环境因子对木棉种子萌发的影响

木棉(Bombax malabaricum DC.)是一种可以生长在干热河谷的落叶大乔木.河谷内,木棉成年树木生长良好,有大量结实,而其周围却很少有种苗出现.通过室内条件研究木棉种子的物理特性和萌发的生物学特性,可以了解该物种种子萌发对环境因子的需求,为探讨木棉在干热河谷内自然种群更新难和萌发阶段对这一特殊生境的适应性提供理论依据.经测定,木棉种子千粒重为39.08 g,比同科的其它物种要轻.四唑(TTC,1.O％)染色测定种子生活力的结果表明有生活力种子占64.0％.种皮对吸胀无障碍,种子在25℃吸胀2d时就开始萌发.检测了环境因子对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,种子萌发对光照不敏感而且对温度有较广的适应性,15-35℃都可以萌发,25-35℃萌发率无显著差异,但随温度升高,萌发速率加快,幼苗长势增加;萌发过程对渗透胁迫敏感,聚乙二醇(PEG)浓度为0.10 g/mL时萌发率较对照显著下降,0.15 g/mL时种子就不能萌发;室温吸胀24h的种子对热激敏感,42℃热激2h后萌发率就已经显著下降;室湿下水杨酸(SA,1,10,100 mg/L)浸种24h,没有提高种子在萌发期间对干旱和热激的抗性.可见,高温和干旱是限制木棉种子成功萌发的关键因子,然而发现,温度较高时水分过大也会造成萌发后幼苗的死亡.     

花楸树种子散布、萌发与种群天然更新的关系

花楸树是我国东北林区重要的非木质资源树种,其实生天然更新不良.本文通过研究花楸树种子散布、土壤种子库及种子萌发出土过程,分析花楸树实生天然更新的影响因素.结果表明：自然散落的花楸树果实96.1%分布于母株2 m范围内,凋落物层和土壤表层（0～2 cm）的种子数占土壤种子库总数的97.0%;不同季节花楸树土壤种子库种子数量差别很大,当年11月上旬种子数量最多,达(257.7±69.2)粒·m^-2;翌年7月下旬种子数量最少,仅为(2.9±2.9)粒·m^-2;温度不是花楸树种子萌发出土过程的限制因子,0 ℃～5 ℃时幼苗出苗率达(67.5±6.6)%,但对其出苗速率影响显著.土壤含水量为50%时,花楸树出苗率最高,达(74.7±4.2)%;含水量为60%时,幼苗死亡率最低,为(32.6±0.6)%.花楸树种子的散布格局和土壤种子库的时空分布格局影响种子的萌发出土过程,进而影响其种群的天然更新.     

科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)人工林天然更新障碍

针对科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林不能天然更新的特征,从森林天然更新的必要条件出发,通过种子萌发、幼苗存活与生长所需条件的系列试验,探讨了科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林不能天然更新的障碍特征。结果表明,沙地樟子松人工林不能天然更新的主要原因有:(1)由于土壤的干旱胁迫使沙地樟子松人工林中天然下种的种子很少有萌发的机会,尤其是在春季;(2)在水分条件相对充足的季节(秋季),樟子松种子能够萌发,但萌发产生的更新幼苗数量极少,即便这些更新幼苗得以存活,但由于沙地表层(0~5cm)与樟子松共生的外生菌根菌几乎不能存活而导致幼苗根系无法形成菌根,从而致使存活的樟子松幼苗抗旱、抗病能力非常弱,不能越冬,即不能更新。     

