东江流域降水与径流演变趋势及周期特征分析

认识流域水文演变趋势和周期性规律对流域可持续发展规划具有重要的生态意义。基于1989-2011 年东江流域9 个气象站点的逐日降水数据和3 个水文代表站(龙川、河源和博罗)的日径流数据, 分别采用Mann-Kendall 趋势检验和小波分析方法对东江流域降水量和径流量变化趋势和周期特征进行了研究。结果表明1989-2011 年间东江流域年降水量和春冬季节降水量呈不显著的减少趋势, 而夏秋季节降水量有增多的趋势; 位于上、中、下游水文站点的年径流量和枯水期径流量均呈现不显著的下降趋势; 东江流域的降水和径流趋向于更加不均的时空分布特征,其周期性演变趋势的时空特征较一致; 年径流系数的变化幅度极小(Mann-Kendal 倾斜度接近0)。这项研究也将有益于位于亚热带类似的流域森林植被恢复的政策决定。     

变异条件下淮河流域生态径流变化特征及驱动因子

基于淮河流域7个水文站点1956—2016年逐日径流量和72个雨量站点1960—2016的逐日降水量数据,利用Pettitt变异点检测、生态赤字和生态剩余等生态径流指标,定量分析淮河流域水文变异特征,根据生物多样性指标和水文变异指数间的关系,分析该流域水文变异的生态效应,利用位置、尺度、形状的广义可加模型(Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape,GAMLSS)理论框架量化气候因子对生态径流变化的贡献。研究表明:(1)水文变异后生态剩余减少,生态赤字增多,干流流量历时曲线比支流下移更明显;年生态剩余/赤字与面降水距平变化一致,水利工程调蓄作用是夏季生态径流与降水距平相关性差的主要原因;(2)除冬季外,淮河流域年、季尺度生态赤字(生态剩余)逐年增加(减小),春季增加最为明显。尽管冬季生态剩余比其他季节高,但生态剩余整体减小,21世纪干流生态剩余达最低,香农指数表明淮河流域生物多样性逐年下降。生态径流指标与水文改变指标(Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration,IHA)指标相关达0.45,能体现IHA大部分参数信息;(3)淮河流域生态径流对北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)、太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)和Nino3.4气候因子影响最为敏感。干流生态径流对气候因子响应最敏感,而支流生态径流对气候因子响应不敏感,通过GAMLSS模型构建的生态径流对极端值和局部趋势拟合的效果更优。     

东江沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价

采用ICP-MS对东江河流沉积物中的重金属进行分析,发现东江沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg等重金属呈现相同的变化特点,高值区和低值区基本一致.东江流域沉积物的重金属污染物主要是Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg、Pb,其平均含量分别为157.29、213.21、0.98、0.42、50.77mg·kg-1,均高于中国大陆沉积物背景值.地累积指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对东江流域沉积物污染程度和生态危害程度的评价结果显示,东江沉积物中地累积指数从大到小的顺序为Cd、Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb;从总的污染程度来看,东江沉积物中各重金属对生态风险影响程度从大到小的顺序为Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn;从总的生态风险指数上看,整个东江流域除处于上游的河源市段生态风险低外,处于中游的惠州段生态风险为"较高",处于下游的东莞段生态风险为"极高".     

河湖生态系统生态用水优化研究——以滇池流域为例

生态需水是河流与湖泊生态系统健康的重要基础。湖泊流域的河流与湖泊生态系统之间存在密切的水量联系,目前对流域内生态用水的研究多为单一生态系统生态需水简单相加,忽略了河流和湖泊之间复杂的水量联系。基于河湖复合生态系统之间的水量联系构建了河湖生态系统生态用水优化模型,并以滇池为例分析了河湖生态系统生态用水规律。结果表明：湖泊流域中单一河流或湖泊生态需水计算结果不能满足复合生态系统的生态用水要求,需要综合考虑河流和湖泊之间的水量联系;在当前水质状况下,牛栏江每年的调水量不能满足滇池流域的生态用水要求;滇池流域水体污染对流域内生态用水影响较大,随着水体污染程度的下降,流域生态用水量和调水量呈指数下降,河流生态用水呈线性下降。     

