海南热带雨林土壤中胡敏酸对Pb2+、Cu2+的吸附解吸特性研究

重金属元素在土壤-溶液界面的吸附反应深刻地影响重金属行为及其生态风险。以热带次生雨林土壤中提取的胡敏酸为材料, 采用傅立叶红外光谱、扫描电镜等技术对胡敏酸进行了表征, 通过批量吸附实验研究了胡敏酸对铅、铜的吸附特性, 通过连续解吸方法研究了在不同浓度下饱和吸附的胡敏酸对重金属吸附的形成过程。结果表明, 胡敏酸的腐殖化系数较高, 阳离子交换量为52.84 mmol·g-1, 表面含有羧基和酚羟基官能团。胡敏酸对铜的吸附符合准二级动力学模型, 对铅的吸附符合准一级动力学方程; Langmuir 模型能够更好地描述单一和复合污染条件下胡敏酸对Pb2+的等温吸附行为, Freundlich 模型能够更好的描述单一和复合污染条件下胡敏酸对Cu2+的等温吸附行为。通过连续解吸实验发现, 胡敏酸对铅的吸附过程中4种结合方式的先后饱和顺序为: 物理吸附、络合、离子交换和氢键结合。胡敏酸对铜的吸附过程中4种结合方式的先后饱和顺序为: 络合、氢键结合、离子交换和物理吸附。     

木瓜微粉及其对胆酸钠和重金属吸附特性研究

研究了吸附时间对木瓜微粉吸附胆酸钠的影响,并分别对金属混合液浓度、模拟人体胃肠环境的pH条件、木瓜粉的粒径对木瓜微粉吸附混合液中Cu2+、pb2+、Cd2+、Hg2+的能力进行分析,以明确木瓜微粉及其体外对胆酸钠、Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Hg2+的吸附特性.结果显示:(1)随粉碎时间的延长,微粉所占的比例增大,粒径分布更加均匀,粉碎过程中存在粉碎一团聚一再粉碎的动态变化.(2)木瓜微粉对胆酸钠的吸附随吸附时间的延长,吸附量显著增加,粗粉和粉碎10、60 min得到的微粉A、C在30 min内对胆酸钠(0.2%)吸附达到了平衡,粉碎30 min得到的微粉B在吸附60 min时对胆酸钠仍有显著的吸附能力.(3)在试验范围内,木瓜微粉B对Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Hg2+的最适吸附浓度分别为3.00、3.00、1.00、0.01 μg/mL.(4)在pH为7时对Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Hg2+的吸附率分别比pH为2时高出40.85%、21.07%、27.33%、66.38%.(5)不同粒径的木瓜粉对Cu2+的吸附率随粒径的减小而降低,对Hg2+的吸附率则增加,但对Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附率没有显著差异.研究表明,木瓜微粉在体外具有良好的吸附胆酸钠、Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Hg2+作用,可广泛用于食品和药品中.     

华南地区典型燃煤电厂周边土壤重金属分布、风险评估及来源分析

为了解华南地区典型燃煤电厂周边表层土壤重金属空间分布特征,对韶关市燃煤电厂周边20处农田表层土壤中7种重金属(镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)及砷(As))的总量进行检测,并分析了其相应的空间分布规律,同时评估了周边土壤重金属的生态风险并分析其来源。结果表明:该燃煤电厂周边土壤中重金属Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr及As的平均含量分别是17.79、19.59、159.08、3.14、111.01、96.61 mg/kg和21.48 mg/kg,Cd、Pb污染情况突出,重金属Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr的分布与盛行风向密切相关。综合污染指数法表明,Cd、Pb及Zn处于重污染状态;潜在生态风险指数法表明,Cd处于严重潜在生态风险状态;地累积指数法表明,Ni、Cu整体处于无污染状态,Cd整体处于高污染状态。多种统计方法表明,Zn、Cd、Pb及Cr受燃煤电厂影响明显,Cu、As的来源不仅受燃煤电厂等工业的影响,还与该地区农业灌溉用水密切相关,Ni的分布最为均匀,受自然因素影响明显。     

