1株鞘细菌的分离筛选及对铅离子吸附条件的研究

通过单因素试验设计,探讨了不同鞘细菌添加量、初始浓度的铅离子溶液、吸附时溶液的温度和p H对鞘细菌吸附铅离子的影响。在此基础上,采用4因素3水平正交试验设计,进一步探讨鞘细菌对铅离子吸附影响的主要因素及最佳吸附组合。试验结果表明,最佳吸附组合为鞘细菌制备液添加量0.3 g/L、吸附溶液中铅离子初始浓度10 mg/L、摇床振荡吸附温度30℃以及吸附液p H 8。在此条件下,鞘细菌吸附铅离子的吸附量为3.09 mg/g,吸附率达92.74%。     

Zn-Fe LDHs改性石英砂生物膜体系对BDE-47的去除效果与机理

文章以四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)为目标污染物, 利用共沉淀法制备Zn-Fe LDHs覆膜改性石英砂基质, 在好氧、厌氧及两者交替条件下, 研究腐败希瓦氏菌CN32(Shewanella putrefaciens CN32) 在LDHs改性基质上生物膜形成过程及其对培养液中BDE-47的去除效果; 通过监测反应体系中Fe2+和H₂O₂浓度变化探讨BDE-47的生物及非生物去除机制。结果表明, LDHs改性不影响石英砂基质表面生物膜的形成, 但在好氧条件下, Zn-Fe LDHs石英砂改性基质对CN32电子传递链活性存在一定抑制作用, 而在厌氧条件下, LDHs改性会影响基质生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)组成特性, 使多糖占比升高。无论在好氧还是厌氧条件下, 基质生物膜反应体系中EPS总浓度均显著高于纯菌CN32体系; 且在好氧与交替条件下, 基质生物膜的形成均显著提高反应体系中BDE-47的去除效果(约25%)。在交替条件下, 前3次循环(72h内)BDE-47的去除以基质吸附为主; 72h后, 生物膜吸附与生物降解共同发挥作用, 且LDHs改性基质在后期上升潜力更大。研究报道了LDHs改性基质生物膜形成特性及其对水相中PBDEs去除的潜力, 为强化人工湿地中PBDEs生物降解提供新思路。     

绿洲农田土壤优先流特征及其对灌溉量的响应

优先流是土壤养分和水分快速通过土壤剖面的普遍物理现象.研究农田土壤优先流特征及其影响因素,对量化绿洲灌溉深层渗漏量、提高水肥利用效率以及降低浅层地下水质污染的风险具有重要意义.在绿洲农田利用亮蓝溶液进行原位染色示踪试验,结果表明：沟与垄位置处的染色路径数目在土壤深度7.3～16.7 cm差异显著,而优先流最大入渗深度差异不显著.优先流最大入渗深度主要受蚂蚁洞穴和灌溉量的影响,平均灌溉量120 mm下优先流的最大入渗深度为(43.1±5.9) cm;受到蚂蚁洞的影响,灌溉量55 mm的样方优先流最大入渗深度达(68.3±7.6) cm.细根(Φ≤2 mm)与优先流显著相关,粗根与优先流相关性不显著,表明植物根系中的细根对优先流的产生有重要作用.绿洲农田土壤优先流特征受到灌溉量、垄沟耕作、蚂蚁洞穴和根系等因素的影响,而蚂蚁洞穴是影响优先流最大入渗深度的不确定因素.     

伊利石吸附-生物法处理重金属污水中伊利石吸附条件研究

本文考察了用伊利石吸附-生物法处理重金属污水时,伊利石吸附条件中添加量、转速、pH以及吸附时间对吸附率的影响。确定了伊利石吸附条件为:伊利石添加量0.45g·100mL-1、pH9、转速230r/min、吸附时间3h。在此条件下采用伊利石吸附-生物法处理重金属污水,结果表明,该方法不仅提高了处理污水的效果,而且缩短了反应时间。     