基于SWAT模型的汾河流域生态补水研究

随着人类对于河流的开发利用日益增强,显著改变了河流的天然径流过程,生态供水不足成为流域生态系统健康的重要制约因素。以山西省汾河流域为研究区,基于天然和实测径流数据,利用SWAT模型分别模拟了流域近30年天然径流和近10年跨流域调水情况下现状径流过程,并在此基础上对流域各河道生态流量及现状径流量进行时空量化,探讨了不同生态流量标准下生态缺水量在时间和空间上的变化情况。研究结果表明：(1)汾河流域各河道生态流量时空差异明显,汛期(0.50—18.80m~3/s)河道生态流量需求显著高于非汛期(0.05—1.81m~3/s),总体分布特征为中下游干流远高于上游支流;(2)在Tennant法的不同生态流量标准下,汾河流域非汛期生态流量保障情况整体优于汛期,高频缺水区主要分布在支流,呈上下游分散分布;(3)在中等级生态流量标准下,流域约84%的区域能保障基本生态流量需求,关键缺水区为岚河、潇河、浮山县及浍河地区;(4)建议流域生态补水在时间上侧重汛期补水,空间上侧重高频缺水地区,基于流域生态缺水量时空分布特征分配跨流域调水资源,提高水资源利用效率。研究从时空上量化了跨流域调水工程实施后流域生态流...     

塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价

通过收集2000 年以来塔里木河流域的生态、经济和社会状况资料,分析影响该流域生态系统健康的因素,采用指标体系分析法和专家咨询法,确立塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价指标体系和评价标准,计算得出流域生态健康评价指标权重,并对流域生态健康状况进行了评价.结果表明:塔里木河源流的阿克苏河、叶尔羌河和开都河-孔雀河流域的山区生态系统的健康状态处于"中等"级别,和田河流域的山区生态处于"优"级别;阿克苏河、叶尔羌河和和田河流域的平原绿洲区生态处于"优"级别,开都河-孔雀河流域的平原绿洲区生态处于"中等"级别;四源流的荒漠区生态处于"差"级别;塔里木河干流上游生态处于"优"级别,中游生态处于"中等"级别,下游生态处于"差"级别.评价结果基本与实际相符,说明使用的评价方法是切实可行的.该研究结论将为流域生态环境的综合治理提供科学依据.     

河岸带生态系统退化机制及其恢复研究进展

恢复和重建自然和人为干扰导致的退化河岸带生态系统是目前恢复生态学、流域生态学等学科研究的重要内容之一．对河岸带生态系统的干扰表现在河流水文特征改变、河岸带直接干扰和流域尺度干扰3个方面,分别具有不同的影响机制．河流水文特征改变通过改变河岸土壤湿度、氧化还原电位、生物生存环境以及沉积物传输规律对河岸带生态系统产生影响;河岸带直接干扰通过人类活动及外来物种入侵而直接影响河岸带植被多样性;流域尺度干扰则主要表现在河道刷深、河道淤积、河岸带地下水位降低和河流冲刷过程改变等．河岸带生态恢复评价对象包括河岸带生态系统各要素,评价指标已从单一的生态指标转向综合性指标．河岸带生态恢复应在景观或者流域尺度上进行考虑,识别对其影响的生物和物理过程以及导致其退化的干扰因子,通过植被重建与水文调控来进行．扩展研究尺度和研究对象及采用多学科的研究方法将是今后相关研究中的重要问题．     

梯级开发对河流生态系统和景观影响研究进展

作为水资源和水能开发利用的主要方式,河流梯级开发在满足国民经济各部门对河流水资源开发的要求和推动流域社会经济持续发展的同时,也对整个流域生态系统产生了不可避免的人为影响.本文根据河流梯级开发的过程和流域生态系统的特征,分别综述了梯级开发对坝址区生态系统、流域库区小气候、河岸带生态系统、水生态系统、河流湿地和流域景观生态的主要影响,并提出了研究展望,如加强梯级开发对各生态因子影响后的连锁反应和累积效应研究;在水库群运行和联合调度时期,应加强正负生态效应综合影响作用的研究以及不同时空尺度条件下对流域生态系统演替发展和稳定等方面的研究.     

植被对河道水流影响的研究进展

植被是自然河流的组成部分.明确植被与水流的相互影响,对于动植物栖息地的保护、水体富营养化的控制、河流和湖泊的生态修复,以及河道整治等方面均具有重要的科学和实践意义.本文回顾了国内外对河道植被与水流相互作用的研究状况,综述了植被对阻力系数、水流结构影响的研究,介绍了数值模拟在该领域的应用进展;基于文献资料,分析了河道断面形状、植株个体形态、植被分布格局等诸多因素对含植被水流流态的影响,阐述了在河流形态、时空尺度上植被变化、植被段内部水流分布、三维紊动模拟等方面深入研究河道植被水力学机制的重要性.     

