鄱阳湖典型湿地植物群落土壤酶活性

调查了鄱阳湖典型湿地植物群落表层土壤(0～10 cm)养分性状及土壤酶活性.结果表明:不同群落之间显示了较明显的土壤养分性状及土壤酶活差异.灰化薹草群落与水蓼群落显示了较高的土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷与有效磷含量,而芦苇群落土壤养分含量明显低于其他群落.灰化薹草群落与水蓼群落土壤蔗糖酶活性与蛋白酶活性也明显高于其他群落;此外,脲酶活性和酸性磷酸酶活性也以水蓼群落与灰化薹草群落最高.表明这2种植物群落土壤中碳、氮、磷等元素转化速率要高于其他植物群落.芦苇群落与芦苇(荻)群落则显示了较低的土壤蔗糖酶活性、蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性和酸性磷酸酶活性.相比较而言,多酚氧化酶以芦苇群落最高,其次为阿及薹草群落、水蓼群落和灰化薹草群落;香蒲群落多酚氧化酶活性则显著低于其他群落.相关分析表明:多酚氧化酶活性与土壤养分含量关系不密切;蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质及氮素含量则呈明显的正相关,在一定程度上可表征湿地土壤质量的演变动态.     

黄土丘陵区子午岭不同植物群落下土壤氮素及相关酶活性的特征

以黄土丘陵区子午岭林区裸露地为对照,选择撂荒地、白羊草草地、油松、山杨和辽东栎林地五种典型植被群落下0—10cm和10—20 cm土层的土壤为研究对象,对土壤无机氮、有机氮、微生物量氮含量和脲酶、蛋白酶以及硝酸还原酶的活性进行了研究。结果表明,土壤中各种氮素基本表现为乔木林,尤其是辽东栎和油松下含量最高,而有机氮则在白羊草地富集明显。铵态氮为子午岭林区速效氮的主要形式。土壤铵态氮与微生物氮极显著正相关;有机氮和亚硝态氮、矿化氮、微生物氮均显著正相关。脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性在辽东栎群落下最高,蛋白酶在白羊草地下较高,且脲酶活性在土壤上层高于下层,而蛋白酶和硝酸还原酶并没有表现出明显规律。脲酶活性和铵态氮、有机氮含量显著正相关,与微生物量氮极显著正相关;硝酸还原酶活性与铵态氮含量显著正相关;蛋白酶活性和土壤各种氮素含量无相关性。     

晋西北不同年限小叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤氮矿化和硝化作用

利用PVC管顶盖埋管法研究了晋西北黄土高原区小叶锦鸡儿人工灌丛不同定植年限(5,10,20,30,40a)土壤氮矿化与硝化速率的动态和净矿化与硝化总量。结果表明,⑴小叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤无机氮主要以NO_-~3-N形式存在,不同生长年限相同月份的土壤硝态氮(NO-3-N)含量分别是铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量的1.5—15.4倍;⑵土壤氮素硝化速率和矿化速率随生长年限延长而加快,30年生时达到高峰,数值达40.2,44.1 mg m~(-2)d~(-1)。从季节性变化看,7—8月份是硝化速率和矿化速率快速增长期,30年生小叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤硝化速率和矿化速率分别达到86.9,93.1 mg m~(-2)d~(-1),显著高于其它生长年限(P0.05);(3)土壤氮素硝化与矿化总量同样随小叶锦鸡儿生长年限延长而增加,30年生时达到最高,与5年生相比,分别增加了3.7和3.1倍。(4)5—10月份小叶锦鸡儿生长期内,各年限土壤全氮量的2.3%被矿化成无机氮,其中87%最终被转化成NO-3-N形式存在于土体中。     

长期施肥对设施菜田土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状的影响

利用沈阳农业大学蔬菜长期定位施肥试验田,研究了长期施肥对设施菜田土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状的影响.结果表明:长期施用有机肥或有机肥与氮肥配合施用可明显提高土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾养分含量,改善土壤物理性状,增强土壤转化酶、脲酶和中性磷酸酶的活性;而长期单施氮肥造成土壤pH值和土壤酶活性降低.土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,转化酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷含量呈显著正相关;脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关,与碱解氮和速效磷含量呈显著正相关;中性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量呈显著正相关;脱氢酶活性与土壤各养分因子均无明显相关性.     