黏土矿物中重金属离子的吸附规律及竞争吸附

采用等温吸附法,研究了重金属铜、铅、镉、镍在膨润土中的吸附特征,发现膨润土对铜、铅的吸附明显强于镉、镍,吸附强度大小顺序为Pb2 >Cu2 >Ni2 >Cd2 。Langmuir和Freundlich方程对这4种金属离子等温吸附的拟合均呈极显著关系。Pb2 、Cd2 、Ni2 分别与Cu2 的双组分竞争吸附表明,黏土矿物对4种离子具有"选择性吸附"。在Pb2 、Ni2 、Cd2 的存在条件下,黏土矿物对Cu2 的吸附产生不同程度的下降;100mg/LCu2 对Pb2 的影响不大,但可完全抑制Ni2 、Cd2 的吸附。建立了IAS和LCA模型来预测Pb2 与Cu2 的双组分竞争吸附,并对LCA模型进行修正,提出了更符合实际情况的竞争吸附模型。文章最后用LCA修正模型对Pb2 与Cu2 的双组分竞争吸附进行了模拟。     

辣根水解条件及水解产物静态吸附研究

采用超声波单因素试验和正交试验筛选优化辣根水解硫代葡萄糖苷的最佳条件,并进一步对辣根水解产物--异硫氰酸酯的大孔树脂静态吸附条件进行筛选研究.结果表明:(1)辣根水解的最佳条件为功率20 w,时间35 min,pH为7,Vc添加量为2 mg/g,料液比(g/mL)为1:10.(2)静态吸附试验筛选表明,辣根异硫氰酸酯的最佳吸附树脂为X-5或AB-8,用乙醇进行解吸附,解吸效果随乙醇浓度的增大而提高,无水乙醇洗脱效果最好.(3)用X-5吸附富集纯化验证表明.辣根异硫氰酸酯样品的纯度达到46.9%,得率为0.187%.     

酵母菌Y17吸附Cu2+的影响因素及吸附机理研究

以高效吸附Cu2 的酵母菌Y17为材料,对其吸附Cu2 过程中的主要影响因素,包括溶液Ph、Cu2 初始浓度、菌体添加量、吸附时间和温度以及吸附机理进行了探讨.结果表明,对吸附过程影响较大的因素依次为吸附液Ph值、Cu2 初始浓度、菌体添加量和吸附时间.正交试验得到最佳吸附条件为溶液Ph5.0,吸附时间40min,加菌量5.Og湿菌/L时,对初始浓度为8mmol/L的Cu2 达到最佳吸附率为82.7%.通过对Y17菌体不同处理及解吸实验,初步确定Y17吸附Cu2 的位点在细胞壁,细胞壁表面的-NH2,-COOH基团在其吸附过程中起着重要作用.     

酵母菌Y17吸附Cu2+的影响因素及吸附机理研究

以高效吸附Cu2+的酵母菌Y17为材料, 对其吸附Cu2+过程中的主要影响因素, 包括溶液pH、Cu2+初始浓度、菌体添加量、吸附时间和温度以及吸附机理进行了探讨。结果表明, 对吸附过程影响较大的因素依次为吸附液pH值、Cu2+初始浓度、菌体添加量和吸附时间。正交试验得到最佳吸附条件为溶液pH5.0, 吸附时间40 min, 加菌量5.0 g湿菌/L时, 对初始浓度为8 mmol/L的Cu2+达到最佳吸附率为82.7%。通过对Y17菌体不同处理及解吸实验, 初步确定Y17吸附Cu2+的位点在细胞壁, 细胞壁表面的-NH2, -COOH基团在其吸附过程中起着重要作用。     