城镇化背景下河流生境评价——以深圳市为例

城镇化背景下，河流生态系统退化趋势明显，有效评价河流生境状况是修复和保护河流生态系统健康的重要基础。深圳市作为全国经济发展的窗口城市，河流生境的调查研究十分匮乏。因此，为阐明深圳市不同城镇化程度的流域河流生境的差异与主要影响因素，对深圳市两个代表性流域的河流生境展开了研究。针对深圳市河流的生境特点，于2019年丰水期（8月）和枯水期（11月）对城镇化程度较高的深圳河流域的13个样点和城镇化程度较低的坪山河流域12个样点河段的生境状况进行定量调查与评价。采用综合评价法，从河床、河道和河岸带3个方面选取10个生境指标，构建深圳市河流生境评价指标体系和评价方法。结果表明：深圳河流域河流生境质量总体较差，生境评价等级为"良"、"中"、"差"的样点河段分别占7.7%、38.5%、53.8%；坪山河流域河流生境质量总体较好，生境评价等级为"优"、"良"、"中"、"差"的样点河段分别占8.3%、41.7%、41.7%、8.3%。方差分析结果表明两次调查河流生境状况无显著性差异，短时间跨度内河流生境状况变化较小；两个流域河流生境状况差异显著，城镇化程度较低的坪山河流域河流生境质量显著好于城镇化程度较高的深圳河流域。河流生境评估指标主成分分析结果表明人类活动强度、河岸稳定性、河道变化、底质、河岸土地利用及植被多样性是影响深圳市河流生境变化的主要因子。本文对河床、河道、河岸带3个方面分别提出针对性的修复建议，对深圳市河流的生境修复和保护具有重要的指导作用。     

Comprehensive evaluation of the ecohydrological response of watersheds under changing environments

Human activities and climate change pose a continuous threat to the ecological stability of natural rivers in many ways. Understanding and analyzing changes in flow regimes from a multidimensional perspective is essential for water resources management. In this research, a comprehensive evaluation framework was developed to quantitatively assess the hydrological condition of the basin in four aspects: river flow regime, ecological water demand, multiple time scales, and drivers. The health status of the Yuanjiang River was assessed using a combination of Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) and eco-flow metrics, and differences in different drivers at different time scales were quantified based on the Choudhury-Yang equation and the ABCD model. The results show that after the abrupt change of the Yuanjiang River in 2004, the runoff decreased by up to 72.97 mm, three of the five groups of IHA reached moderate alteration or above, and its ecological flow was in a tight state for a long time. In addition, the reduction of runoff by precipitation and potential evapotranspiration is not negligible (contribution 40.56%, 6.91%), and the drastic changes in land use and the construction and operation of cascade reservoirs highlight the human impact (contribution 52.53%). Anthropogenic contributions to runoff changes deepen in the order of spring, summer, fall, and winter (6%, 51%, 83%, 95%), and on a monthly scale, human activities were the dominant factor in runoff variability in nine months (61–98%), with climatic factors driving runoff increases of 0.24–6.07 mm only in March, June, September, November, and December.     

辽河流域丰枯遭遇下水库调度

利用Copula函数分析辽河流域水库入库流量边缘分布及其生态径流量,得出水库可调水范围,在满足生态流量基础上,保障辽河流域城市供水。研究表明:(1)英那河与张家堡水库入库流量以对数正态分布为最佳边缘分布,其余水库入库流量最佳边缘分布均为广义极值分布,同时,Gumbel Copula与Frank Copula函数对水库入库流量拟合效果最优;(2)7组水库组合中有3组水库组合入库流量(白石与锦凌、白石与青山、张家堡与碧流河)丰枯异步概率高于丰枯同步概率,且枯枯遭遇概率较低,分别为13%,12%以及13%。其余4组水库组合枯枯遭遇概率皆高于27%,水库间入库水文过程发生同枯概率可能性较大;(3)使用90%保证率逐月频率计算法所求流量是辽河流域9个水库的最佳生态径流量。(4)枯水月水库间易发生枯枯遭遇,当水库间入库径流皆低于最小生态径流标准,水库无法对各自调水城市进行供水调度,其中,大伙房与桓仁、白石与锦凌、白石与青山主要在1、2月无法对沈阳、凌海和绥中县进行输水,桓仁与清河水库仅在2002年5月无法对开原进行供水,此时需考虑水库提前蓄水以满足城市用水需求。碧流河、英那河和张家堡水库虽两两存在无法输水情况,但可三者联动对大连进行联合调度,缓解无法输水问题。     