岷江干旱河谷黄蔷薇和川滇蔷薇更新能力及其限制因素

植物种子、种子库和幼苗库的研究是种群更新和植被恢复的重要内容.研究了岷江干旱河谷两种乡土灌木(黄蔷薇和川滇蔷薇)的种子、种子库和幼苗库特征.黄蔷薇和川滇蔷薇种子产量较高, 分别为(627±216)和(7832±4347)果/丛,但种子质量较差,饱满率分别为(49.62±1.03)%和(73.83±3.42)%,活力为(32.25±0.67)%和(55.38±2.5)%.黄蔷薇种子产量和活力低于川滇蔷薇,但其种子重量和休眠程度却远高于川滇蔷薇.两种蔷薇土壤种子库的水平和垂直分布格局相似:在水平分布上,离植株基部越近,种子密度越高;在垂直分布上,种子主要分布在地表层.黄蔷薇和川滇蔷薇种子库密度均较高,分别为(560±90)粒m2和(1955±235)粒/m2,但活力种子数量较少,分别为(26±4)粒/m2和(152±18)粒/m2, 处于休眠状态的种子,黄蔷薇(60.6%)较川滇蔷薇(18.4%)高,可萌发的种子,两者分别为(10±1)粒/m2和(124±14)粒/m2.黄蔷薇(65.3%)的种子库中被啮齿动物取食的比例较川滇蔷薇(0.5%)高.两种蔷薇的幼苗密度差异不大,黄薇幼苗密度((4.28±0.49)株/m2)略小于川滇蔷薇((5.24±1.28)株/m2).幼苗组成的总体趋势是高度级低的幼苗所占的比例相对较高,且Ⅰ级幼苗数显著高于较其他级幼苗数.研究表明,两种蔷薇种子存在休眠,能形成持久种子库,种子特征对种子库和幼苗库具有深刻影响.两种蔷薇更新状况不佳,比较而言,黄蔷薇更新较川滇蔷薇好.黄蔷薇更新的主要限制因素是动物对种子的破坏,而川滇蔷薇更新的主要限制因素是幼苗存活定居.     

科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var．olica mongoltca）人工林天然更新障碍

针对科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林不能天然更新的特征,从森林天然更新的必要条件出发,通过种子萌发、幼苗存活与生长所需条件的系列试验,探讨了科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林不能天然更新的障碍特征。结果表明,沙地樟子松人工林不能天然更新的主要原因有：（1）由于土壤的干旱胁迫使沙地樟子松人工林中天然下种的种子很少有萌发的机会,尤其是在春季;（2）在水分条件相对充足的季节（秋季）,樟子松种子能够萌发,但萌发产生的更新幼苗数量极少,即便这些更新幼苗得以存活,但由于沙地表层（0～5cm）与樟子松共生的外生菌根菌几乎不能存活而导致幼苗根系无法形成菌根,从而致使存活的樟子松幼苗抗旱、抗病能力非常弱,不能越冬,即不能更新。     

海南甘什岭白藤土壤种子库特征及幼苗更新能力

为探究海南甘什岭地区白藤土壤种子库的储备状况及幼苗更新能力,按公里网格设置样地30块(20 m×20 m),于各样地内沿对角线设置7个1 m×1 m小样方,对白藤种子和天然更新幼苗(≤40 cm)的分布状况进行调查,比较不同样地环境条件下种子储备和幼苗更新能力的大小,并采用随机森林方法,对影响种子和幼苗数量的立地环境因子进行分析。结果表明:甘什岭地区白藤土壤种子分布不均匀,土壤种子库种子主要集中在枯落物层;白藤更新幼苗中Ⅰ级(0~9 cm)幼苗占比最高,达61.63%,是更新幼苗的主体,但Ⅰ级幼苗、Ⅱ级幼苗间的转化率较低(39.18%),是制约白藤幼苗天然更新关键环节;立地环境因子中,林冠高度、林分郁闭度、凋落物厚度和林分密度是影响种子分布和幼苗数量的主要环境因子;总之,在自然状态下,白藤天然更新能力不足,应采用人工干预和调控措施促进更新;在白藤更新抚育过程中,应通过林内疏枝除冠、间苗等措施,调节立地环境因子,改善种子的着地环境,提高白藤幼苗转化率,达到促进白藤自然更新的目的。     

