C-端引入二硫键对黑曲霉木聚糖酶XynZF-2热稳定性的影响

同源比对黑曲霉XZ-3S木聚糖酶基因xyn ZF-2氨基酸序列,模拟构建木聚糖酶三维结构,确定能够提高酶热稳定性的最佳突变位点。在C-端引入二硫键,突变xyn ZF-2 205位点的色氨酸和52位点的丙氨酸为半胱氨酸,获取突变基因T205C-A52C,表达于大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。酶学性质比较发现,突变酶Xyn ZFT205C-A52C的最适温度为50℃,比原酶Xyn ZF-2提高了10℃;50℃保温5 min,突变酶相对酶活性为55.36%,原酶相对酶活性为32.62%;原酶与突变酶最适p H均为5.0,但相同p H下突变酶的相对酶活性较原酶高;突变酶的p H稳定区间由原酶的5.0~9.0扩大为3.0~9.0。因此,定点突变T205C和A52C在C-端引入二硫键能提高黑曲霉木聚糖酶Xyn ZF-2热稳定性及p H稳定性。     

V1C、G116D、N171H定点突变对黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)XZ-3S木聚糖酶XynZF-2热稳定性的影响

[目的]探索V1C、G116D、N171H定点突变对木聚糖酶Xyn ZF-2热稳定性的作用。[方法]生物信息学方法确定木聚糖酶Xyn ZF-2可突变位点,引入Cys、Asp、His;定点突变V1C、G116D、N171H,PCR扩增突变基因xyn CDH,构建大肠杆菌表达载体,转化表达宿主大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),诱导表达目的蛋白并测定酶活,分析酶学性质。[结果]突变酶Xyn CDH的最适温度由40℃上升到45℃。40℃条件下突变酶Xyn CDH半衰期t40℃1/2由55 min延长到60 min;在45℃条件下,突变酶Xyn CDH的半衰期t45℃1/2由7min提高到15 min。[结论]定点突变V1C、G116D、N171H能增强木聚糖酶Xyn ZF-2热稳定性,为加深木聚糖酶分子改造的研究提供参考。     

K178M、S170F、G180V突变对木聚糖酶XynZF-2热稳定性的影响

利用生物信息学分析黑曲霉木聚糖酶Xyn ZF-2,选择α-螺旋178位点、170位点和180位点氨基酸进行定点突变(K178M,S170F,G180V)获得突变木聚糖酶基因xyn MFV,构建重组表达载体转化大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)诱导表达。酶学性质分析对比发现,突变酶最适温度(50℃)比原酶(40℃)提高了10℃;40℃条件下保温1 h突变酶Xyn MFV相对酶活力下降到热处理前的56.0%,原酶Xyn ZF-2下降到42.0%;45℃时突变酶Xyn MFV的半衰期t_(1/2)为21 min,与原酶Xyn ZF-2(t_(1/2)=7 min)相比较提高了14 min。结果表明,K178M、S170F、G180V突变木聚糖酶可以提高Xyn ZF-2最适温度和热稳定性。     

理性设计提高酯合成催化反应脂肪酶的热稳定性

【背景】南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B (Candida antarctica lipase B,CALB)具有优异的酯合成活性,是在非水相催化中应用极为广泛的工业用酶。【目的】在保留CALB优秀催化性能的基础上,提高CALB的热稳定性。【方法】采用预测软件PoPMuSiC和FoldX计算CALB潜在热稳定性突变位点,并根据氨基酸残基的空间位置进一步筛选。利用重叠延伸PCR技术在基因calb中引入10个单点突变,于毕赤酵母GS115中表达。【结果】点突变A146G、A151P、L278M均能有效提高CALB的热稳定性。在单点突变的基础上,组合突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P的热稳定性得到进一步提高。与野生型相比,突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P的最适反应温度均提高了5°C,T_m值分别提高了3.3°C和4.2°C。此外,合成己酸乙酯的酶促反应动力学分析表明,相比于野生型,突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P对己酸和乙醇均具有更高的亲和力,且对己酸的催化效率k_(catA)/K_(m A)是野生型的4.1倍。通过分子动力学模拟,从分子水平阐明了突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P热稳定性提高的机制。【结论】本研究采用的理性设计策略对提高CALB的热稳定性是行之有效的,该策略可作为其他工业用酶提高热稳定性的参考。     