基于SPEI指数的长江中下游流域干旱时空特征分析

基于长江中下游流域1961—2015年129个气象站点的逐日气温和降水数据,利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),对长江中下游流域近55年年尺度及各季节干旱变化趋势、站次比、强度和频率进行了分析,并探讨了干旱和区域气温、降水变化及ENSO的关系。结果表明:(1)在区域尺度,近55年长江中下游流域年尺度、春季和秋季呈干旱化趋势,春季干旱化趋势显著;夏季和冬季呈湿润化趋势。空间变化上,对于年尺度,汉江流域、中游干流区及洞庭湖流域以干旱化趋势为主,鄱阳湖流域、下游干流区和太湖流域以湿润化趋势为主;春季和秋季分别有96.90%和92.25%的站点呈干旱化趋势;夏季和冬季分别有82.95%和72.87%的站点呈湿润化趋势。(2)年尺度、春季和秋季干旱站次比及强度均呈增加趋势,春旱站次比与强度增加趋势显著;夏季和冬季干旱站次比和强度均呈下降趋势。(3)年尺度和春季干旱频率在21世纪初均达到最高,年尺度、春季和夏季干旱频率从20世纪90年代到21世纪初均呈增加趋势。(4)春、秋季干旱化趋势与降水量的减少及气温的上升相关,夏、冬季降水量的增加使得夏、冬季呈湿润化趋势。冬季SOI和次年春季干旱相关性极显著,冬季发生拉尼娜事件时,次年春季更易发生干旱。     

Comparison of the hydrological characteristics of three small experimental holm oak forested catchments in NE Spain in relation to larger areas

Precipitation and streamflow have been measured in three small (0.04–0.52 km²) experimental catchments covered by dense holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forests. Two of them are in the Prades mountains and one in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain). Here we test the hydrological representativeness of these catchments against the streamflow record at two nearby larger (34–60 km²) catchments, one from each massif. Comparisons of (i) annual streamflow, (ii) seasonal distribution of streamflow, and (iii) flow duration curves were made. At Prades, for the period of common record, mean annual precipitation was about 580 mm, and mean annual streamflow 44–81 mm at the two experimental catchments and 102 mm at the larger one. Most streamflow occurred during winter and spring in the three catchments. At Montseny, rainfall was higher, and mean annual streamflow was 495 mm in the experimental catchment, and 760 mm in the larger catchment, though these data were obtained in different periods in each catchment. Streamflow was roughly equal in autumn, winter and spring. At both sites flow duration curves were fairly similar in the small experimental catchments and the larger catchments. The higher streamflow at Montseny is reflected in its flow duration curves being well above those at Prades. The experimental catchments at Prades are thus fairly representative of the larger nearby catchment for the investigated hydrological characteristics. At Montseny, hydrological differences between the experimental catchment and the larger catchment are probably due to the higher mean altitude of the latter and to the non-overlapping periods of their streamflow records.     

水文变异下的黄河流域生态流量

使用t检验和Mann-Whitney U检验对黄河干流7个水文站月均流量进行水文变异分析,探讨了水文变异成因,在此基础上,确定变异前各月月均流量序列最适概率分布函数,将概率密度最大的月平均流量定义为河道内生态流量。经与Tennant法、最小月平均流量发和逐月径流法比较,考虑水文变异的河道内生态流量计算方法是可行、合理的。水文变异后,黄河干流7水文站月均流量普遍减少,月均流量满足河道内生态流量的频率降低。研究结果表明,人类活动是黄河生态系统水环境恶化的重要原因。在流域生态管理中,确保变异后生态流量满足频率与变异前相当。研究对于理解在当前气候变化与人类活动双重影响下,干旱半干旱区流域水资源科学管理具有一定理论与现实意义。     

The influence of dams on ecohydrological conditions in the Huaihe River basin, China

Maintaining natural hydrologic variability is essential in conserving native riverine biota and river ecosystem integrity. Hydrologic regimes play a major role in structuring the biotic diversity within river ecosystems, as they control key habitat conditions within the river channel, the floodplain, etc. Alterations in streamflow regimes may modify many of these habitat attributes and impair ecosystem connectivity. There are many dams constructed in the Huaihe River basin that are drastically altering the natural hydrologic regimes of the river. We selected the Bengbu Sluice as a control node to study the influence of the Bengbu Sluice and all its upstream dams on the hydrologic regime. Using Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration and Range of Variability Approach methods, we assessed hydrologic alteration at the streamgauge site to demonstrate the influence of dams on ecohydrological conditions in the Huaihe River basin. The results show that dams have a strong influence on ecohydrological conditions, especially in dry seasons. The river ecohydrological targets and the minimum ecological and environmental flow requirements for the Bengbu section defined by this study can support ecosystem management and restoration plans and provide ecological operations for the Bengbu Sluice.     