鱼蛋白有机液肥对小粉土酶活性和微生物生物量碳、氮的影响

采用恒温土壤培养方法,研究了4种不同鱼蛋白有机液肥施用量[0(对照)、0.5、1.5、2.5 ml·kg-1]条件下小粉土酶活性和微生物生物量碳、氮的变化,及其与土壤养分的相关关系.结果表明:在整个培养过程中,不同鱼蛋白有机液肥施用量处理下土壤pH值变化范围为7.07～7.31,与对照无显著差异;土壤磷酸酶活性显著增强,分别为对照的1.27、1.90、1.96倍;土壤脲酶活性分别比对照提高39.81%、78.06%、173.24%;蛋白酶活性比对照提高56.37%、108.29%、199.98%;土壤微生物生物量碳、氮均随肥料添加量的增加而逐渐增大,分别为对照的1.67、3.95、4.74倍和1.21、2.43、4.06倍.土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性以及土壤微生物生物量碳、氮在不同施用量处理下达到峰值点的时间不同.土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和蛋白酶活性、土壤微生物生物量碳、氮与土壤养分均呈显著正相关.施用鱼蛋白有机液肥可以显著促进小粉土微生物的生长及酶活性的提高,从而促进土壤有机质的分解转化和速效养分的释放.     

科尔沁沙地人工固沙林对土壤氨氧化细菌群落的影响

为了解科尔沁沙地土壤氨氧化细菌群落对人工固沙林群落类型的响应,选取科尔沁沙地差巴嗄蒿、山竹岩黄蓍、小黄柳、杨树、樟子松和小叶锦鸡儿6种典型人工固沙林群落作为对象,采用amoA基因克隆文库、荧光定量PCR(Q-PCR)、末端限制性长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)等技术和液体震荡培养的方法分析了土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)的组成、丰度、群落结构和硝化潜力。结果表明,Nitrosospira cluster 3a是固沙林土壤AOB群落的绝对优势菌群,其次为cluster 6。Nitrosospira cluster 3a和cluster 6的平均相对丰度在不同固沙林群落间存在显著差异,其中,Nitrosospira cluster 3a在小叶锦鸡儿最高。小叶锦鸡儿土壤AOB丰度最高。全氮、有机质和有效钾是决定AOB群落结构的主要因素。不同固沙林土壤硝化潜力具有显著差异,小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤显著高于其他固沙林土壤。硝化潜力与AOB丰度和土壤全氮含量呈显著正相关。本研究表明,人工固沙林群落类型不影响AOB群落组成和结构,但影响优势菌群的相对丰度、AOB丰度和硝化潜力。AOB丰度和Nitrosospira cluster 3a的相对丰度可作为科尔沁沙地AOB菌群恢复的指标。与其他群落相比,小叶锦鸡儿固沙林群落恢复土壤AOB种群的效果最好。     

科尔沁沙地四种固沙植物群落土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的季节动态

为探讨科尔沁沙地不同人工固沙植物群落土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性的季节动态规律,选取25年生小叶锦鸡儿、山竹岩黄蓍、差巴嘎蒿、樟子松群落为对象,研究了固沙植物群落0～30cm土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸单酯酶、多酚氧化酶、硝酸还原酶、脱氢酶7种酶活性和微生物生物量C、N、P不同季节的变化特征。结果表明,4种人工植物群落土壤7种酶活性有明显的季节性变化,均表现为春季开始逐渐升高,到夏季植物旺盛时逐渐达到最大值,秋冬季达到最低值。微生物生物量C、N的动态变化与土壤酶活性的变化规律相同,而土壤微生物量P的季节变化则表现为春季>夏季>秋季,这些变化在0～10cm土层更为显著。7种土壤酶活性和微生物生物量最高值均出现在土壤表层(0～10cm),随着土层的加深生物活性逐渐降低。小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤微生物生物量和7种酶活性均高于其他3种植物群落。     