嗜碱细菌Cellulomonas bogoriensis 69B4T木聚糖酶的表达纯化及性质研究

【目的】对嗜碱细菌Cellulomonas bogoriensis 69B4~T产碱性木聚糖酶进行研究,克隆来源于该菌株的木聚糖酶基因,并对其进行异源表达、纯化及酶学性质的表征,为后续研究碱性木聚糖酶的耐碱机制及应用奠定基础。【方法】采用单因素分析法对菌株产碱性木聚糖酶情况进行研究;通过基因组分析,锚定5个内切木聚糖酶基因,利用同源扩增的方法进行克隆,并在大肠杆菌中重组表达,利用亲和层析对重组酶进行纯化,以木聚糖为底物表征木聚糖酶的酶学性质。【结果】来源于C. bogoriensis 69B4~T的5种木聚糖酶Xyn370、Xyn393、Xyn425、Xyn466和Xyn486均在大肠杆菌内实现了异源表达,并经亲和层析获得纯酶组分,其最适反应温度分别为60、50、40、40、60°C,在50°C范围内保温2h,残余酶活均在90%以上;最适反应p H分别为7.0、8.0、8.0、8.0、9.0,在p H5.0–9.0时具有较好的稳定性;5种重组木聚糖酶对部分金属离子和高浓度盐表现出较好的耐受性,对榉木木聚糖的酶活性最高,均为内切型木聚糖酶。【结论】本研究表达纯化的5种重组木聚糖酶具有耐盐碱的优良特性,且对温度、某些金属离子和化学试剂耐受,为研究木聚糖酶的耐碱机制及工业应用提供了酶源。     

定向引入N-糖基化位点改进黑曲霉β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶热稳定性

【背景】木聚糖是生物圈中仅次于纤维素的第二大多糖,其结构复杂,完全降解需要多种木聚糖酶协同作用。β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶是木聚糖主链水解过程中最关键的酶,已广泛应用于饲料、造纸、能源、食品和医药等行业。但在实际应用中,由于真菌木聚糖酶的热稳定性较差,限制了其在工业中的应用。【目的】提高来源于黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)的β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶(xynB)热稳定性。【方法】采用氨基酸虚拟突变技术对xynB定向引入一个N-糖基化位点,将虚拟突变后筛选获得的候选突变体和野生型在毕赤酵母SMD1168中表达,并对纯化后的野生型和突变体酶进行酶学性质和稳定性分析。【结果】经虚拟突变和筛选获得5个候选突变体,在毕赤酵母SMD1168中成功表达了4个突变体,其中3个突变体发生了糖基化。突变体和野生型酶均表现出宽范围的酸碱耐受性,且突变体xynB~(A92N/D94T)在pH4.0–11.0条件下的稳定性明显优于野生型;糖基化突变体xynB~(A92N/D94T)、xynB~(G66N/A68T)和xynB~(G66F/D67N/G69T)在温度为60–80°C时热稳定性明显高于野生型,xynB~(G66N/A68T)在80°C保温30 min后的残留酶活比野生型提高了约30%。【结论】本研究方法可为其他来源木聚糖酶和其他工业酶的热稳定分子改造提供参考。     

木聚糖酶Xyn Ⅱ的D37N突变、表达及酶学性质变化

对来源于宇佐美曲霉(Aspergillus usamii)E001的木聚糖酶Xyn Ⅱ进行同源建模和序列比较,发现第11族木聚糖酶的催化结构域在β折叠股A3和B3之间存在一个保守的氨基酸位点,该位点与木聚糖酶的pH特性有关,据此设计了Xyn Ⅱ的D37N定点突变.酵母表达的Xyn ⅡD37N 经纯化后与原酶Xyn Ⅱ(同样经毕赤酵母表达后纯化)进行酶学性质比较,结果表明,Xyn ⅡD37N 的最适pH由4.2升高到5.3,pH稳定范围由3.0～7.5缩减为3.0～5.5,但最适温度和热稳定性基本保持不变.结果证实,木聚糖酶Xyn Ⅱ的第37位Asp与最适pH相关,为进一步的结构与功能研究提供了理论基础.     

