入侵植物刺苍耳在新疆的分布及其群落特征

刺苍耳是原产于南美洲的菊科植物,2009年首次在新疆的伊宁县发现。于2010～2011年对新疆南北疆近40个县(市)中刺苍耳可能出现的区域进行调查,并采用样方法,对不同生境中刺苍耳分布相对集中的23个样地所有物种的多度、频度和重要值进行了观测和分析,以明确刺苍耳在新疆的分布区及其群落特征,为有效防治其扩散提供依据。结果显示:(1)刺苍耳分布于新疆的昌吉市、伊宁市、伊宁县、巩留县、特克斯县、新源县、察布查尔县、霍城县和尼勒克县,分布区海拔597～1 834m,生境类型包括荒漠草原和绿洲。(2)刺苍耳在荒漠草原和绿洲生境中的相对多度均处于首位,且在绿洲中达到最大值,为入侵区域最重要的物种;刺苍耳在2种生境中的相对盖度均为第一,且绿洲(46.83%)大于荒漠草原(43.00%)。(3)刺苍耳在2种生境中的综合适应力均最强,在绿洲中尤为突出,是其最易入侵的区域。研究表明,刺苍耳在新疆荒漠草原生境中尚处于局部危害阶段,但在绿洲中已处于蔓延期。     

入侵植物意大利苍耳种子萌发对环境因子的响应

室内受控条件下,研究了意大利苍耳种子萌发阶段对环境因子(外界温度、光照、土壤湿度、土壤盐分以及土壤酸碱度)的响应。结果表明:意大利苍耳对各环境因子都有较宽泛的耐受幅度,10—35℃条件下均有种子萌发,而最适宜温度为25℃。其种子萌发阶段对光照没有严格需求,光照和黑暗条件下的萌发率均超过了93%。意大利苍耳表现出了极强的土壤水分耐受性,在相对湿度为30%—100%的土壤环境中,均有超过70%的种子可以正常萌发。其种子萌发率随土壤盐分浓度的升高呈下降趋势,但在280mmol/L的土壤NaCl环境中,仍有1/3的种子可以萌发。其种子对土壤酸碱度表现出较强的耐受性,在pH值是4—10的土壤环境中,种子萌发率均高达90%以上。意大利苍耳在种子萌发阶段对温度、光照、土壤水分、盐分及土壤酸碱度均表现出了极强的耐受性,说明无论是温凉的高原山区,还是炎热的盆地沙漠;无论是开阔地,还是郁闭的林下、田间;无论是干旱的荒漠,还是湿润的河谷湿地;也无论是甜土,还是盐碱地都是意大利苍耳种子萌发的适宜生境。鉴于其宜生生境的广谱性和其生态危害的严重性,建议在所有的生境类型中对意大利苍耳进行全方位的严格监控,一经发现须立即铲除。     

镉胁迫对瘤突苍耳、苍耳及其杂合体种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

入侵种与本地种杂交可能会改变其某些性状,影响其生理生化过程,增强其对一些重金属的耐受性。镉是目前造成土壤污染的主要重金属元素之一,为探讨杂交是否能够增强植物对重金属镉的耐受性,采用培养皿滤纸法比较了不同浓度镉(0,10,40,80和120 mg/L)处理下瘤突苍耳(Xanthium strumarium)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)及二者杂合体(X.strumarium♀×X.sibiricum♂,X.sibiricum♀×X.strumarium♂)种子萌发与幼苗生长情况。结果表明:1)入侵种瘤突苍耳与本地种苍耳之间存在杂交现象;2)镉促进了杂交瘤突苍耳(X.strumarium♀×X.sibiricum♂)种子的萌发,当镉浓度为80 mg/L时,其萌发率、发芽势、发芽指数最高;3)杂交瘤突苍耳在80、120 mg/L镉处理下根长和叶绿素含量低于瘤突苍耳,但子叶受到的氧化胁迫并未高于瘤突苍耳。研究结果显示,杂交有可能提高了瘤突苍耳在高浓度镉胁迫时对重金属镉的转运能力,幼苗根系吸收大量的镉并向上运输给子叶,导致根系生长受到抑制、子叶叶绿素含量下降,抗氧化酶系统可能在降低子叶氧化程度上发挥了作用。     