艾比湖湿地典型植物群落土壤酶活性季节变化特征

对艾比湖湿地典型芦苇和柽柳群落土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶和脲酶及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明: 在植物不同的生长期,土壤酶活性具有明显的季节变化特征,芦苇群落土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶和脲酶峰值均出现在生长旺盛期(3.26、0.60、0.33 mg·g^-1),谷值出现在萌芽期和展叶期,而柽柳群落的峰值出现在枯黄期(6.33、0.58、0.21 mg·g^-1),谷值出现在开花期和生长旺盛期;脲酶在不同生长期较为稳定,是湿地土壤酶活性差异的指示指标;芦苇和柽柳群落不同生长期土壤酶活性与土壤有机质和全磷含量呈显著正相关,而与土壤含水量的相关性不显著;芦苇群落迅速生长期土壤酶活性与土壤铵态氮呈显著正相关;两种植物群落土壤盐分与酶活性的相关性不显著.芦苇和柽柳群落不同生长期土壤酶活性受多因素的共同影响,土壤有机质和水热因子是影响艾比湖高盐湖泊湿地土壤酶活性的主导因子.     

玉米生长期间土壤微生物量与土壤酶变化及其相关性研究

研究了玉米生长期间土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性变化及其相关性．结果表明，玉米生长前期和中期，土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性迅速上升，并逐渐达到最大值；玉米生长后期，土壤微生物量碳、氮、酶活性下降至某一值后并逐渐趋于平稳．几种处理相比较，以秸秆＋尿素处理的土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性为最大．除玉米生长后期，土壤微生物量碳、氮与碱解氮、活性腐殖质、土壤ｐＨ不相关外，土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性及速效养分在玉米生长期间均相关或极相关     

山竹岩黄蓍固沙群落对土壤养分及生物活性的改良效应

以半流动沙丘为对照,对5、10和22年生山竹岩黄蓍人工固沙群落不同层次(0~10、10~20和20~30cm)土壤的养分状况、微生物生物量和土壤酶活性进行了对比研究.结果表明:采用山竹岩黄蓍固定流沙后,随着群落年龄的增长,土壤中C、N、P、K含量及生物活性均明显提高.其中,0~10cm土层的增长幅度显著高于10~30cm土层.0~30cm土层中C/N由7.3增加到8.5;土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量以及土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、脱氢酶、硝酸还原酶和多酚氧化酶的活性均有所提高.其中,0~10cm土层中蔗糖酶的活性是对照的49.7~284.5倍.土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷分别与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷以及微生物生物量与酶活性之间存在显著的正相关关系.     

Diurnal variation of phytoplankton in Loch Lomond

A study of diurnal variation over a 48 hour period was undertaken in July 1973 to ascertain the extent and timing of some major chemical, physical and biological variables in Loch Lomond. The phytoplankton population was dominated by the diatom Tabellaria fenestrata, with a maximum abundance between 04.00 and 06.00 h in surface waters on both days. A distinct diurnal variation in cell numbers was also recorded. Chlorophyll a values also showed a regular pattern of variation with a single peak between 10.00 and 14.00 h each day. Some chemical changes appeared to be a direct consequence of phytoplankton multiplication. Nitrate-nitrogen showed a decrease in concentration coinciding with the period of cell multiplication, whereas dissolved silica concentrations only fell on the completion of this process. Other common diatoms displayed less distinct patterns of variation although Fragilaria crotonensis attained its maximum abundance in surface waters. Considerable variation was recorded in the number of organisms and chlorophyll a levels at 25 cm intervals in the upper metre of the water column, with large variations in standing-crop and chemical parameters in the space of one hour. Diurnal oscillations in the position of the thermocline were recorded, with the thermal discontinuity being at its greatest depth in the early hours of the morning. The hypolimnion and thermocline regions clearly acted as a source of nutrient supply to the epilimnion. From this investigation it is apparent that for the proper understanding of diurnal variation a 24 hour study alone is insufficient and may give rise to misleading results.Department of Botany, University of GlasgowDepartment of Botany, University of Glasgow     

Leaf waxes in Coincya Rouy (Brassicaceae)

A total of 55 populations belonging to the genus Coincya Rouy (Brassicaceae) from the Iberian Peninsula were examined for their leaf wax composition. The total wax content and the relative proportions of the five main lipid fractions, hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, free alcohols and free sterols were determined. It was observed that there was a positive correlation between chemical composition and environmental adaptation, and also with certain morphological characterS. Changes relate to low temperatures or to high relative humidity, and there is a positive correlation between chemical composition and leaf glaucosity.     