毕赤酵母表达的嗜热蓝状菌β-葡萄糖苷酶N-糖基化修饰的作用与功能

【目的】研究N-糖基化对来源于嗜热蓝状菌β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,Bgl3A)的酶学性质影响。【方法】采用定点突变技术构建了3个去N-糖基化的突变体T44A、S228A、S299A,并分别在毕赤酵母GS115中表达纯化。【结果】与野生型Bgl3A相比,突变体S228A分泌蛋白产量极低,仅能微量检测到p NPG活性;突变体T44A和S299A的最适pH和最适温度没有改变,分别为4.0和75°C,但二者的T_m值和70°C下的热稳定性都明显优于野生型。以p NPG为底物时,突变体S299A和T44A的催化效率分别降低了14.5%和70.0%;以纤维二糖为底物时,T44A的催化效率基本不变,而S299A的催化效率提高了1.1倍。【结论】Bgl3A不同位点的N-糖基化修饰对酶的分泌和酶学性质的影响具有明显差异。其中,N226位的N-糖基化在维持酶的表达和功能方面至关重要,而去除N297位点的N-糖基化可以提高酶的热稳定性及对纤维二糖的催化效率。     

通过N端引入芳香族氨基酸提高木聚糖酶的热稳定性

耐热的木聚糖酶具有用于造纸、麻类脱胶和饲料生产等工业领域的巨大潜力,为了提高11家族碱性木聚糖酶Xyn11A-LC的热稳定性,通过理性设计在N-末端引入了芳香族氨基酸(T9Y和D14F)。测定野生型和突变体的性质表明,突变体的最适反应温度和热稳定性均获得了提高。突变体的最适反应温度比野生型提高了5℃。野生型在65℃的Tris/HCl缓冲液(pH 8.0)中的半衰期为22 min,而突变体在此条件下的半衰期为106 min。圆二色光谱测定结果显示野生型和突变体的Tm分别为55.3℃和67.9℃。因此,通过在N-末端引入芳香族氨基酸可以提高11家族木聚糖酶的热稳定性和在高温下的活性。     

腾冲嗜热厌氧菌丙氨酸消旋酶底物通道氨基酸位点的功能

【目的】通过定点突变探究腾冲嗜热厌氧菌MB4中生物合成型丙氨酸消旋酶Tt Alr底物通道内氨基酸位点A172和S173的功能。【方法】利用定点突变PCR技术构建突变体,通过亲和层析法纯化酶蛋白,采用D-氨基酸氧化酶偶联法检测各突变蛋白的活性及其稳定性。【结果】通过定点突变PCR成功得到8个突变体,酶学特性分析发现,A172位点突变为丝氨酸(S)后酶蛋白的相对活性有所提升,但含有该位点突变的酶蛋白稳定性均大幅下降;S173位点突变为天门冬氨酸(D)后导致突变体蛋白的最适反应温度提升了15°C,半衰期大幅延长,但相对活性明显下降。【结论】丙氨酸消旋酶Tt Alr底物通道内A172和S173位点均是影响酶蛋白催化活性和稳定性的关键位点。     

The effect of the rcation/ranion ratio on the structural and chemical properties of N-chloroarenesulfonamidates

A comparative structural study on sodium and potassium N-chloroarenesulfonamidates has been carried out using X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy as experimental techniques. As shown by crystallographic studies, the sodium ions tend to incorporate more water oxygen atoms in their coordination spheres than the potassium ions, while the potassium congeners prefer the interaction with sulfonamidate moieties. The marked dissimilarity between the compositions of the coordination spheres as well as the different tendency of the sodium and potassium salts to absorb moisture from the air have been attributed to the different sizes of the sodium and potassium ions. The opposite shifts of the ν_as(SO₂) and ν(SN) bands upon dehydration have been ascribed to an increased polarization of the sulfonyl group by the metal centers. Based on IR spectroscopic observations, a weakening of the N-Cl bonds is suspected in the water-free compounds, which may contribute to the known thermal instability of the dehydrated salts of N-chloroarenesulfonamides. Various sections of IR spectra as well as X-ray powder diffraction patterns have proved to be suitable to identify the water-free and hydrated samples.     

Phyllocarida and the origin of the Malacostraca

Tentative homologies with Decapoda are proposed for grooves on the carapace of Echinocaris and Montecaris. Together with F.R. Schram's hoploid trend, reinforced by the discovery of a raptorial limb in Sairocaris, this may strengthen a phyllocarid origin for Eumalacostraca. Both these trends, however, may be parallelisms, and phylogenetic analysis is required. Pleopods are here proved to have been present in additional Archaeostraca, which improves their ancestral condition. E. Dahl's view of the phyllocarids as an evolutionary dead end is falsified from fossils, and the phyllocarids are supported as a stem group of the Malacostraca.     

