相关研究表明TLRs在肠上皮细胞的分布具有基底侧和顶端的两极性,能够分别引发对病原菌的免疫反应和对益生菌的免疫耐受,从而抵御病原菌的入侵感染、与益生菌和平共处。鞭毛蛋白和TLR5蛋白的相互作用反映了肠道菌群和免疫系统在分子层面的相互作用和共同进化,是宿主区分病原菌和益生菌的分子机制之一。     

唾液乳杆菌ZM06对变形链球菌生物膜形成的抑制作用

变形链球菌是导致龋齿发生最主要的细菌。本实验采用带transwell小室的细胞培养板,从九株不同种属的益生菌中,筛选能有效抑制变形链球菌生物膜形成的菌株。通过筛选获得一株唾液乳杆菌ZM06,并探究其可能的作用机制。实验表明,菌株ZM06并不能直接杀死变形链球菌,但却能抑制变形链球菌生物膜形成。通过生物膜形成实验,扫描电镜观察以及相对定量与生物膜形成直接相关的基因(包括gtf B,gtf C,ftf,gbp B,gbp C)表达证实了这一点。更重要的是,菌株ZM06降低了变形链球菌调控生物膜形成的5条信号通路中关键基因的表达。荧光定量PCR表明,菌株ZM06不仅下调了之前报道的种间群体感应系统中调控生物膜形成的lux S基因的表达,而且还对其他4条调控这些基因的信号通路中的关键基因TCS-1(vic K,vic R),TCS-2(cia H,cia R),TCS-11(hk11,rr11),TCS-13(com D,com E)表达下调。之前还没有报道称益生菌可通过这4条信号通路影响变形链球菌生物膜的形成。本研究为益生菌预防龋齿的潜能提供了理论依据。     

感受态与口腔链球菌多种表型间关系的研究进展

链球菌是人类口腔中最为常见的细菌类群之一,在口腔微生态平衡的维持与致病中发挥了重要作用。口腔链球菌中的大多数可以进入感受态,在此生理状态下,细菌可摄取环境中的DNA并整合进入自身基因组从而获得新的遗传表型或特性。大量研究表明,口腔链球菌的感受态调控通路不是孤立的,与生物膜形成、细菌素产生、耐酸、氧应激、细胞自溶和耐药性等多个表型的调控存在紧密关系,研究这些不同表型间的相互影响对理解口腔菌群稳态及防治疾病有重要意义。本文以变异链球菌、格氏链球菌、血链球菌和肺炎链球菌4种典型的口腔链球菌为代表,对感受态与口腔链球菌多种表型间关系的研究进展做一综述。     

益生菌对口腔微生物的影响

益生菌(Probiotic)是添加入食物的能够增加营养摄入并改善人体肠道菌群平衡的活菌。大量研究认为益生菌有促进人体健康的作用,目前研究主要集中在益生菌促进人体肠道菌群平衡的作用。口腔是消化道的起始端,最先接触到益生菌并且也有其特有的微生态系统,近年来越来越多的研究关注益生菌对口腔微生物的作用。本文主要从益生菌在口腔的定植,益生菌对口腔微生物群落的影响,益生菌对口腔细菌作用机制三个方面对近年来益生菌对口腔微生物的影响进行综述。     

革兰氏阳性病原菌表面毒力因子及其宿主识别机制

革兰氏阳性病原菌拥有多种毒力因子,它们在病原菌生长及侵染宿主的各个时期发挥着重要作用.它们不仅参与病原菌的细胞分裂和增殖,同时还介导病原菌黏附和侵染宿主.基于本研究组近十年来对两种重要的人类病原微生物肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的研究,并整合国内外相关研究进展,简要综述了病原菌重要表面毒力因子的结构和功能,以及与宿主天然免疫模式识别受体相互作用的分子机制.     

变形链球菌对不同牙科充填材料的粘附及早期生物膜的形成

目的探讨变形链球菌对不同牙科充填材料的粘附和早期生物膜的形成.方法比较经放射性同位素3H-TDR(3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷)标记的变形链球菌对3种唾液包被的充填材料的粘附.采用蛋白质测量试剂盒定量分析其对唾液蛋白的吸附量;采用凝胶电泳和图像分析系统定量分析其对唾液白蛋白和α-淀粉酶的吸收率.结果各种材料对变形链球菌的粘附能力,对唾液蛋白的吸附能力均随着材料的不同而不同.Fuji IX对细菌的粘附量很高,但是对蛋白的吸附量却很低;而F2000对细菌的粘附量很低,对蛋白的吸附量却很高.结论在不同充填材料表面形成的生物膜是不同的,提示早期生物膜的形成具有一定的特异性.这种生物膜的差异对口腔微生态环境及龋病和/或牙周病的发展具有重要意义.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.