毛红椿天然林种子雨、种子库与天然更新

2008-2011年,调查江西九连山国家级自然保护区毛红椿天然林的种子雨、种子库及林下幼苗数量.结果表明:在毛红椿天然林,种子雨散布时间为10月下旬至12月下旬.2010年不同样地的种子雨强度为虾公塘气象观测站(320.3±23.5粒·m-2)＞虾公塘保护站(284.7±24.2粒·m-2)＞大丘田保护站(251.6±24.7粒·m-2),分别以222.0、34.3和22.6粒·m-2完好种子供土壤萌发更新;毛红椿种子储量取决于结实量、鸟类取食和种子活力等因素,鸟类取食是其种子储量大幅下降的首要因素;由于种子不耐储藏以及大量腐烂,种子有效贮藏期不足1个月.12月天然林种子库平均萌发数≤2株·m-2,次年1月土壤种子库种子量最少,为6.7～11.8粒·m-2,平均仅萌发0.4～0.6株·m-2,与林下实生幼苗分布极少相吻合.毛红椿种子雨储备、种子库种子活力保存及幼苗建成等因素影响其天然更新.     

海南甘什岭白藤土壤种子库特征及幼苗更新能力

为探究海南甘什岭地区白藤土壤种子库的储备状况及幼苗更新能力,按公里网格设置样地30块(20 m×20 m),于各样地内沿对角线设置7个1 m×1 m小样方,对白藤种子和天然更新幼苗(≤40 cm)的分布状况进行调查,比较不同样地环境条件下种子储备和幼苗更新能力的大小,并采用随机森林方法,对影响种子和幼苗数量的立地环境因子进行分析。结果表明:甘什岭地区白藤土壤种子分布不均匀,土壤种子库种子主要集中在枯落物层;白藤更新幼苗中Ⅰ级(0～9 cm)幼苗占比最高,达61.63%,是更新幼苗的主体,但Ⅰ级幼苗、Ⅱ级幼苗间的转化率较低(39.18%),是制约白藤幼苗天然更新关键环节;立地环境因子中,林冠高度、林分郁闭度、凋落物厚度和林分密度是影响种子分布和幼苗数量的主要环境因子;总之,在自然状态下,白藤天然更新能力不足,应采用人工干预和调控措施促进更新;在白藤更新抚育过程中,应通过林内疏枝除冠、间苗等措施,调节立地环境因子,改善种子的着地环境,提高白藤幼苗转化率,达到促进白藤自然更新的目的。     

环境因子对蒙古莸种子萌发及幼苗建成的影响

蒙古莸(Caryopteris mongolica)是珍稀濒危的资源性植物,具较高的观赏和药用价值。其分布范围正日渐缩小。通过对内蒙古中西部干旱草原区蒙古莸天然种群实生苗的调查,以及在室内模拟不同环境条件,对蒙古莸种子萌发和幼苗建成进行研究,旨在探究这一物种珍稀、濒危的原因。结果显示:1)自然条件下蒙古莸种子在5—7月大量萌发,但在幼苗生长初期死亡率较高,使得自然种群更新强度仅为0.11株/m~2。2)蒙古莸种子不存在休眠现象,成熟采收后很快即可萌发。萌发对水分要求较宽范,但适宜其种子萌发的温度范围较窄,为25—30℃。3)蒙古莸幼苗生长的最适温度为25℃,能耐受每日短暂的高温胁迫(50℃)。持续的高温、低温和频繁的降水显著增大幼苗死亡率。研究认为,蒙古莸种子萌发的条件与幼苗存活的条件差异较大,同时满足其萌发和幼苗存活和生长的窗口条件比较严苛。其野生生长地的生境条件往往难以满足要求,这是限制蒙古莸通过有性繁殖进行自然种群扩散的主要原因之一。     

科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)人工林天然更新障碍

针对科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林不能天然更新的特征,从森林天然更新的必要条件出发,通过种子萌发、幼苗存活与生长所需条件的系列试验,探讨了科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林不能天然更新的障碍特征。结果表明,沙地樟子松人工林不能天然更新的主要原因有：（1）由于土壤的干旱胁迫使沙地樟子松人工林中天然下种的种子很少有萌发的机会,尤其是在春季;（2）在水分条件相对充足的季节（秋季）,樟子松种子能够萌发,但萌发产生的更新幼苗数量极少,即便这些更新幼苗得以存活,但由于沙地表层（0～5 cm）与樟子松共生的外生菌根菌几乎不能存活而导致幼苗根系无法形成菌根,从而致使存活的樟子松幼苗抗旱、抗病能力非常弱,不能越冬,即不能更新。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.