Study of the compatibility/incompatibility of gelatin/iota-carrageenan/water mixtures

The incompatibility of acid gelatin/iota-carrageenan mixtures has been studied. Both these biopolymers undergo a conformational coil-helix transition under suitable conditions of temperature and salt. The aim of this work was to study the concentration at which mixtures are incompatible and the influence of pH, salt and temperature on the phase diagram. Incompatibility occurred over a wide range of concentrations for mixtures prepared in deionized water. Compatibility was increased by increasing the pH or the salt concentration. Temperature did not greatly influence the size of the incompatible region. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that attractive electrostatic interactions lead to associative phase separation (traditionally called complex coacervation).     

Complete nucleotide sequence of the influenza A/PR/8/34 virus NS gene and comparison with the NS genes of the A/Udorn/72 and A/FPV/Rostock/34 strains.

The nucleotide sequence of the NS gene of the human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 was determined and found to be the same length (890 nucleotides) as the NS gene of another human influenza virus A/Udorn/72 and of the avian isolate A/FPV/Rostock/34. Comparison of the sequences of the NS genes of the two human influenza viruses shows an 8.9% difference whereas the NS gene of the avian isolate differs by only 8% from that of the human strain A/PR/8/34. The extensive sequence similarity among these three genes does not support the notion of species specific homology groups among NS genes of avian and human influenza virus strains. The primary sequence of the A/PR/8/34 NS gene is consistent with the findings that the influenza virus NS gene may code for two overlapping polypeptides. In addition, an open reading frame potentially coding for a polypeptide 167 amino acids in length was found in the negative strand RNA of the A/PR/8/34 virus NS gene.     

Evidence that a mustard seedling responds to the amount of Pfr and not to the Pfr/Ptotratio

Abstract Phytochrome-mediated anthocyanin synthesis of the mustard seedling (Sinapis alba L.) was investigated. Light pre-treated and dark-grown seedlings differing in responsiveness and level of phytochrome (P_tot) were compared. The data obtained support the traditional view that a seedling measures the amount of P_fr. The alternative view that a plant measures the P_fr/P_tot ratio does not seem to be compatible with the data obtained with the mustard seedling.     

水稻条斑病细菌hrp基因诱导表达系统的建立

水稻条斑病细菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xooc)决定在非寄主植物上激发过敏反应(hypersensitive response)和在寄主水稻上具致病性(pathogenicity)的hrp基因簇是诱导表达的。为研究hrp基因的功能,利用hpa1和hrpX基因的启动子与gfp基因进行融合,构建了hrp基因诱导表达系统。绿色荧光蛋白表达揭示,Xooc的hrp基因在营养丰富的NB培养基上不能有效表达,在hrp诱导培养基XOM3上可有效表达。以hrpX和hrpG突变体为参照,RT-PCR研究结果提示,Xooc野生型菌株hpa1基因在NB上不能有效表达,在XOM3培养基上可有效表达。相应地,hrpX突变体中hpa1基因不能被诱导表达,而在hrpG突变体中hpa1基因转录表达水平低于野生菌。研究结果还证实,水稻悬浮细胞能高效诱导Xooc的hrp基因表达。Xooc hrp基因诱导表达系统的建立为研究hrp基因功能、发掘T3SS效应分子以及开展Xooc致病性研究奠定了基础。     

卡式微柱凝胶法在猴血型鉴定中的应用

灵长类动物的ABO血型抗原都表达在组织器官内,而不是在红细胞上,这给灵长类动物血型的鉴定带来很大的困难。为找到更加简捷、准确鉴定灵长类动物类人ABO血型的方法,采用近年来临床上广泛应用的卡式微柱凝胶正、反定型法对34只猕猴和16只食蟹猴的血型进行了鉴定,并与肾组织免疫组化法的检测结果进行比较。结果显示:卡式微柱凝胶正定型法的检测结果中无一例为阳性结果;血浆中的纤维蛋白原和人-猴种属间非特异性抗体都会对卡式微柱凝胶反定型法的部分检测结果产生干扰;采用经正常人O型红细胞吸附处理后的清亮血清,卡式微柱凝胶反定型法的检测结果明确,与免疫组化法判定结果一致。由此得出:卡式微柱凝胶反定型法可以用于灵长类动物血型的鉴定,其主要干扰因素为血浆内的纤维蛋白原和人-猴种属间非特异性抗体,在采用清亮血清及经正常人O型红细胞吸附处理后能消除其干扰。     

Synthesis and molecular structure of the all-trans- and the trans-cis-isomers of dichlorodimethyltin complexes of phosphoric triamides