The distributions of autumn picoplankton in relation to environmental factors in the reservoirs along the Wujiang River in Guizhou Province,SW China

Autumn picoplankton (Synechococcus, picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic bacteria) and environmental factors have been investigated in a series of reservoirs along the Wujiang River in Guizhou Province, SW China. The average abundances of Synechococcus, picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic bacteria was 10⁴, 10² and 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹, respectively. In autumn meso-eutrophic reservoirs, thermal stratification was clear and abundances of different picoplankton groups in release water was low; whereas these phenomena were not obvious in autumn hypereutrophic reservoir. Picoplankton numbers decreased with increasing water depth and showed a positive correlation with water temperature, which reflected the importance of light and temperature on the picoplankton growth. Contribution of Synechococcus to total phytoplankton production and contribution of picoeukaryotes to total phytoplankton production asynchronous changed with varying trophic states. Synechococcus preferred meso-eutrophic reservoirs over hypereutrophic reservoir and picoeukaryotes showed no preference for the investigated reservoirs in autumn. Handling editor: L. Naselli-Flores     

El Niño Southern Oscillation and climate trends impact reservoir water quality

Low dissolved oxygen concentration in bottom layers of lakes and reservoirs usually indicates low water quality. In lakes, empirical models predicting anoxia are almost entirely based on the decay of plankton biomass, while in reservoirs recent findings suggest a prominent role of streamflow and load of organic carbon. This suggests a potential link between water quality in reservoirs and climate processes affecting streamflow. Here we support this hypothesis presenting evidence that both interannual climate variability and recent climate change, mainly consisting in a significant increase in potential evapotranspiration in the upstream basin, affected the oxygen content in a Mediterranean reservoir (Sau Reservoir, Spain). Using a 44‐year monthly record, we found strong and consistent signatures of El Niño Southern Oscillation in the inflow and reservoir oxygen content. Spectral and wavelet techniques showed that the El Niño, streamflow, and reservoir oxygen content series oscillated in common periods, which coincided with the main El Niño variability modes. An empirical model explaining the annual oxygen content in the reservoir suggested that a decreasing streamflow trend reduced the oxygen content of the reservoir by about 20%, counteracting remediation measures implemented at the basin upstream the reservoir. Our results provide the first quantitative evidence of climate change effects on reservoir water quality using long‐term instrumental data, and indicate that streamflow should be considered as a key variable in assessing climate change impact on reservoir water quality. These results are especially relevant in regions of the world where reservoirs are abundant and most climate models predict a decrease in runoff during the next decades. Both the expected trends and the sensitivity of reservoir water quality to global interannual climate variability should be considered for a correct management of water resources in the present and to design adaptation policies in the future.     

基于扩展的Budyko模型定量评估平江流域森林恢复和气候变异对季节性径流的影响

流域季节性径流变化反映了年内水资源的动态特征。在以森林为主的流域中,森林变化和气候变异被普遍认为是影响流域水文过程的两大驱动因素。因此在全球气候变化背景下,研究流域森林恢复和气候变异对流域季节性径流的影响,可为协调区域碳-水关系和制订可持续的森林经营管理策略提供参考。选择鄱阳湖流域上游的平江流域为研究对象,根据流域历史森林覆盖率变化情况,将研究期划分为参考期（1961-1985）和森林恢复期（1986-2006）,采用Mann-Kendall趋势分析研究流域长时期水文气象数据是否存在显著变化趋势。同时引入月干旱指数（潜在蒸散发和有效降雨的比率）,将一年定义为能量限制季（1-6月）和水分限制季（7-12月）,结合扩展的Budyko模型定量分析平江流域森林恢复和气候变异对季节性径流的相对贡献。在本研究流域整个研究期内（1961-2006）,通过Mann-Kendall趋势分析发现,研究流域水分限制季径流呈现显著增加趋势,而能量限制季水文和气候变量变化趋势均不显著。其次,相较于参考期,流域森林恢复使能量限制季径流降低了11.71 mm/a （24.40%）,使水分限制季径流增加了12.27 mm/a （17.23%）。同时,气候变异导致能量限制季径流减少了36.28 mm/a （75.60%）,而使水分限制季径流增加了58.94 mm/a （82.77%）。上述研究结果表明,森林恢复对径流影响具有累积效应。森林恢复对季节性径流具有积极的调节作用,同时季节性径流对森林恢复的响应存在时间差,而且森林恢复对径流的影响在能量限制季和水分限制季具有相互抵消的作用,气候变异与森林恢复的影响效应类似。此外,本研究也证实,平江流域季节性径流变化主要是受气候变化主导,但森林恢复对季节性径流的贡献也不容忽视。