气候变化情景下外来入侵植物刺苍耳在新疆的潜在分布格局模拟

明确区域尺度上外来入侵种的潜在分布格局及其对气候变化的响应对入侵种的预防和控制具有重要意义。以外来入侵植物刺苍耳(Xanthium spinosum L.)为研究对象,以其扩散蔓延的新疆地区为研究区域,结合中国国家气候中心开发的BCC—CSM1—1模式下的将来气候条件,应用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS空间分析技术构建了未来不同气候变化情景(RCP4.5,8.5)下2050s和2070s的刺苍耳适宜生境预测模型,定量的展示了气候变化情景下刺苍耳在新疆的扩散趋势及其适宜生境的面积空间变化和分布区中心移动轨迹。结果表明:年降雨量、下层土壤有机碳含量、上层土壤pH值、年温度变化范围、降雨量的季节性变化和年平均温度是影响刺苍耳地理分布的主导环境因子;博州、塔城、阿勒泰西北部、哈密中部、巴州北部、克州中部、阿克苏北部、奎屯市、克拉玛依市、五家渠市、喀什市等地为高危入侵风险区;两种气候模式下刺苍耳的各级适生区面积和总适生面积均呈持续增加的变化趋势,且在RCP8.5情景(最高温室气体排放情景)下响应更为敏感;总体上看,刺苍耳在新疆的分布未达到饱和,呈现以塔城中部为中心,向天山北麓和塔克拉玛干北缘方向辐射状扩散,且两种气候变化情景下至2070s分布区中心均向伊犁州奎屯方向移动。     

意大利苍耳与乌拉尔甘草种间竞争能力比较

意大利苍耳已经开始入侵乌拉尔甘草农田,然而对其入侵后果目前知之甚少。通过研究意大利苍耳与乌拉尔甘草的种间竞争关系,以期为意大利苍耳对乌拉尔甘草农田生态系统的入侵能力及入侵后果的评估提供试验依据。模拟了甘草农田的土壤水肥条件,采用取代试验法,设置意大利苍耳与乌拉尔甘草的单种种植和混种种植2种种植模式,待意大利苍耳生育期结束后进行收获,分别比较了该两种植物的个体生长及生物量积累在单种种植与混种种植两种处理间的差异,并比较单种和混种模式下乌拉尔甘草的地下器官中甘草酸含量的差别,通过计算相对产量、相对竞争强度和竞争攻击系数来比较该两种植物种间竞争能力的相对强弱。结果表明：与单种模式相比,混种模式下意大利苍耳个体生长的形态学性状和有性繁殖能力均有显著增加,其株高、冠幅和种子数量较单种处理分别增加了13%、27%和56%。而乌拉尔甘草的个体生长及克隆繁殖能力均显著降低,其根瘤的形成也受到显著的抑制,混种处理的乌拉尔甘草的株高、冠幅、根总长度、根总表面积、根平均直径以及根瘤数量比单种处理分别下降了35%、45%、55%、63%、19%和76%。单种处理下每株甘草根状茎的平均条数为3条,而与意大利苍耳混种后,其根状茎的发育被完全抑制。与单种处理相比,混种处理中的意大利苍耳生物量积累均显著的增加了,其中根、茎、叶、果实及总生物量与单种模式相比分别增加了84%、73%、84%、73%和77%,而混种模式却极显著降低了乌拉尔甘草生物量和地下器官甘草酸含量的积累,使其根、茎、叶、总生物量以及甘草酸含量与单种模式相比分别下降了72%、80%、65%、71%和63%。混种模式中的意大利苍耳相对产量（RY_a）大于1,而乌拉尔甘草相对产量（RY_b）小于1,表明意大利苍耳受到邻株同种其他个体的种内竞争压力大于来自邻株乌拉尔甘草的种间竞争压力,而乌拉尔甘草受到邻株同种其他个体的种内竞争压力则小于来自邻株意大利苍耳的种间竞争压力。混种模式中的意大利苍耳相对竞争强度（RCI_a）小于0,其竞争攻击系数（A_q）大于0,而乌拉尔甘草的相对竞争强度（RCI_b）则在0-1之间,其竞争攻击系数（A_b）小于0,表明在该两种植物的混生群落中,乌拉尔甘草的竞争能力弱于意大利苍耳。总体来看,在二者混生的群落中,意大利苍耳在竞争中占据明显的优势地位,对乌拉尔甘草的产量和品质均造成强烈的负面影响。     

意大利苍耳二形性种子萌发、植株生长差异及生态适应性

意大利苍耳(Xanthium italicum)是一种具有二形性种子的一年生菊科植物,每个头状花序仅产生1粒上位种子和1粒下位种子.意大利苍耳种子产量高,对环境的适应能力强,能给农作物和生态环境造成严重危害.对意大利苍耳的种子萌发和植株生长特性进行了观测研究,探讨了其生态适应性.结果表明:(1)下位种子从播种到50%萌发需要13～15d,比上位种子早5～7d;(2)下位植株主茎第1～7片叶的发育中期单位时间内的叶面积增量、同期株高显著大于上位植株;然而上位植株主茎第9～13片叶的发育早、中期单位时间内的叶面积增量反而大于下位植株;上、下位植株主茎上第8、14片叶和第15片叶的各阶段单位时间内的叶面积增量没有差异;(3)下位植株的一级分枝数和二级分枝数显著多于上位植株.推断下位种子较上位种子具有更强的生存竞争能力,下位种子对意大利苍耳种群的延续、增长和扩散贡献更大;同时上位种子为种群的稳定延续提供了保障,这种二形性种子的形成是意大利苍耳的一种有效的生态对策.     

