扎龙保护区散养与野生丹顶鹤巢址选择比较

为了探讨扎龙保护区散养与野生丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢址选择的异同,2009年3～5月在扎龙国家级自然保护区内用生境因子测定法对散养丹顶鹤与野生丹顶鹤巢址选择进行比较。独立样本t-检验(independent-samples t-test)结果表明,散养丹顶鹤和野生丹顶鹤在巢址选择中,植被高度、植被密度、巢周围苇丛面积及巢距人为干扰地距离均存在着显著差异。说明野生丹顶鹤对巢址选择具有严格要求,倾向于选择人为活动较少,植被高度较高,植被密度和巢周围苇丛面积较大的生境中筑巢;散养丹顶鹤对生境要求不高。     

人为干扰对白腹锦鸡活动节律的影响

人类足迹的扩张增加了人与野生动物的相互作用。理解自然保护地的濒危物种对人为干扰的响应有助于更好地保护濒危物种和指导保护管理。以往的研究表明野生动物在时空维度会对人类的干扰进行规避, 然而这类研究在野生雉类中还较少, 尤其是分布在人为干扰相对较强的中低海拔区域的雉类, 如白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)。2017年11月至2018年10月, 我们在中国西南部的一个亚热带森林保护区中使用红外相机陷阱技术对白腹锦鸡和人为干扰进行调查, 并研究了白腹锦鸡在时空维度对3种不同类型人为干扰(人类活动、放牧和家养动物活动)的响应及其季节变化。结果表明, 白腹锦鸡在空间维度并未对人为干扰进行规避, 而在非繁殖季节的活动节律上对人为干扰在时间维度上进行了规避。具体而言, 白腹锦鸡在全年和非繁殖季节的活动高峰集中在17:30-18:30, 明显避开中午的人类活动高峰; 而在繁殖季节, 白腹锦鸡活动水平明显提高, 和人为干扰的重叠度很高, 可能是由于求偶、占区等繁殖行为使得白腹锦鸡无法规避人为干扰。此外, 在人为干扰强度较高的位点, 白腹锦鸡倾向于通过改变其日活动节律, 将活动高峰期推迟至傍晚以降低与人为干扰的重叠度, 进一步说明白腹锦鸡可通过调节其自身的日活动节律从而避开高强度的人为干扰。由于白腹锦鸡地面营巢和春夏季繁殖, 自然保护区管理部门可通过管理人为活动, 尤其在繁殖季节通过控制放牧和猫狗的活动来帮助白腹锦鸡及其他地面营巢鸟类维持繁殖成功率。     

黄翅大白蚁种群自然演替中并巢合群性研究

1986年解剖30巢黄翅大白蚁,其中1王1后占16巢,1王或2王多后占14巢。据统计各蚁群白蚁的数量波动很大,蚁群中蚁后数增加与蚁数增加不成正比,波幅较大,有的相差15～21万只。剖巢后常见有空巢和废巢现象,形成这种情况是2个或2个以上相同或不同年龄的蚁群在扩巢、迁巢中而合并蚁巢的结果,从同巢中有不同体长、体形大小的蚁后可得到证实。     

角百灵和小云雀的巢址选择与竞争共存

于 2 0 0 0— 2 0 0 2年的鸟类繁殖期在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站 ,测定了 2 7窝角百灵(Eremophilaalpestris)和 4 3窝小云雀 (Alaudagulgula)的巢址特征 ,观察了两者在繁殖期巢数的季节变化 ,并运用稳定性同位素技术测定了育雏食物 ,对两种百灵的巢址特征和食物重叠度进行了比较。结果表明两者的巢址特征存在着显著的不同 :角百灵的巢开放度为 92 16 % ,小云雀的为 34 6 1% ,前者的巢开放度显著大于后者(P <0 0 1) ;角百灵距巢 10 0cm范围内遮蔽物的数量为 0 0 7± 0 2 6 ,小云雀的为 2 5 7± 1 19,前者显著少于后者 (P <0 0 1) ;角百灵巢址植被的高度和盖度也显著小于小云雀的 (P <0 0 1)。角百灵和小云雀均以小型昆虫育雏 ,育雏食物的资源重叠程度很高 ,为 0 895 7;而且两者的繁殖季节和繁殖强度也是相互重叠的。这两种百灵鸟类在巢址的选择上存在着一种代价和利益的权衡关系 ,巢址选择是捕食压和热条件共同作用的结果。二者共存的机制是巢址上的分化     