Four new phosphoramidates with formula 4-RC₆H₄C(O)NHP(O)(NH(CH(CH₃)₂)₂, R = H (1), OCH₃ (2), CH₃ (3), Cl (4) and their diorganotin(IV) complexes with formula SnCl₂(CH₃)₂(X)₂, X = 1 (5), 2 (6), 3 (7) and 4 (8) were synthesized and characterized by NMR, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The spectroscopic properties of complexes were compared with those corresponding ligands. The molecular structures for 5, 5·CH₃CN, 6·CH₃CN, 7 and 8 were established by X-ray diffraction analysis and shown that the tin atoms have a distorted octahedral coordination with trans-methyl groups. Two different all-trans and cis-trans isomers were obtained by changing the crystallization solvent system. The existence of CH₃CN in molecular packing of trans-cis isomers might be a packing factor governing the orientation of the ligands. Due to the presence of several hydrogen bond donors and acceptors on compounds, extended hydrogen-bonded networks were observed. The structure of 2 was also determined and possesses two crystallographically independent molecules in asymmetric unit. On forming complex 6·CH₃CN, the ligand 2 shows shortening of CO and P-N bond distances and increasing of PO bond length. Pseudopolymorphism of diorganotins in 5 and 5·CH₃CN is reported for the first time.     

Distribution and Pharmacological Properties of the GABAA/ Benzodiazepine/Chloride Ionophore Receptor Complex in the Brain of the Fish Anguilla anguilla

In the present study, we characterized the distribution and the pharmacological properties of the different components of the GABAA receptor complex in the brain of the eel (Anguilla anguilla). Benzodiazepine recognition sites labeled "in vitro" with [3H]flunitrazepam ([3H]FNT) were present in highest concentration in the optic lobe and in lowest concentration in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. A similar distribution was observed in the density of gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) binding sites. GABA increased the binding of [3H]FNT in a concentration-dependent manner, with a maximal enhancement of 45% above the control value, and, vice versa, diazepam stimulated the binding of [3H]GABA to eel brain membrane preparations. The density of benzodiazepine and GABA recognition sites and their reciprocal regulation were similar to those observed in the rat brain. In contrast, the binding of the specific ligand for the Cl- ionophore, t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]TBPS), to eel brain membranes was lower than that found in the rat brain. In addition, [35S]TBPS binding in eel brain was less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of GABA and muscimol and much more sensitive to the stimulatory effect of bicuculline, when compared with [35S]TBPS binding in the rat brain. Moreover, the uptake of 36Cl- into eel brain membrane vesicles was only marginally stimulated by concentrations of GABA or muscimol that significantly enhanced the 36Cl- uptake into rat brain membrane vesicles. Finally, intravenous administration of the beta-carboline inverse agonist 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (20 mg/kg) and of the chloride channel blocker pentylenetetrazole (80 mg/kg) produced convulsions in eels that were antagonized by diazepam at doses five to 20 times higher than those required to produce similar effects in rats. The results may indicate a different functional activity of the GABA-coupled chloride ionophore in the fish brain as compared with the mammalian brain.     

A model for the reaction pathways of the K+-dependent phosphatase activity of the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase

$\text{(Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+ K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-dependent}$ ATPase preparations from rat brain, dog kidney, and human red blood cells also catalyze a K⁺-dependent phosphatase reaction. K⁺ activation and Na⁺ inhibition of this reaction are described quantitatively by a model featuring isomerization between E₁ and E₂ enzyme conformations with activity proportional to E₂K concentration:

Differences between the three preparations in $\text{K}{}_{0.5}$ for K⁺ activation can then be accounted for by differences in equilibria between E₁K and E₂K with dissociation constants identical. Similarly, reductions in $\text{K}{}_{0.5}$ produced by dimethyl sulfoxide are attributable to shifts in equilibria toward E₂ conformations. Na⁺ stimulation of K⁺-dependent phosphatase activity of brain and red blood cell preparations, demonstrable with KCl under 1 mM, can be accounted for by including a supplementary pathway proportional to E₁Na but dependent also on K⁺ activation through high-affinity sites. With inside-out red blood cell vesicles, K⁺ activation in the absence of Na⁺ is mediated through sites oriented toward the cytoplasm, while in the presence of Na⁺ high-affinity K⁺-sites are oriented extracellularly, as are those of the $\text{(Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+ K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-dependent}$ ATPase reaction. Dimethyl sulfoxide accentuated Na⁺-stimulated K⁺-dependent phosphatase activity in all three preparations, attributable to shifts from the E₁P to E₂P conformation, with the latter bearing the high-affinity, extracellularly oriented K⁺-sites of the Na⁺-stimulated pathway.