6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应与风险评价

【背景】近年来,土壤重金属污染问题日益凸显,对生态环境、食品安全和人体健康构成了严重威胁,其急性毒性尚未明确。【方法】采用滤纸接触法和人工土壤法测定了铜(Cu2+)、锌(Zn2+)、镍(Ni+)、镉(Cd2+)、铅(Pb2+)和锰(Mn2+)等6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应,并参照欧盟指令91/414/EEC标准评价了其环境风险。【结果】滤纸接触法48h测定结果表明,6种重金属对蚯蚓的LC50为3.17(2.53～3.81)～90.42(69.45～140.47)μg.cm-2,其毒性次序为Cu2+>Zn2+>Ni+>Cd2+>Pb2+>Mn2+。人工土壤法14d测定结果表明,6种重金属对蚯蚓的LC50为1347(1236～1453)～6936(6144～8930)mg.kg-1,其毒性次序为Cu2+>Cd2+>Ni+>Zn2+>Mn2+>Pb2+。风险评价结果显示,Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni+、Cd2+、Pb2+和Mn2+等6种重金属的暴露比(toxicity/exposureratio,TER)分别为3.37、4.46、8.68、1428、13.87和5.85。【结论与意义】6种重金属对土壤动物蚯蚓均具有潜在的毒性效应。Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni+、Mn2+等4种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓存在急性毒性风险,而Cd2+和Pb2+对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性风险水平是可接受的。该评价结果可为我国制定基于风险的土壤环境质量标准提供依据。     

非生长产黄青霉吸附铅的研究

本文报道非生长产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)对溶液中铅离子的吸附。菌体对铅的吸附依赣于溶液的pH值,在pH4-5范围内,其饱和吸附量(116mgPb2+／g干菌)高于活性炭及文献中所报道的蕈状芽抱仟菌(Bacillus mycoidrs),小刺青(Penicillium spinulosum)及长木链霉(Streptomyces longwoodensis)等。当pH4．5时,产黄青霉对铅的选择性高于Zn2+、Cd2+,Cu2+和As3+Cu2+、As3+的存在对铅的吸附无明显影响。Cd2+的存在使铅的吸附量有所提高．而Zn2+的存在则使之降低。在小试规模下,经本法处理过的含铅工业废水,铅含量降至1.0mg／1．以下,达到国家规定的工业废水铅含量的排放标准。     

耐性真菌HA吸附铅、锌的影响因素及吸附机理研

【目的】从铅锌矿区分离筛选出耐铅锌性菌株,并研究其吸附铅、锌的影响因素及吸附机理,为重金属污染微生物修复提供参考。【方法】以从铅锌矿区筛选出的耐铅锌真菌HA作为试验菌株,考察影响其对铅、锌去除能力的主要因素(初始浓度、pH、接种量),同时通过等温吸附模型、动力学分析及红外光谱分析探讨其相关的吸附机理。【结果】经鉴定,从矿区筛选的对Pb2+、Zn2+有较强耐性的菌株HA为米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae);在初始铅、锌浓度的实验范围内(100-800mg/L),HA对铅、锌离子的去除率随着其初始浓度增加而减小,25h后HA的生长进入平稳期,且对铅、锌离子的去除率趋于稳定。当铅、锌初始浓度为100mg/L、pH为5.0时,HA对铅、锌离子的去除率均达到最高,分别为97.8%、54.1%;当HA接种量为1mL时,其对铅、锌去除率的增长率达到最大。HA对铅、锌的吸附过程满足Langmuir吸附模型,其吸附以单层吸附为主。在动态吸附过程中,HA对Pb2+、Zn2+离子吸附性能与准二级动力学吸附方程的拟合程度更高,且对Pb2+的吸附效果明显高于Zn2+。红外光谱分析表明,HA细胞中羟基、烷基、酰胺基、羰基、磷酸基等参与了Pb2+、Zn2+的吸附过程。【结论】HA是一株对铅、锌有较强吸附能力的真菌,其吸附铅、锌影响因素及吸附机理研究结果将为重金属污染微生物修复提供指导。     