蚁丘被破坏程度对红火蚁蚁群迁移的影响

本文调查研究了蚁丘被破坏的程度对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren蚁群迁移的影响。结果表明,蚁巢地表部分被破坏可导致红火蚁蚁群发生分巢、搬巢等现象,蚁群的移巢比率随着蚁丘被破坏程度的增大而增大。当蚁丘体积被破坏75%时分巢比率最高,为14.44%;被破坏100%时搬巢比率、移巢比率均最高,分别为16.27%、27.00%。红火蚁蚁丘被破坏程度(D)与蚁群迁移比率(M)之间关系模型为M=4.3443+25.474D-3.4857D2。蚁丘受到破坏后,蚁群迁移距离平均为4.3m,迁移方向是随机的。     

太白山野葛根中异黄酮和葛根素含量随季节的变化

为了考察太白山野葛根中异黄酮及葛根素含量随季节的变化。采集一年12个月份的野葛根,采用紫外分光光度法测定其中异黄酮含量;以7高效薄层色谱扫描法测定野葛根中游离葛根素及总葛根素含量。结果表明：三月份异黄酮含量最高,为18.53%;四月份游离葛根素及总葛根素含量最高,分别为7.45%和8.93%。对不同季节太白山野葛根中异黄酮、游离葛根素及总葛根素进行定量分析,为这一野生资源的合理采收和开发利用提供了实验依据。     

阿拉善荒漠连续放牧对三趾跳鼠巢区的影响

三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)是内蒙古西部荒漠草原和沙地的优势害鼠,巢区研究对了解探讨其繁殖策略和种群动态规律有着重要的理论和实践意义。本研究通过2012~2014年的野外标志重捕实验,对三趾跳鼠的巢区在连续放牧和禁牧条件下的变动特征进行了分析。结果表明,连续放牧区雌性三趾跳鼠在6月的巢区范围显著大于禁牧区(P0.05);禁牧区雄性三趾跳鼠的巢区仅在7月份显著大于连续放牧区(P0.05),其他季节没有显著差异(P0.05)。放牧对雄性巢区无显著影响(P0.05),但连续放牧使雌性三趾跳鼠巢区范围显著大于禁牧区。雌性与雄性三趾跳鼠巢区均与一年生草本生物量存在正相关关系。这些结果表明,相对于雄性三趾跳鼠来说,雌性对由放牧导致的食物资源变化比较敏感,这种现象在哺乳期更为显著;繁殖是影响雄性三趾跳鼠巢区的因素之一。因此,保卫资源假说的理论可能是放牧导致三趾跳鼠巢区变化的重要原因之一。     