生物炭的稳定性及其对矿物改性的响应机制研究进展

生物炭具有高度的碳素稳定性,是一种能有效缓解温室效应的固碳材料.研发碳素持留率高和稳定性强的生物炭对固碳减排具有重要意义.矿物改性处理能对生物炭的稳定性起调控作用,但目前相关研究并未得到足够重视,相应调控机理尚不十分清楚.本研究首先对生物炭稳定性的评价指标进行了归纳,主要包括H/C原子比、O/C原子比、稳定性系数R₅₀、挥发性物质含量、碳素热失重率、碳素(化学)氧化损失率、微生物矿化量等.其次,在分析生物炭稳定性影响因素(如原料类型、炭化条件、外界环境等)的基础上,综述了矿物改性对生物炭稳定性影响的研究进展,并探讨了稳定性增强和减弱的响应机制,认为生物炭稳定性的增强响应主要是基于矿物本身的物理阻隔作用,以及矿物与生物炭之间通过交互作用形成的有机矿物复合体对生物炭起到的保护作用,在一定程度上抑制生物炭的降解;而生物炭稳定性的减弱响应则主要与特殊矿物组分有关,例如含铁矿物组分在高温下促进生物炭的降解.最后对未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期进一步推动生物炭固碳减排技术的发展,并为获得稳定性更强的生物炭提供技术支撑和理论依据.     

甘薯膳食纤维酶法改性及其特性研究

采用纤维素酶和木聚糖酶相结合，对甘薯膳食纤维进行改性研究。通过单因素试验和正交试验优化甘薯膳食纤维酶法改性工艺条件，并对改性前后膳食纤维的理化特性和抗氧化活性进行分析研究。结果表明：甘薯膳食纤维酶法改性中，纤维素酶最适添加量1.2%，木聚糖酶最适添加量1.6%，最佳酶解时间30 min，最适料液比1∶11，获得的可溶性膳食纤维得率为8.84%。与天然膳食纤维相比，改性后的甘薯膳食纤维持油力上升，膨胀力和持水力下降（P<0.05）。同时，酶法改性显著提高了甘薯膳食纤维对DPPH的清除能力，增强了甘薯膳食纤维的功能特性。     

Mineralogy and biogeochemistry of potassium in the Skogaby experimental forest,southwest Sweden: pools,fluxes and K/Rb ratios in soil and biomass

Clay minerals and K feldspars were evaluated as sources of K in a Norway spruce stand (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from the Skogaby experimental forest in southwest Sweden. The soil, developed in a Quaternary glacial till, has only 3–5% clay, and more than 95% of its K resides in feldspars. Ratios of K/Rb were assessed in interlayers of 2:1 clay minerals (extracted with hot (100 °C) 2 M HCl), biomass and the forest floor. These compartments had similarly low K/Rb ratios, whereas K feldspars were significantly poorer in Rb. A fractionation model indicated preferential retention of Rb in the biomass and forest floor, due to stronger adsorption of Rb than K in the humus, as well as preferential uptake of K from the exchange complex in the mineral soil. Preferential uptake of K may result from weaker adsorption of K by the cation exchanger, or preference for dissolved K over Rb by the roots. A quantitative mineralogical analysis revealed that loss from micas may account for half of the Holocene loss of K from the soil, which was approximately 22 Mg ha^?1. Exceptionally low K/Rb ratios in HCl extracts of the upper 60 cm of the profile indicated extensive loss of K from mica in the parent material and re-fixation of K and Rb at lower ratios. The results indicate that fixation in and release from clay minerals may be prominent in the cycling of K, even in a soil that is poor in clay minerals.     

Uptake of cobalt and cesium by microalgal- and cyanobacterial-clay mixtures

Accumulation of cobalt and cesium by the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 has been characterized at metal concentrations ranging from 1–100 µM in the presence of three clay minerals, montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite. The majority of metal uptake over a 4 h period consisted of rapid binding to the clay mineral-cell aggregates, and was unaffected by incubation in the dark or by the presence of the metabolic inhibitor carbonyl cyanide-3-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). This was followed by a slower, energy-dependent uptake of metal by the cell components of the mixtures, which was inhibited by incubation in the dark or in the presence of CCCP. The initial phase of uptake by the clay mineral-cell mixtures and mixture components alone conformed to a Freundlich adsorption isotherm, the order of uptake for both cobalt and cesium being montmorillonite-cells > illite-cells > kaolinite-cells. S. obliquus-clay mineral mixtures accumulated more cobalt and cesium than Synechocystis PCC 6803-clay mineral mixtures. On a dry weight basis, clay minerals alone accumulated greater amounts of metals than clay mineral-cell mixtures, which accumulated more than the cells alone. However, when the same data was expressed as amount of metal adsorbed per unit surface area, S. obliquus, in most cases, adsorbed greater amounts of cobalt and cesium than the clay minerals or Synechocystis PCC 6803. As the proportion of clay in a cell-clay mineral mixture was increased, the amount of metal accumulated also increased. Reduced accumulation of cobalt and cesium by cell-clay mineral mixtures, exhibited by equal amounts of the individual components added together, indicated that the formation of clay-cell aggregates had masked some of the binding sites normally available to metal ions. Accumulation of cobalt and cesium by all clay mineral-cell mixtures was dependent on the external pH and NaCl concentration, and decreased with decreasing pH and increasing external NaCl concentration. Offprint requests to: G. M. Gadd.     