Skeletal biological distance studies in American physical anthropology: recent trends

Biological distance analysis, the dominant type of skeletal biological research during the 19th century, has become less visible in recent years. Although the proportion of American Journal of Physical Anthropology articles and published abstracts focusing on biodistance has remained fairly constant over the three decades between 1955 and 1985, the proportion of biodistance contributions relative to other skeletal biology studies has decreased. Emphasis in skeletal biology has shifted from the analysis of biological variation to investigations of health and diet, and within biodistance studies methodological issues have assumed prominence over purely analytical approaches. This paper investigates trends in biological distance analysis through a survey of articles and meetings abstracts published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology from 1955 to 1985. The survey provides the historical context for five symposium papers on skeletal biological distance presented at the 1986 meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.     

浙江古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林种子雨的时空变异

木本植物种子产量的时间和空间变化格局对植物更新以及群落组成和结构有着重要影响, 是种子雨研究的一个重要方面。2006年6月在古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林24 hm²样地布置了130个面积为0.5 m²的种子雨收集器, 每周收集一次。利用4年的种子雨数据, 研究了种子雨的时间和空间变异。主要结果如下: (1)共收集到124227粒成熟种子, 属于29科51属63种, 每月降水量与平均每月种子数、物种数均呈显著负相关; (2)种子产量在每年干季(秋季)有明显的高峰, 有10个物种在湿季扩散种子, 不同物种结实物候起始和终止时间有差异; (3)基于4年的种子雨数据, 几乎所有物种的种子雨均存在很大的年际变异, 收集到的所有物种的种子产量年际变异系数的中位数为1.72; (4)种子雨在不同收集器之间有很大的变异, 变异系数的中位数为8.06; 几乎所有物种的空间变异都远远大于时间变异, 这可能是由于母树的稀有性、种子传播距离的差异, 以及地形等因素造成。通过与巴拿马Barro Colorado Island 50 hm ²样地108个物种种子产量的年际变异系数相比较, 古田山种子雨数据支持了高纬度地区种子产量变异高于低纬度地区的假说。     

Phenotypic variation in colour pattern and seasonal plasticity in Eristalis hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Abstract.

• 1 An examination of phenotypic variation in colour pattern was carried out on four Eristalis hoverfly species using museum material.
• 2 The amount of phenotypic variation varied substantially among the species with E.arbustorum being the most variable. The other species showed a wide colour pattern range but less variation within that range (E.abusivus and E.nemorum), or a narrow range of colour variation (E.horticola).
• 3 Sexual colour dimorphism was apparent in all four species, but most pronounced in E.abusivus and E.nemorum.
• 4 There were good phenotype-season relationships shown by both sexes in all species, except for female E.abusivus and E.nemorum, with paler insects being more abundant during the warmer summer months.
• 5 Female, but not male, E.arbustorum collected at inland sites were on average paler than those collected at coastal sites. This observation is considered with respect to temperature during the developmental stages.
• 6 The function of colour plasticity in hoverflies is discussed with reference to the need to maintain optimal thermal conditions for activity.

     

Variation in the genus Keratella

The literature on variation in Keratella is reviewed. The old idea of a thorough endogenous control has to be rejected, but internal factors ought to play a certain role beside influences from current and previous environment. In certain cases there is probably a succession of genetically different clones during the course of the year (cf. King, 1972, 1977), but the seasonal variation in lake populations of, e.g., K. cochlearis ought to be mainly non-genetical. There is some evidence that temperature and food exert an influence on the morphology, via rate of growth, but probably other abiotic and biotic factors are at work as well. The existence of allometric relationships is clearly demonstrated for several species. The variation in spine length has been suspected by some authors to consititute just the function of size variation which is thus considered primary. Some of the variation found is obviously non-adaptive. An attempt is made at explaining the existence of discontinuous variation within a single lake. Implications on taxonomy and speciation are briefly discussed.     

黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)的种群繁殖参数及其地理分异特征

黑线姬鼠（Apodemus agrarius）是我国广大地区的主要害鼠之一,是余庆县农田害鼠优势种,占总鼠数的94.81%。探讨其种群繁殖参数的变动规律及其地理分异特征,对其种群数量预测预报具有重要意义。通过对1987-2005年贵州省余庆县黑线姬鼠种群繁殖参数分析结果表明：研究期间共解剖标本5497只,其中,雌鼠2698只,雄鼠2799只,黑线姬鼠在当地1-11月份均可繁殖,主要繁殖期在3-10月份,每年4-5月份和8-9月份出现2次妊娠高峰。种群总性比（♀/♂）为0.96,多年平均怀孕率为36.91%±6.79%,平均胎仔数为5.33±1.07只,平均繁殖指数为0.81±0.17,平均睾丸下降率为59.13%±7.89%。不同年龄组种群繁殖力存在显著差异,随着种群年龄的增长繁殖力不断增加,成年Ⅰ组、成年Ⅱ组、老年组是种群繁殖的主体。种群繁殖参数不同年度之间比较稳定,不同月份、不同季节之间变化差异较大,具有明显的季节变化特征。年均种群密度与年均繁殖指数呈极显著正相关,与胎仔数显著正相关,与年均怀孕率、睾丸下降率、性比相关性不显著,繁殖指数是影响黑线姬鼠种群密度的重要因子。比较全国各地黑线姬鼠种群繁殖参数的地理分异特征认为,黑线姬鼠种群繁殖参数具有明显的地理分异现象,胎仔数、生殖强度由南向北逐渐增加,具有随纬度的升高趋向增加的特征;在高纬度地区繁殖时间较短;性比与纬度、经度的变化关系密切;各繁殖参数与海拔的变化相关性不明显,可排除海拔因素的影响。     

Variation in cyanogenesis in plants with season and insect pressure

Cyanogenesis of 800 plant specimens (108 species) growing on a sandy tract of land between the sea and an inner lagoon 400 m distant was found to increase with insect density and, hence, with distance from the seashore and seasonal variation towards summer.     

Population structure and skeletal variation in the Late Woodland of west-central Illinois

This paper analyzes nonmetric trait variation in 11 late Late Woodland (ca. AD 700-1000) and one Mississippian (AD 1000-1300) skeletal samples from west-central Illinois from a population-structure perspective. Most of the sites are of the Bluff phase of Late Woodland in the lower Illinois River valley; others are from a nearby, contemporary archaeological phase. Late Woodland as a whole era (ca. AD 250-1000) was a period of marked population growth and expansion into new regional environments, trends that accompanied horticultural intensification in the area. Overall variation between sites was low, but males, females, and the total sample exhibited a significant geographic component to variation due to interregional morphological differences. The Bluff sites tended to group together relative to the non-Bluff sites. However, there was no significant geographic component to variation among the Bluff sites. The results are only partially consistent with archaeological data suggesting population growth and expansion through fissioning. Previous studies have demonstrated significant heterogeneity for nonmetric trait frequencies among Middle Woodland (ca. 100 BC to AD 250) sites, suggesting a Middle to Late Woodland change in population structure that lowered levels of morphological variation. This supports a model of increased intra- and interregional interaction from Middle to Late Woodland times developed from ceramic data by Braun and by Braun and Plog.     

Variation in growth in the blue tit (Parus caeruleus)

The pattern and amount of phenotypic and genetic variation in growth was analysed using the infinite-dimensional model in natural populations of the blue tit (Parus caeruleus). A size-index was used to analyse patterns of variation and covariation across ages (2, 5, 8, 11 and 14 days). Genetic variation was analysed using mother-, father-, and midparent-offspring regressions in the blue tit. Phenotypic variation in growth was limited to a few dimensions only, while heritabilities were close to zero at all ages except at 2 days when a significant mother-offspring relation was found. The phenotypic variance-covariance matrix over ages was found to be singular, which suggests that there are trajectories for which there is no phenotypic variation, and which therefore they cannot evolve. The phenotypic growth trajectory associated with the largest amount of variation basically showed a high to moderately high covariation across ages. These results have macroevolutionary implications in terms of the outcome of selection which generally will be in terms of overall size changes but with a slow rate of change due to low heritabilities; an outcome consistent with macro-evolutionary patterns of morphological variation in birds. A simulation study supported the conclusion that high covariances among traits and ages can impose considerable constraint on a microevolutionary scale.