河南董寨自然保护区野外朱鹮繁殖影响因子

通采用人工调查, 测量的方法, 记录了董寨自然保护区内2016—2019年共计49个朱鹮巢穴各项数据, 通过分析获得朱鹮巢穴所在位置的气象因子、海拔、郁闭度、巢-觅距、干扰因素等因素与朱鹮窝卵数和繁殖成功率相互关系。结果表明: 董寨自然保护区自2016年野化放飞朱鹮到2019年止, 野外巢穴数量逐渐增加, 营巢区域不断扩大, 但营巢地点相对集中; 朱鹮选择筑巢树种多为马尾松, 选择频次显著高于黄山松(P < 0.05)。气象因子(温度和降水量)、朱鹮营巢地海拔、筑巢树种、营巢地林间郁闭度、巢—觅距及人为干扰因素并不影响朱鹮的窝卵数, 但营巢地海拔(P < 0.001)、巢—觅距(P = 0.001)显著影响朱鹮的繁殖成功率, 营巢地海拔越高, 巢—觅距越短, 朱鹮的繁殖成功率越高; 干扰因素中人为干扰对朱鹮繁殖成功率的影响比种间竞争和天敌大, 人为干扰强度越大, 朱鹮的繁殖成功率越低。朱鹮繁殖影响因子的研究为提高董寨自然保护区朱鹮野外繁殖成功率, 当地保护部门更好的保护野外朱鹮提供科学依据。     

潜在洞巢资源差异对次级洞巢鸟及繁殖鸟类群落的影响

为了解次生林中潜在洞巢资源(包括各种啄木鸟的啄洞和人工巢箱)的多寡对次级洞巢鸟集团及繁殖鸟类群落结构的影响, 2007年11月至2008年7月, 我们在吉林省吉林市大岗林场选择洞巢密度不同的样地, 对其次级洞巢鸟及鸟类群落结构进行了比较研究。根据洞巢资源密度我们将9块样地分为3组, 即巢箱区(啄洞密度最低, 悬挂人工巢箱使其潜在洞巢资源总密度大幅提高)、低密度区(啄洞密度较低, 无巢箱)和高密度区(啄洞密度较高, 无巢箱), 调查了3组样地内鸟类的组成和密度、潜在洞巢资源的利用情况等。3组样地中均调查到4种初级洞巢鸟, 其种类组成略有不同; 4种次级洞巢鸟在3组样地广泛分布, 分别为白眉姬鹟(Ficedula zanthopygia)、大山雀(Parus major)、沼泽山雀(P. palustris)和普通鳾(Sitta europaea)。巢箱区和高密度区的次级洞巢鸟总密度显著高于低密度区。巢箱区同高密度区一样, 大山雀和白眉姬鹟的密度显著高于低密度区, 这是由于大山雀和白眉姬鹟是人工巢箱的主要利用鸟种, 而沼泽山雀和普通鳾的密度在三组样地间差异不显著。初级洞巢鸟总密度与啄洞密度、次级洞巢鸟总密度与潜在洞巢资源总密度都呈显著正相关关系。潜在洞巢资源丰富的样地中鸟类群落多样性指数显著高于潜在洞巢资源贫乏样地中的鸟类群落多样性指数, 人为增加洞巢资源可以改变鸟类群落组成并显著提高群落的多样性指数。三组样地中鸟类群落的均匀性、丰富度指数和种间相遇率没有显著差异, 群落相似性指数也相近。高密度区和低密度区鸟类群落集团结构相似。次级洞巢鸟密度的增加短时期内未对群落内其他主要鸟种的密度产生显著影响。研究结果显示, 初级洞巢鸟的密度决定了啄洞的丰富程度, 而洞巢资源的差异会对次级洞巢鸟集团的分布模式产生影响, 进而影响整个繁殖鸟类群落的结构。     

基于生境选择的喀斯特濒危野生药用植物近地保护探讨

在喀斯特生境中,濒危野生药用植物具有分布狭窄、种群数量稀少的特点。石漠化和人为过度掠夺加剧了对濒危种的危害,使濒危野生药用植物种质资源多样性受到威胁。开展抢救性保护具有急迫性,是濒危药用植物资源可持续利用的需要。一方面,喀斯特野生濒危药用植物对生境的选择性强,另一方面,喀斯特生境破碎化。仅依靠自然保护区就地保护,难以覆盖和有针对性地解决不同地域濒危药用植物种群恢复的问题。迁地保护不仅存在生境、药材道地性的挑战,而且可能会增加濒危种残余种群的灭绝风险和遗传问题。据此,本文提倡在喀斯特适宜生境中,通过近地保护策略,促进喀斯特濒危野生药用植物种质资源的保存与保护,维护喀斯特脆弱生态系统的稳定和生物多样性。     