外来入侵植物意大利苍耳的传粉生态学特性

从开花物候、花粉活力、柱头可受性、传粉媒介、花粉散布距离、雄性、雌性功能以及繁育系统等方面系统地研究了意大利苍耳的传粉生态学特性,旨在为揭示该物种成功入侵的机理提供科学依据。研究结果显示:意大利苍耳种群的花期较长,雌花花期可达40d,雄花花期可达30d。其雄性和雌性功能都很强,意大利苍耳单株雄花序和花粉量分别高达3847个/株和37903037粒/株,单株雌花序和单株胚珠数高达3847个/株和7694枚/株,种群平均结实率高达80.59%,即平均每株个体能形成6200枚成熟的果实。花粉活力的日变化呈单峰型曲线,早晨和傍晚的花粉活力最低,14:00时的活力高达99%。雌蕊柱头一经伸出总苞即具有可受性,可受期长达7d,开花后的3—4d柱头的可受性最强。意大利苍耳为风媒传粉植物,在4.5km/h的微风条件下,其花粉的散布距离可达45m,大量的花粉集中分布在距花粉源0—20m的范围内,这对于往往高密度连片分布的意大利苍耳种群来说无疑是一种高效的传粉策略。意大利苍耳的交配系统灵活多样,盛花期自然结实率达到100%,套袋试验结果表明该植物自交亲和,自株自然授粉的结实率高达93%。表明较长的花期、大量的雌雄花序及花粉数量、较高的花粉活力、较长的柱头可授期、较远的花粉风媒散布距离、混合交配系统、以及较高的结实率是意大利苍耳繁殖成功的重要保障,也是其成功入侵的重要原因。     

外来人侵种意大利苍耳的分布现状及防控措施

生物入侵已经对世界各国的生态、经济及人类健康产生了严重危害。意大利苍耳是近30年来入侵我国的有害杂草,对湿地生态系统和农田影响严重,已列为我国3类检疫性杂草之一。通过对该植株的野外观察与实验室解剖以及查阅相关文献,对意大利苍耳的生物生态学特性、国内分布现状、生态经济影响进行了阐述,并根据其生物生态学特性提出了相应的防控措施以及对意大利苍耳作为药用和能源植物的应用思路。此外,还编制了意大利苍耳与国内同属植物的检索表,以利于野外识别。     

不同生长期入侵植物刺苍耳的化感作用

为探明刺苍耳(Xanthium spinosum L.)各时期(幼苗期、花蕾前期、成熟期)的化感作用, 采用生物测定法研究刺苍耳各时期水提液对小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)、莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)、黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum L.)、金狗尾草(Setaria glauca L.)4 种植物幼苗生长的影响。结果表明: (1)刺苍耳成熟期全株水提取液对小白菜根长、苗高的影响表现为“低促高抑”的效应; 当水提液浓度为10 mg·mL^-1 时, 对小白菜、莴苣、黑麦草、金狗尾草的根长和苗高生长抑制率分别在39.25%-69.43%和13.17%-58.02%之间。(2) 刺苍耳花蕾前期全株水提液在同样浓度10 mg·mL^-1 时, 对白菜、莴苣、黑麦草、金狗尾草的根长和苗高生长表现出完全的抑制作用, 并且在浓度5 mg·mL^-1 时对4 种植物根长的抑制率分别在36.48%-72.71%之间, 远高于刺苍耳成熟期在同浓度下的抑制作用。(3) 刺苍耳幼苗期全株水提液在浓度为5 mg·mL^-1、10 mg·mL^-1 时对4 种植物表现出了完全的抑制作用。在浓度2.5 mg·mL^-1 时, 对4 种植物根长的抑制率分别在52.96%-65.67%之间, 抑制率也远高于同浓度下的刺苍耳成熟期和花蕾前期。刺苍耳各时期的化感作用是客观存在的, 在同样浓度下, 刺苍耳幼苗期水提液对植物的抑制作用强于另两个时期, 可能是由于种子萌发时产生了较多的化感物质, 以便尽早排挤其它伴生植物, 占据生态优势。     

外来入侵杂草假苍耳的形态学及DNA分子鉴定

2019年在新疆塔城市进行入侵有害生物实地踏查中发现疑似假苍耳的植株,首先采用传统形态学鉴定方法,根据植物的根、茎、叶、花及果实等外部形态特征进行初步鉴定,再以植物的Rps16、psbA和matK基因序列为参考,设计特异性引物(分别为IXR、IXP及IXM)进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增和测序。通过形态学和DNA分子鉴定可知,采自塔城市的野生杂草为假苍耳,待检测植物基因测序片段与假苍耳psbA和matK基因序列的相似度高达98%,是我国入境植物检疫性有害生物之一。本研究建立了假苍耳的快速检测方法,可为新疆地区假苍耳的检验检疫及有效防控提供参考。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.