Adsorption of reovirus to clay minerals: effects of cation-exchange capacity, cation saturation, and surface area

The adsorption of reovirus to clay minerals has been reported by several investigators, but the mechanisms defining this association have been studied only minimally. The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the mechanisms involved with this interaction. More reovirus type 3 was adsorbed, in both distilled and synthetic estuarine water, by low concentrations of montmorillonite than by comparable concentrations of kaolinite containing a mixed complement of cations on the exchange complex. Adsorption to the clays was essentially immediate and was correlated with the cation-exchange capacity of the clays, indicating that adsorption was primarily to negatively charged sites on the clays. Adsorption was greater with low concentrations of clays in estuarine water than in distilled water, as the higher ionic strength of the estuarine water reduced the electrokinetic potential of both clay and virus particles. The addition of cations (as chloride salts) to distilled water enhanced adsorption, with divalent cations being more effective than monovalent cations and 10(-2) M resulting in more adsorption than 10(-3) M. Potassium ions suppressed reovirus adsorption to montmorillonite, probably by collapsing the clay lattices and preventing the expression of the interlayer-derived cation-exchange capacity. More virus was adsorbed by montmorillonite made homoionic to various mono-, di-, and trivalent cations (except by montmorillonite homoionic to potassium) than by comparable concentrations of kaolinite homoionic to the same cations. The sequence of the amount of adsorption to homoionic montmorillonite was Al greater than Ca greater than Mg greater than Na greater than K; the sequence of adsorption to kaolinite was Na greater than Al greater than Ca greater than Mg greater than K. The constant partition-type adsorption isotherms obtained when the clay concentration was maintained constant and the virus concentration was varied indicated that a fixed proportion of the added virus population was adsorbed, regardless of the concentration of infectious particles. A heterogeneity within the reovirus population was indicated.     

Adsorption of reovirus to clay minerals: effects of cation-exchange capacity, cation saturation, and surface area.

The adsorption of reovirus to clay minerals has been reported by several investigators, but the mechanisms defining this association have been studied only minimally. The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the mechanisms involved with this interaction. More reovirus type 3 was adsorbed, in both distilled and synthetic estuarine water, by low concentrations of montmorillonite than by comparable concentrations of kaolinite containing a mixed complement of cations on the exchange complex. Adsorption to the clays was essentially immediate and was correlated with the cation-exchange capacity of the clays, indicating that adsorption was primarily to negatively charged sites on the clays. Adsorption was greater with low concentrations of clays in estuarine water than in distilled water, as the higher ionic strength of the estuarine water reduced the electrokinetic potential of both clay and virus particles. The addition of cations (as chloride salts) to distilled water enhanced adsorption, with divalent cations being more effective than monovalent cations and 10(-2) M resulting in more adsorption than 10(-3) M. Potassium ions suppressed reovirus adsorption to montmorillonite, probably by collapsing the clay lattices and preventing the expression of the interlayer-derived cation-exchange capacity. More virus was adsorbed by montmorillonite made homoionic to various mono-, di-, and trivalent cations (except by montmorillonite homoionic to potassium) than by comparable concentrations of kaolinite homoionic to the same cations. The sequence of the amount of adsorption to homoionic montmorillonite was Al greater than Ca greater than Mg greater than Na greater than K; the sequence of adsorption to kaolinite was Na greater than Al greater than Ca greater than Mg greater than K. The constant partition-type adsorption isotherms obtained when the clay concentration was maintained constant and the virus concentration was varied indicated that a fixed proportion of the added virus population was adsorbed, regardless of the concentration of infectious particles. A heterogeneity within the reovirus population was indicated.     