不同污染负荷土壤中镉和铅的吸附－解吸行为

采用一次平衡法,对3种不同污染负荷土壤Cd2 和Pb2 的吸附-解吸行为进行了比较.结果表明,低污染负荷土壤对Cd2 和Pb2 的吸附能力高于高污染负荷土壤.3种土壤对Cd2 的吸附等温线与Freundlich方程有较好的拟合性,Pb2 的等温吸附过程可用Langmuir方程与Freundlich方程来描述.双常数方程是描述这3种不同污染负荷土壤中Cd2 和Pb2 吸附动力学行为的最优模型,其次为Elovich方程,最差模型是一级动力学方程.Pb2 的解吸滞后现象较Cd2 明显.高污染负荷土壤的吸附态Cd2 、Pb2 解吸率高于低污染负荷土壤,Cd2 、Pb2 解吸量与其初始吸附量之间的关系符合二次幂方程.3种土壤Cd2 、Pb2 的解吸速率随重金属初始浓度的增加而增加,随解吸时间的延长而降低.     

重金属污染土壤中微生物的多样性

<正>土壤重金属污染是指人类活动将重金属混入到土壤中,致使土壤中重金属含量明显高于原有含量,并造成生态环境质量恶化的现象[1]。污染土壤的重金属主要包括汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)和类金属砷(As)等生物毒性显著的元素,以及有一定毒性的锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)等元素。除了来自农药、废水、污泥和     

公路绿化植物油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和小叶杨(Populus simonii)对重金属元素的吸收与积累

对内蒙古西部公路绿化植物油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）、小叶杨（Populus simonii）及其根际土壤中重金属元素（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr）和类金属元素（As和Se）含量以及根际土壤重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cr）形态、土壤pH值进行了测定。对比分析了公路沿线不同绿化植物及其不同器官对重金属元素的吸收与积累特征。结果表明：绿化植物根际土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度以Cd为最高。随原子序数的递增,小叶杨和油松两种植物的根部和茎叶两种营养器官中重金属的含量均表现出“N”字形变动趋势。而且重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量具有Zn〉Cu〉Ni,Cr,As,Pb〉Cd〉Hg的基本规律。小叶杨茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni和Pb的富集能力较根部为强,油松茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb的富集能力较根部为强。绿化植物根际土壤重金属元素有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为Zn〉Pb〉Ni、Cr〉Cu,与重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量大小序列Zn〉Cu〉Ni、Cr、As、Pb〉Cd〉Hg并非趋于一致。公路绿化植物对根际土壤中重金属元素的吸收和积累与重金属元素有效态所占的比例有关。     

盐土粘细菌NUST03的非活性菌体对重金属离子的吸附研究

研究盐土粘细菌NUST03对Cu2+、Cr3+、Ni2+的吸附能力及不同条件下菌体对离子的吸附。实验表明盐土粘细菌NUST03对Cu2+、Cr3+、Ni2+吸附能力为Cu2+>Cr3+>Ni2+,pH值对菌体吸附Cu2+、Ni2+影响较大,氯化钙和氯化镁的存在对菌体吸附Cu2+、Ni2+、Cr3+有一定的抑制作用。     

Adsorption of heavy metals from electroplating wastewater by wood sawdust

Poplar wood sawdust was examined for adsorption as a replacement for current, more expensive methods of removing copper, zinc and cadmium from electroplating wastewater. Langmuir, Freundlich, BET and competitive Langmuir (two competing ions) isotherms were fitted to experimental data and the goodness of their fit for adsorption was compared. The shapes of isotherms obtained fitted well with multilayer adsorption. This was established and confirmed through solid correspondence between the BET equation and experimental data, in contrast to an observed monolayer adsorption of metal ions on poplar sawdust in single metal-water solutions. The adsorption of copper ions from a mixture (in wastewater) was better than that from a single metal solution. The adsorptions of zinc ions from wastewater and from model water were approximately equal, while that of cadmium ions was significantly lower from the wastewater than from model water. The aforementioned suggests that the presence of other ions in wastewater hindered adsorption of cadmium ions.     