鼎突多刺蚁的营巢习性

1985—1986年在浙江永康县城东南10公里的山坡上观察鼎突多刺蚁(Polyrhachis vicina Roger)的营巢习性;见到蚁巢大多分布于山脚附近、温暖而阳光充足的南坡,一般生活于地面,以刺芒野古草(Arundinella setosaTrin.)为主的禾本科草丛中.蚁巢由工蚁使幼虫吐丝把植物残体、昆虫尸体、泥沙和碎石等物缀织而成.地下部分的深度常受气温的影响:5—10月,气温较高,巢深2—4cm、11—4月,气候寒冷,深度可达10—20cm.每个蚁巢内的所有个体为一相对独立的群体,相邻蚁巢的群体间常相互联系、交换幼期个体和食物等.群体常因季节的变化而有迁移现象:秋季至春季,蚁巢大多位于阳光充足的草地上,夏天,由于气候炎热,蚁巢自草地移向遮荫度较大的树林.8—9月,部分上树筑巢.1—8月,蚁巢数不变,8月以后,蚁巢数开始增加,到10月达到最大,以后又下降,到12月降至通常水平.由此可见,9—10月,蚂蚁分巢,11—12月,部分蚁巢又合并.平均每巢工蚁数夏季最多,其次是春季和冬季,秋季由于分巢而最少.     

鼎突多刺蚁蚁群的空间和时间动态

本文对鼎突多刺蚁野外群体的空间格局、蚁群品级结构及其时间动态等方面作了研究。     

Nesting aggregation as a predictor of brood parasitism in mason bees (Osmia spp.)

1. Parasitism can be an important source of mortality for insect populations; however, we know little about the factors influencing vulnerability of wild bees to parasites. Mason bees (genus Osmia; Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) are important pollinators of crops and wild plants and are vulnerable to attack by brood parasites. High nest densities may increase rates of brood parasitism by attracting disproportionate numbers of parasites. 2. Three years of field observations from multiple sites were analysed to assess whether mason bee brood parasitism increased with host density. Mason bees were allowed to nest in artificial nesting blocks and establish natural variation in nesting density. Nest cells constructed by bees were checked for the presence of parasite eggs. 3. Parasitism of nest cells strongly increased with the number of actively nesting bees at a nesting block. Mason bees showed no preference for nesting in blocks that were occupied or unoccupied by other mason bees. Parasitism also increased with the number of days a nest was provisioned and decreased over the course of the season. Nest cells constructed last in a nest were significantly more parasitised than inner cells, despite being sealed against invasions. 4. These findings show positively density‐dependent parasitism in mason bees. They also suggest that bees terminate parasitised nests, causing parasitised cells to become outermost nest cells – a behaviour that may represent a defence against parasites. Our results have implications for the management of mason bees as agricultural pollinators, as cultivating them at high densities could reduce offspring survival.     

Predaceous ants, beach replenishment, and nest placement by sea turtles

Ants known for attacking and killing hatchling birds and reptiles include the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren), tropical fire ant [Solenopsis geminata (Fabr.)], and little fire ant [Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger)]. We tested whether sea turtle nest placement influenced exposure to predaceous ants. In 2000 and 2001, we surveyed ants along a Florida beach where green turtles (Chelonia mydas L.), leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea Vandelli), and loggerheads (Caretta caretta L.) nest. Part of the beach was artificially replenished between our two surveys. As a result, mean beach width experienced by nesting turtles differed greatly between the two nesting seasons. We surveyed 1,548 sea turtle nests (2000: 909 nests; 2001: 639 nests) and found 22 ant species. S. invicta was by far the most common species (on 431 nests); S. geminata and W. auropunctata were uncommon (on 3 and 16 nests, respectively). In 2000, 62.5% of nests had ants present (35.9% with S. invicta), but in 2001, only 30.5% of the nests had ants present (16.4% with S. invicta). Turtle nests closer to dune vegetation had significantly greater exposure to ants. Differences in ant presence on turtle nests between years and among turtle species were closely related to differences in nest placement relative to dune vegetation. Beach replenishment significantly lowered exposure of nests to ants because on the wider beaches turtles nested farther from the dune vegetation. Selective pressures on nesting sea turtles are altered both by the presence of predaceous ants and the practice of beach replenishment.     

伊大头蚁蚁巢的结构与分布

伊大头蚁Pheidole yeensis是舞草Codariocalyx motorius种子的主要搬运者, 在舞草的扩散中起着重要作用。2000年在西双版纳和思茅地区景谷县对伊大头蚁种群数量、蚁巢结构与分布进行了调查。结果表明:伊大头蚁主要在土壤中筑巢,深度可达地下50 cm;每巢蚁量一般在2 000～3 000头,最多的可达万头;伊大头蚁大多在海拔1 000～1 200 m的山腰筑巢, 以西坡的蚁巢密度最大,南坡次之,北坡最少;在丢荒2～3年的地里筑巢最多,其次为玉米和花生地,在森林里筑巢的相对较少;伊大头蚁的蚁巢呈均匀分布,但巢群间相互排斥。伊大头蚁筑巢生境与舞草生长的环境基本一致,蚁巢结构与蚁量有利于舞草的扩散与建群。     

Nest‐site selection by golden plover: why do shorebirds avoid nesting on slopes?

It is widely known that many upland-breeding shorebirds tend to nest on plateaus but to date no studies have put forward explanations for this phenomenon. We examined the effect of slope and habitat on the distribution of ground-nesting golden plover Pluvialis apricaria at two study sites in County Durham, U.K. Golden plovers showed strong selection for nesting on flat ground. Habitat significantly affected nest-site location on one study site (heather burnt within the past 2 years was favoured and older stands of heather were avoided) but not on the other. Fifty-nine per cent of all nests failed. We attributed 95% of all losses to predation. Seventy-five per cent of nests, in which the predator was identified, were taken by ground predators, mainly stoats Mustela erminea . Nests on flat ground had significantly higher rates of survival than those on slopes. Nest survival did not vary significantly with habitat type nor with vegetation height or density around the nest. Neither habitat type, vegetation height nor vegetation density around nests differed between nests on slopes and on flat ground. In addition, individuals that nested on flat ground tended to have less black on their underparts (a suggested indicator of dominance). We suggest that birds nesting on slopes are less efficient at avoiding nest predation than those nesting on the flat. The nature or degree of a bird's response to a predator may be related to the efficiency of individual anti-predator responses and/or to visibility from the nest. This study cannot differentiate between these two explanations. We encourage further work to investigate differences in behaviour between individuals nesting on slopes and those on flat ground.     

Queen recruitment in a multiple-queen population of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta

We assessed patterns of new queen recruitment in a polygyne(multiple queens per nest) population of the fire ant Solenopsisinvicta in its introduced range. Newly recruited queens wereidentified using four physiological markers, and genotypic datafrom nuclear and mitochondrial markers were used to estimaterelatedness of new nest mate queens to each other and to theolder nest mate queens. In total, 1.7% of the queens collectedin late spring and early summer were deemed to be new recruits.The relatedness of these queens to each other and to the olderqueens within nests was not significantly different from zero,suggesting that newly recruited queens represent a random sampleof potential reproductive queens in the population. Moreover,the number of new queens recruited within nests was not correlatedwith the number of older queens present and did not differ significantlyfrom a Poisson distribution. Thus, queen recruitment in this populationof S. invicta appears to occur at random with respect to thenumber of older queens present within nests.     

The influence of nest availability on the abundance and diversity of twig-dwelling ants in a Papua New Guinea forest

Tropical ant communities are frequently diverse, but highly patchy in nature. The availability of suitable nest sites may be a regulating force in structuring litter ant communities. Our aim was to examine ant resource utilization in naturally occurring twigs, and to modify the availability of these resources in order to quantify the influence of nest availability on ant communities in a Papua New Guinean forest. First, we compared ant communities that assemble in artificial twigs (drilled, wooden dowels), naturally occurring twigs, and the leaf litter. A total of 55 ant species were captured: 33 from the leaf litter, 29 from naturally occurring twigs, and only 12 from artificial nests. Significantly different communities formed in each of the three nest types. Second, we examined how the density of natural or artificial nest material influenced the ant abundance and species richness. Plots had between 5 and 96 potential nest sites. An average of only 11.2% of these twigs was colonized. Both species richness and the total abundance of adult ants were significantly positively correlated with increasing naturally occurring twig density. Conversely, increasing the availability of artificial nests from 5 to 20 per plot had no significant effect on the proportion of artificial nests colonized, species richness, or the colony size. We observed that ant species richness and abundance increased with natural twig density, at least for naturally occurring communities. But why so many twigs remain vacant and available for ant colonization remains unknown. Other biotic and abiotic factors likely influence the use of nesting habitat in these ant communities.     

鼎突多刺蚁群体结构和生活史的研究

本文报告了鼎突多刺蚁(Polyrhachis vicina Roger)的群体结构和生活史。通过研究表明,鼎突多刺蚁一年发生一代,以蚁后、雄蚁、工蚁、幼虫和卵越冬。卵和幼虫在冬天发育停滞(或极慢)。到了春天,随着气温的上升,卵和幼虫又恢复正常发育。据室内人工饲养观察,卵的发育历期为23.8±2.5天(平均温度26℃)幼虫为20.4±4.4天(26℃),工蚁蛹为19.8±5.5天(27℃)。成长工蚁在5—11月出现;8—11月,雄蚁从蛹中羽化;10月,雌蚁从蛹中羽化。雌蚁分飞交尾后,进入邻近蚁巢或回到原巢,脱翅成为蚁后。蚁巢内存在着多后现象。     

戈壁生态系统蚁穴微生境对大型土壤动物多样性的影响

收获蚁蚁穴是戈壁生态系统中重要的微生境, 它通过汇集凋落物和改善土壤环境强烈影响动植物的分布及多样性。鉴于此, 本文选择戈壁荒漠收获蚁(Messor desertus)蚁穴为研究对象, 于2020年5月、6月和10月利用陷阱法调查了蚁穴及毗邻裸地大型土壤动物的种类组成及数量变化, 并分析其影响要素。结果表明: (1) 10月, 蚁穴和裸地间大型土壤动物群落组成存在显著差异, 而5月和6月二者间相差较小, 10月(62.9%)蚁穴和裸地大型土壤动物的平均相异性高于5月(34.8%)和6月(39.3%); (2) 5月, 蚁穴大型土壤动物均匀度指数显著低于裸地, 6月, 蚁穴大型土壤动物活动密度和类群丰富度均显著高于裸地, 10月, 蚁穴大型土壤动物类群丰富度和多样性指数均显著高于裸地; (3)荒漠收获蚁蚁穴显著提高了其他食性土壤动物的活动密度及类群丰富度, 还增强了捕食性和非捕食性土壤动物的相互作用关系并改变了荒漠收获蚁与蚁穴大型土壤动物类群的种间相互作用关系; (4) pRDA排序结果表明, 土壤电导率、全氮和粉粒含量是影响蚁穴和裸地大型土壤动物分布的主要土壤因子。总之, 戈壁生态系统荒漠收获蚁蚁穴微生境提高了大型土壤动物多样性, 改变了大型土壤动物类群间的营养和非营养关系, 这会影响大型土壤动物的营养结构及其功能。