Threshold distances and depths of nucleopolyhedrovirus in soil for transport to cotton plants by wind and rain

Two aspects of abiotic transport of nucleopolyhedrovirus from soil to cotton plants were examined in greenhouse experiments: the distance from the plants and depth in soil from which the virus could be transported under controlled conditions of soil type and moisture, wind, and precipitation. Transport distance and depth were tested separately under relatively conducive (precipitation/sandy soil and wind/clay soil) and non-conducive (precipitation/clay soil and wind/sandy soil) conditions, as determined in previous research. The amount of virus transported by precipitation generally decreased as distance from the plant increased, but in wind the amounts of virus transported were best described by polynomial models, with transport efficiency usually peaking at a distance of 60 cm. Depending on plant height and tissue, the farthest distances that virus was transported ranged from 30 to 60 cm by precipitation from clay soil, 60-75 cm in precipitation/sand, 60-80 cm in wind/clay, and 60-80 cm in wind/sand. In the depth experiments, transport by precipitation and wind generally decreased as the depth of virus in soil increased. The greatest depth from which NPV was transported ranged from 0 to 0.5 cm by precipitation from clay soil, 0.5-1.0 cm in precipitation/sand, 1.0-2.0 cm in wind/clay, and 0.5-1.0 cm in wind/sand. All of the experimental parameters (distance or depth, soil type, plant height, plant tissue) and all two-way interactions significantly (P<0.05) affected transport in all four experiments, except for the "soilxplant tissue" interaction in the depth/wind experiment. In all of the experiments, transport was significantly greater (P<0.05) to lower than to upper portions of plants and to leaves than to buds and squares. Transport was significantly greater from sandy soil than from clay in precipitation, and it was greater from clay than from sandy soil in wind. The results will contribute to NPV epizootiology, microbial control, and risk assessment.     

Clay-Nucleic Acid Complexes: Characteristics and Implications for the Preservation of Genetic Material in Primeval Habitats

The equilibrium adsorption of three nucleic acids: chromosomal DNA, supercoiled plasmid DNA, and 25S rRNA, on the clay minerals, montmorillonite (M) and kaolinite (K), were studied. Adsorption of the nucleic acid on the clays was rapid and maximal after 90 min of contact time. Chromosomal DNA was adsorbed to a greater extent than plasmid DNA and RNA, and the adsorption was also greater on M than on K. Adsorption isotherms were of the L type, and a plateau was reached with all the complexes, with the exception of chromosomal DNA adsorbed on M. To determine where nucleic acids are adsorbed on clay minerals and the nature of the interaction, complexes were studied by X-ray diffraction (X-RD), electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. X-RD showed that nucleic acids did not penetrate the clay, indicating that the adsorption occurred primarily on the external surfaces of clay particles, as also suggested by electron microscopy observations. FT-IR spectra of clay-tightly bound nucleic acid complexes showed absorption bands that indicate a variation of the nucleic acids status as a consequence of their adsorption on clay. Data obtained suggested that the formation of clay-nucleic acid complex could have an important role in the preservation of genetic material in primeval habitats.     

Ability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to take up potassium from different micaceous minerals and consequent vermiculitization

Nonexchangeable soil K trapped between interlayers of clay minerals is an important source of K for plants grown on many soils. In this study, the ability of alfalfa, as the most important forage crop worldwide, to take up K from some micaceous minerals and to promote the transformation of micaceous minerals were investigated. Alfalfa was cultivated in pots that consisted of a mixture of Hamadan quartz sand and Amlash biotite, Hamadan muscovite and Hamadan phlogopite. Plants were irrigated with distilled water and complete or K-free nutrient solutions. After 90 days, K uptake by plants was measured by flame photometer. Also, the clay size particles in each pot were analyzed using x-ray diffraction. It was found that alfalfa was able to induce a significant release of interlayer K during cropping. The amount of K taken up by alfalfa was significantly higher for Hamadan phlogopite. X-ray diffractometry showed a strong vermiculitization of Hamadan phlogopite and Amlash biotite, but no X-ray detectable transformation of muscovite was recognized.     

Adsorption of coliphages T1 and T7 to host and non-host microbes and to clay minerals

The clay minerals, kaolinite (K) and montmorillonite (M), suspended in either distilled water (DW) or a minimal medium (M-9), were better adsorbents for coliphages T1 or T7 than were bacteria (including early log, late log, or stationary phase cultures of the hosts), actinomycetes, and yeasts. Except for the host bacteria, the microbial cells (regardless of their type, phase of growth, viability, weight or number of cells, and volume of the suspension medium) adsorbed few or no coliphages. Although early log phase cultures (3 h) ofEscherichia coli B, suspended in DW, adsorbed an appreciable amount of T1 (94%), washing the cells with DW reduced the amount of T1 adsorbed (48%); 3-h cultures ofE. coli B/1,5, suspended in DW, adsorbed 15% of a T7 inoculum, and washing the cells with DW reduced the amount of T7 adsorbed to 1%. There was appreciable adsorption (35 to 97%) of both coliphages (with the exception of T1 on K) to 1 mg K or M suspended in either DW or M-9. These results suggest that clays are more important than microbes as adsorbents of viruses in environments of low ionic strength and that microbes do not inactivate coliphages T1 and T7.     

Adsorption, desorption, and activity of glucose oxidase on selected clay species.

The adsorption of the enzyme glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) to clays followed the pattern described for other proteins as being pH dependent. Maximum adsorption occurred at or below the isoelectric point of the enzyme. The amount of enzyme adsorbed to clay was influenced by the type of clay used, and also the saturating cations. Initially adsorbed enzyme showed low specific activities, and as amounts of enzyme adsorbed approached maximum stauration of clay, specific activities increased approaching that determined for free enzyme. The adsorption of glucose oxidase involved a temperature-independent cation-exchange mechanism, and enzyme adsorbed to surfaces of clay could be desorbed in active form by elevation of pH of suspending solution. This was followed by a slower temperature-dependent fixation, probably by hydrogen bonding, which resulted in protein being irreversibly adsorbed to clay surfaces. It is proposed that on adsorption of glucose oxidase to clay surfaces unravelling of the protein structure occurred, which allowed penetration of protein into the interlamellar spaces of montmorillonite. This proposal was based on the observed expansion of montmorillonite to 23 A, and the decreases in amount of a second-protein lysozyme adsorbed with extended incubation times of glucose oxidase - clay complexes at pH 4.5.     

Adsorption of DNA to sand and variable degradation rates of adsorbed DNA.

Adsorption and desorption of DNA and degradation of adsorbed DNA by DNase I were studied by using a flowthrough system of sand-filled glass columns. Maximum adsorption at 23 degrees C occurred within 2 h. The amounts of DNA which adsorbed to sand increased with the salt concentration (0.1 to 4 M NaCl and 1 mM to 0.2 M MgCl2), salt valency (Na+ less than Mg2+ and Ca2+), and pH (5 to 9). Maximum desorption of DNA from sand (43 to 59%) was achieved when columns were eluted with NaPO4 and NaCl for 6 h or with EDTA for 1 h. DNA did not desorb in the presence of detergents. It is concluded that adsorption proceeded by physical and chemical (Mg2+ bridging) interaction between the DNA and sand surfaces. Degradability by DNase I decreased upon adsorption of transforming DNA. When DNA adsorbed in the presence of 50 mM MgCl2, the degradation rate was higher than when it adsorbed in the presence of 20 mM MgCl2. The sensitivity to degradation of DNA adsorbed to sand at 50 mM MgCl2 decreased when the columns were eluted with 0.1 mM MgCl2 or 100 mM EDTA before application of DNase I. This indicates that at least two types of DNA-sand complexes with different accessibilities of adsorbed DNA to DNase I existed. The degradability of DNA adsorbed to minor mineral fractions (feldspar and heavy minerals) of the sand differed from that of quartz-adsorbed DNA.