Removal of selected metal ions from aqueous solution using modified corncobs

The objective of this study was to convert corncobs to metal ion adsorbents for wastewater treatment. Ground corncobs were modified with either 0.6 M citric acid (CA) or 1.0 M phosphoric acid (PA) to help improve their natural adsorption capacity. The effect of a combination of wash and modification treatment was tested for corncob adsorption efficiency with five different metal ions (cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc) individually or in a mixed solution containing each metal at a 20 mM concentration. Results were compared to those of commercial resins Amberlite IRC-718, Amberlite 200, Duolite GT-73 and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Modified corncobs showed the same adsorption efficiency as Duolite GT-73 for cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc ions and had greater adsorption than CMC for nickel and zinc ions. For mixed metals, the modified corncobs exhibited the same adsorption efficiency as Duolite GT-73 for cadmium and copper ions and the same or higher adsorption than Amberlite IRC-718 for lead ions. Adsorption capacities of modified samples were compared to those of Amberlite IRC-718, Amberlite 200 and Duolite GT-73. Commercial resins generally had higher adsorption capacities than modified corncobs. However, the adsorption capacity of modified corncobs for copper and lead ions was equivalent to Duolite GT-73, but was lower than for Amberlite IRC-718 or Amberlite 200. Depending on the specific metal ion and the presence or absence of other metal ions, chemically modified corncobs were at least equivalent in adsorption properties to all of the commercial cation exchange resins examined in this study.     

Lead, copper and zinc biosorption from bicomponent systems modelled by empirical Freundlich isotherm

The biosorption of lead, copper and zinc ions on Rhizopus arrhizus has been studied for three single-component and two binary systems. The equilibrium data have been analysed using the Freundlich adsorption model. The characteristic parameters for the Freundlich adsorption model have been determined and the competition coefficients for the competitive biosorption of Pb(II)-Cu(II) at pH 4.0 and 5.0, and Pb(II)-Zn(II) at pH 5.0 have been calculated. For the individual single-component isotherms, lead has the highest biosorption capacity followed by copper, then zinc. The capacity of lead in the two binary systems is always significantly greater than those of the other metal ions, in agreement with the single-component data. Only a partial selectivity for copper ions has been obtained at pH 4.0. Received: 21 June 1999 / Accepted: 2 November 1999     

Competitive adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions by chitosan crosslinked with epichlorohydrin-triphosphate

In this study, chitosan (CTS) was crosslinked with both epichlorohydrin (ECH) and triphosphate (TPP), by covalent and ionic crosslinking reactions, respectively. The resulting adsorbent (CTS-ECH-TPP) was characterized by SEM, CHN, EDS, FT-IR and TGA analyses, and tested for metal adsorption. The adsorbent was used in batch experiments to evaluate the adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions in single and binary metal solutions. In single metal solutions the maximum adsorption capacities for Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions, obtained by Langmuir model, were 130.72 and 83.75 mg g?1, respectively. Adsorption isotherms for binary solutions showed that the presence of Cu(II) decreased Cd(II) adsorption due to a significant competition effect, that is, the adsorbent was selective towards Cu(II) rather than Cd(II).     

Biosorption of binary mixtures of copper and cobalt by Penicillium brevicompactum

This work reports on a study of the biosorption of copper and cobalt, both singly and in combination (in equimolar concentrations), by the resting cells of Penicillium brevicompactum. Equilibrium batch sorption studies were carried out at 30 degrees C and pH 5.0 for a contact time of 1 hour to guarantee that equilibrium was reached. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption of binary mixtures of heavy metal solutions on the fungal biomass was found to be of competitive type where the adsorption capacity for any single metal decreased in the presence of the other. The cobalt ions showed a higher affinity for Penicillium brevicompactum than the copper ions.     

