河北省典型区主要作物有效降雨量和需水量特征

对作物全生育期内有效降雨量及需水规律的研究是进行合理灌溉及水资源优化配置的重要依据。以河北省鸡泽县为典型区域,利用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和分段单值平均作物系数法对冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花的有效降雨量及需水规律进行计算,并通过M-K检验法分析近60 a来鸡泽县有效降雨量及作物需水量序列的趋势变化及突变现象。结果表明:近60 a鸡泽县冬小麦在生育中期需水量最大,为210.2 mm,有效降雨量均集中在生育中期,缺水量以13.2 mm/10 a的速率呈显著性减少趋势;夏玉米在初始生长期需水量最大,为157.7 mm,有效降雨量集中在生育中期,缺水量以7.0 mm/10 a的速率呈不显著减少趋势;棉花在快速发育期需水量最大,为227.9 mm,有效降雨量集中在生育中期,缺水量以22.3 mm/10 a的速率呈显著性减少趋势。在一定程度上对河北省对农田灌溉用水效率和效益以及保障农作物科学高效生产具有重要的指导意义。

Effective precipitation and water requirements of crops in Hebei Province over 60 years

Effective precipitation and water requirements throughout a growing period are important for planning irrigation and optimal water resource allocation. In this study, Jize County of Hebei Province was selected as a typical region to calculate the winter wheat, summer maize, and cotton effective precipitation and water requirements, using the Penman-Monteith equation recommended by FAO and the piecewise single value average crop coefficient method. Using the Mann-Kendall test method, we analyzed the trends of changes in effective precipitation and crop water requirements over the 1955-2015 in Jize County. The water requirement of the main crops showed a significant decreasing trend, and the average water requirement of the crops in was in the order of cotton, winter wheat, and summer maize. The maximum water requirement of winter wheat was 593.2 mm in 1968, the maximum water requirement of summer maize was 581.6 mm in 1968, and the maximum water requirement of cotton was 710.4 mm in 1972. An obvious change in water requirements, which was directly related to the improvement of crop varieties, appeared in the 1980s. The different water requirements of crops are related to the physiological characteristics of the crops. The maximum water requirements of winter wheat, summer corn, and cotton were during different growth stages; these were the middle growth stage, initial growth stage, and rapid development stage, respectively. Effective precipitation showed no significant decreasing trend in any of the three crops. The daily precipitation required for crop growth gradually declined over time, and the average effective precipitation of the crops in was in the ascending order of cotton, summer maize, and winter wheat. The maximum effective precipitation of winter wheat was 170.4 mm in 1963, the maximum effective precipitation of summer maize was 320.5 mm in 1961, and the maximum effective precipitation of cotton was 422.7 mm in 1973. Because the winter wheat growth period is concentrated in the winter and precipitation is low in this season, the effective rainfall is far lower than that for the summer maize and cotton. All three crops experienced their maximum effective rainfall mid-season. Water deficits showed a decreasing trend for all three crops, and the average effective precipitation of the crops in was in the order of winter wheat, summer maize, and cotton. There was a change in water deficits over the 60-year period included in this study The moisture loss index of winter wheat fluctuated in the range of -100 to -60 and the moisture loss index of summer maize and cotton fluctuated in the range of -80 to -20. Although the maximum water requirement and effective rainfall appeared at the same growth stage in winter wheat, the moisture loss index is relatively low during that stage, leading to a higher level of drought, so the winter wheat water shortage situation is more serious. It should be noted that the water requirement of the three crops is similar to that of water demand.