聚ADP-核糖聚合酶:疾病治疗新靶位

聚ADP-核糖聚合酶[Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase,PARP]是一类存在于绝大多数真核生物中能催化多聚ADP核糖基化的细胞核酶,结构比较保守,主要包括三个结构域：DNA结合域、自身修饰域、催化域。该介绍PARP家族成员的结构与功能,并强调了PARP在疾病治疗过程中作为治疗靶位的研究。     

多聚ADP-核糖聚合酶与帕金森病

多聚ADP-核糖聚合酶(PARP)可以被DNA损伤断裂激活,使多种核蛋白发生聚ADP核糖化,促DNA的修复。然而,若PARP过度活化则将耗竭细胞内NAD 和能量而导致细胞凋亡和坏死。PARP的过度活化是帕金森病发病的重要危险因素,开发PARP抑制剂,将为临床治疗帕金森病提供新的希望。     

Macro Domain家族成员LRP16是多种核受体的相互作用因子

LRP16基因是macro domain家族成员之一,C末端含有唯一的1个保守的功能结构域. 既往研究表明,该基因具有雌激素反应性,并可通过与雌激素受体α （ERα）相互作用调控其转录活性.近期我研究组发现,LRP16可与雄激素受体（AR）的共激活因子ART-27相互作用.本研究首先通过GST pull-down方法验证LRP16/ART-27/AR三者之间相互作用关系,并用免疫共沉淀实验明确了LRP16与AR存在直接的相互作用,且这种相互作用并不依赖于ART-27的存在;采用GST pull-down进一步明确LRP16与AR相互作用的结构域.结果发现,LRP16通过C端的macro domain结构域与AR的LBD域相互作用;鉴于核受体家族有较高程度的氨基酸序列保守性与功能结构域的相似性,通过GST pull-down验证了LRP16与核受体超家族成员ERβ、GR、PPARα、PPARγ的相互作用,提示LRP16至少还可与ERα以外的5个核受体家族成员相互作用;进一步采用核受体荧光素酶报告基因转染细胞,通过检测荧光素酶活性证实LRP16可增强AR、GR、ERβ、PPARα、PPARγ的转录激活活性.本研究初步证实,macro domain家族成员LRP16可与多个核受体相互作用,并增强其转录激活活性,是核受体家族的共激活因子,为进一步研究LRP16在核受体转录调控中的生理病理学功能奠定基础.     

多ADP-核糖聚合酶家族

分离鉴定多功能的核基质蛋白及核基质结合蛋白是目前核基质研究的一个重要领域。通过与转录因子、核基质结合元件以及DNA间相互作用,核基质结合蛋白在DNA复制、转录、加工修饰等细胞内事件中起着支持和调节的作用。多ADP-核糖聚合酶[poly(ADP—ribose)polymerase,PARP]是一种高度保守的核基质结合蛋白,在多种活动例如基因组损伤修复、细胞凋亡、信号转导、基因表达调控中都发挥着调节的功能。PARP的潜在生物学功能已越来越引起国内外研究人员的关注。     

二磷酸腺苷核糖多聚酶的研究进展

二磷酸腺苷核糖多聚酶[Poly（ADP-Ribose）Polymerase,PAPe]是一类具有重要生理功能的蛋白酶。PARP能催化二磷酸腺苷核糖多聚化反应。二磷酸腺苷核糖多聚化对DNA修复和基因组稳定性起着重要作用。但PARP的过激活与许多疾病的病理机制有关。介绍了PARP的结构和功能,PARP家族的同族体以及PARP在一些疾病病理机制中的作用。     

多聚二磷酸腺苷聚合酶1与动脉粥样硬化

心血管疾病已经成为发达国家威胁生命的主要疾病,而动脉粥样硬化是最常见的心血管疾病之一．近来研究发现,多聚二磷酸腺苷聚合酶1(PARP1)在动脉粥样硬化致病机理中起着重要的作用．PARP1为PARP家族中含量最丰富的核酶,担负着DNA缺口敏感酶的功能,具有双向作用．正常情况下,它参与DNA损伤的修复,但过量激活则消耗NAD⁺和ATP使细胞功能紊乱,最终坏死．一些疾病的细胞程序性死亡机制可能与此相关,这些疾病包括动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、糖尿病及相关的心血管功能紊乱．有趣的是,除DNA损伤激活PARP1外,最近又发现激酶、多胺、咖啡因代谢物、茶碱和四环素等也可以参与PARP1的调节,核因子(NF-κB)和细胞内Ca²⁺也参与PARP1的调节．本文总结了靶点PARP的生物功能和基本原理,动脉粥样硬化致病的可能机制以及PARP1对其调节的研究进展,将对动脉粥样硬化的研究提供有力帮助．     

PKCδ在细胞凋亡中的作用

PKCδ是nPKC家族成员,参与细胞凋亡调控,其激活机制与特异性位点的磷酸化和半胱天冬酶3(caspase-3)的剪切密切联系.PKCδ激活后可通过多种途径介导细胞凋亡:激活多种蛋白激酶级联启动细胞凋亡信号,转位至线粒体诱导细胞色素C等凋亡因子的释放,核转位启动核内凋亡通路诱导细胞凋亡.本文综述了PKCδ的分子结构、激活机制以及调控细胞凋亡的最新研究进展.     

细胞核质中的糖生物学

在细胞核质中也存在着多种类型的复合糖类。其中部分来自细胞外或内质网,另有一些是细胞核质中特有的。概述了细胞核质中两种特有的糖基化,O-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖基化和ADP-核糖基化,以及相关的糖生物学。     

ADP-核糖基化可逆修饰在DNA损伤应答及癌症治疗中的研究进展

细胞基因组DNA遭受到各种内外源因素的攻击可以诱发多种类型的DNA损伤. DNA损伤应答系统(DNA damage response, DDR)能及时识别、修复受损的DNA,维持基因组稳定性,避免肿瘤等多种疾病发生. DDR受到多种蛋白质翻译后修饰的严格调控, ADP-核糖基化(ADP-ribosylation)是其中最为重要的修饰类型之一. ADP-核糖基化是一种动态可逆的翻译后修饰, ADP-核糖基化与去核糖基化之间保持动态平衡,精密调控DNA损伤应答过程.鉴于ADP-核糖基化在DNA损伤修复中的独特功能,靶向这一可逆过程的抑制剂已被开发或有望作为一类用于癌症治疗的靶向药物.本文就ADP-核糖基化可逆修饰在DNA损伤修复及癌症治疗中的研究进展进行综述.     

聚腺苷二磷酸核糖基聚合酶──在DNA损伤修复及程序性死亡中的作用

聚腺苷二磷酸核糖基聚合酶(poly (ADP-ribose) polyerase, PARP)是存在于多数真核细胞中的一个蛋白质翻译后修饰酶,它可催化组蛋白H₁等重要核蛋白及它自身的聚腺苷二磷酸核糖基化作用.细胞受到外界损伤因子作用时, DNA发生链断裂,PARP结合到DNA断裂口,其催化活性被激活,修饰受体蛋白,进而引发一系列级联反应.这种性质使PARP有可能作为细胞内的分子感受器和传感器,启动细胞内对损伤作出反应的信号传导机制,从而根据细胞受损程度决定细胞的命运：修复或是死亡．     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.