Biosorption of heavy metals by Fucus spiralis

The sorption uptake of cadmium, nickel, zinc, copper and lead by marine brown alga Fucus spiralis was investigated in bimetallic, trimetallic and multimetallic solutions. The experimental data fitted very well to Langmuir model. In bimetallic systems, the affinity of biomass for lead and copper increased and the sorption uptake of these metals was not affected by increasing concentrations of cadmium, nickel or zinc. However, in solutions with both metals there was a significant mutual decrease of their sorption levels at high concentrations of the other metal. The sorption uptake of cadmium, nickel and copper was investigated in trimetallic aqueous systems. Based on the kinetic parameter b, the affinity of F. spiralis for copper was considerably higher than for cadmium or nickel: bCd=6.39, bNi=1.82 and bCu=17.89. In all tests, the maximum sorption uptake remained practically constant around 1 mmol/g, indicating that the number of active sites on the biomass was limited. Tests with four and five metals showed that copper was preferentially adsorbed. The differences between the experimental sorption data and those given by the chemical speciation program PHREEQCI were negligible. In general, the software used provided satisfactory estimated data for each metal and hence can be a useful tool to predict or simulate the real process.     

Adsorption/Desorption of toluene on clay minerals

Adsorption/desorption of toluene on montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite was studied using the batch equilibrium method. The isotherms measured fit the Freundlich equation (r² >0.95). Montmorillonite adsorbed more toluene than illite or kaolinite; the adsorption of toluene on illite and kaolinite was not significantly different. Adsorption of toluene by montmorillonite showed an exponential increase as the ratio of toluene to clay was increased from 5 to 100. The rate studies showed that 62% of the adsorption was completed within 6 h. A rapid desorption was observed initially, followed by slow desorption after 1 h. The desorption rate decreased as the time of adsorption was increased. Almost all of the adsorbed toluene was extracted with water from the clay when the adsorption time was 0.1 h, but only 61% of the toluene could be desorbed when the adsorption time was 24 h.     

Competitive biosorption of phenol and chromium(VI) from binary mixtures onto dried anaerobic activated sludge

The ability of dried anaerobic activated sludge to adsorb phenol and chromium(VI) ions, both singly and in combination, was investigated in a batch system. The effects of initial pH and single- and dual-component concentrations on the equilibrium uptakes were investigated. The optimum initial biosorption pH for both chromium(VI) ions and phenol was determined as 1.0. Multi-component biosorption studies were also performed at this initial pH value. It was observed that the equilibrium uptakes of phenol and chromium(VI) ions were changed due to the presence of other component. Adsorption isotherms were developed for both single- and dual-component systems at pH 1.0, and expressed by the mono- and multi-component Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson adsorption models and model parameters were estimated by the non-linear regression. It was seen that the mono-component adsorption equilibrium data fitted very well to the non-competitive Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson models for both the components while the modified Freundlich model adequately predicted the multi-component adsorption equilibrium data at moderate ranges of concentration. The results suggested that the cells of dried anaerobic activated sludge bacteria may find promising applications for simultaneous removal and separation of phenol and chromium(VI) ions from aqueous effluents.     

Adsorption of phenol on formaldehyde-pretreated Pinus pinaster bark: equilibrium and kinetics

This work studies phenol adsorption on Pinus pinaster bark that has been previously treated with formaldehyde in acid medium. The influence of several variables such as solid/liquid ratio, pH and initial concentration of phenol in the solution on the adsorption capacity of the bark has been analysed. A kinetic model based on phenol diffusion within the pores of the adsorbent was in agreement with the results obtained for high initial concentrations of phenol, allowing the determination of diffusion coefficients. Adsorption equilibrium data were fitted by the Freundlich and BET isotherms. From their parameters phenol adsorption capacity and intensity, as well as the specific surface (BET) of the adsorbent, were determined.     

Potential utilisation of sewage sludge and paper mill waste for biosorption of metals from polluted waterways

The adsorption of cadmium, copper(II), lead and zinc ions from aqueous solution by sewage sludge, paper mill waste (PMW) and composted PMW was investigated along with the influence of pre-treatment on composted PMW. Langmuir adsorption isotherms were fitted where appropriate. Sewage sludge was the most effective biosorbent of the waste products for all metal ions examined, adsorbing, for example, up to 39.3 mg/g of Pb at an initial concentration of 77.8 mg/l. PMW was a less effective biosorbent than sewage sludge. However, it was found that composting the PMW resulted in an increase in metal uptake capacity and both sewage sludge and composted PMW have potential for low-cost remediation of high leachate wastewaters. The desorption of metal ions from PMW compost was most effective using 0.1 N H2SO4 and 1 mM nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA).