环丙氨嗪对鸡粪中亮斑扁角水虻生长的影响及添加活性炭对环丙氨嗪的解毒作用

【目的】研究环丙氨嗪对鸡粪中亮斑扁角水虻Hermetia illucens幼虫生长发育的影响及添加活性炭对环丙氨嗪的解毒作用。【方法】使用含不同浓度(0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10和15 mg/kg)环丙氨嗪的鸡粪分别饲养3, 4和5龄亮斑扁角水虻幼虫,统计幼虫的生长发育(体重和死亡率)变化;在鸡粪中添加不同浓度(0, 10, 30, 50, 100和150 g/kg)活性炭饲养亮斑扁角水虻3龄幼虫,测定活性炭对其生长发育的影响以及对环丙氨嗪的解毒作用。【结果】在用含一定浓度环丙氨嗪的鸡粪饲养后,亮斑扁角水虻3, 4和5龄幼虫均表现出体节伸长,停止进食,直至死亡。鸡粪中环丙氨嗪对亮斑扁角水虻3, 4和5龄幼虫的致死中浓度(medium lethal concentration, LC₅₀)值分别为0.18, 1.39和6.45 mg/kg。在鸡粪中添加量为30~100 g/kg的活性炭可以显著促进亮斑扁角水虻3龄幼虫的生长发育,并且能够解除环丙 氨嗪对3龄幼虫的毒性,95%有效剂量(95% effective dose, ED₉₅)值为51.83 g/kg。【结论】随着亮斑扁角水虻幼虫龄期增长,其对鸡粪中环丙氨嗪的敏感性逐渐降低。活性炭可用于解除鸡粪中环丙氨嗪对亮斑扁角水虻幼虫的毒性,为生产上应用亮斑扁角水虻处理含环丙氨嗪的鸡粪提供解决方案。     

亮斑扁角水虻脂肪酸去饱和酶基因的鉴定及其在双翅目中的进化格局

【目的】在全基因组水平鉴定亮斑扁角水虻Hemetia illucens脂肪酸去饱和酶(fatty acid deaturase,FAD)基因,分析其时空表达格局,研究代表性双翅目昆虫FAD家族基因的系统发育和进化关系。【方法】以FlyBase数据库中的黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster FAD氨基酸序列作为种子序列,通过本地Blastp的方法在全基因组范围搜索和鉴定亮斑扁角水虻和其他代表性双翅目昆虫的FAD家族基因;采用MEGA7.0软件通过邻接法(neighbor-joining method,NJ)推断该家族基因在双翅目昆虫中的系统发育关系,并构建了双翅目代表性昆虫FAD家族的系统发育进化树;基于亮斑扁角水虻转录组数据分析亮斑扁角水虻FAD基因在其代表性组织和生长发育时期中的表达格局并且利用RT-PCR进一步验证。【结果】本研究在亮斑扁角水虻全基因组中共鉴定到13个FAD基因,并预测了这些基因的部分特征。系统发育分析结果表明,编码亮斑扁角水虻FAD家族的基因某些成员发生了基因复制事件,例如Hill FAD-10和Hill FAD-12以及Hill FAD-9和Hill FAD-11基因;与此相反的是,亮斑扁角水虻某些FAD基因在双翅目昆虫中呈现出相似的进化模式,例如Hill FAD-5和Hill FAD-6基因,说明这些基因在双翅目昆虫进化中相对比较保守并且可能发挥重要作用。转录组数据分析及RT-PCR结果显示,亮斑扁角水虻FAD家族基因在其变态发育期间呈现不同的表达模式,其中,Hill FAD-2和Hill FAD-6在胚胎期、幼虫前期、蛹期和成虫期均有表达,Hill FAD-3主要集中于胚胎后期至4龄幼虫期间表达;与此相反,Hill FAD-4在整个发育阶段均呈现出低表达状态,说明FAD家族基因可能在亮斑扁角水虻变态发育过程中发挥不同作用。【结论】本研究结果不仅在全基因组范围鉴定了亮斑扁角水虻脂肪酸去饱和酶基因,而且预测了FAD基因家族在双翅目中的进化格局,有助于更好地了解FAD基因在物种生态适应性中发挥的作用;同时,我们鉴定的FAD基因在亮斑扁角水虻中的表达格局也提示了FAD基因在亮斑扁角水虻脂肪代谢过程中发挥重要作用。     

亮斑扁角水虻对有机废弃物的应用及其肠道微生物研究进展

有机废弃物的安全处理与二次利用是当今社会发展进程中的一大难题，亮斑扁角水虻Hermetia illucens强大的生物转化能力可有效解决此类问题：一方面，亮斑扁角水虻可大量消耗有机废弃物，有效治理环境污染；另一方面，转化后的虫体营养价值高，广泛应用于养殖领域。然而，亮斑扁角水虻的生物转化作用机制目前尚不明确，可转化的有机废弃物范围及其转化效率的影响因素仍有待探讨。本文结合近年来关于亮斑扁角水虻领域的研究，主要从亮斑扁角水虻对有机废弃物的生物转化作用、转化效率的影响因素、虫沙的应用和肠道微生物的功能4个方面进行综述，同时对未来需要解决的问题进行了展望，以期为亮斑扁角水虻的综合开发利用提供参考依据。     

亮斑扁角水虻卵携带细菌的分离鉴定及其对成虫产卵行为影响

【目的】分离鉴定对亮斑扁角水虻Hermetia illucens产卵具有诱导作用卵携带细菌,探索提高亮斑扁角水虻人工繁育过程中卵收集效率途径。【方法】使用脑心浸出液肉汤(BHI)培养基对亮斑扁角水虻卵携带细菌分离纯培养;以灭菌BHI液体培养基为对照,使用筛选到的单菌株摇瓶发酵液对亮斑扁角水虻成虫进行产卵诱导试验。【结果】筛选纯培养到15株细菌,编号分别为EEAM-1,EEAM-2,EEAM-3,EEAM-5,EEAM-6,EEAM-7,EEAM-8,EEAM-9,EEAM-10A,EEAM-10B,EEAM-11,EEAM-12,EAM-13,EEAM-14和EEAM-15。经发酵液产卵诱导试验,发现有5株能显著提高亮斑扁角水虻成虫产卵量的菌株,分别为EEAM-3,EEAM-6,EEAM-7,EEAM-10A和EEAM-10B。经菌落培养特征、菌体形态比较、16S rDNA序列测定和发育树比对分析鉴定这5株细菌分别为:特基拉芽孢杆菌Bacillus tequilensis、粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens、粪肠球菌Enterococcus faecalis、短杆菌属Brevibacterium sp.和甲基营养芽孢杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus。其中,EEAM-7粪肠球菌E.faecalis发酵液诱导的亮斑扁角水虻成虫产卵量最高,是对照组的7.400倍;其次为EEMA-10B甲基营养芽孢杆菌B.methylotrophicus,诱导的产卵量是对照组的6.531倍;再次是EEMA-6粘质沙雷氏菌S.marcescens、EEAM-10A短杆菌Brevibacterium sp.和EEMA-3特基拉芽孢杆菌B.tequilensis,诱导的产卵量分别是是对照组的5.100,4.187和2.636倍。【结论】亮斑扁角水虻卵携带细菌能显著影响繁殖期成虫产卵量,为建立稳定水虻人工养殖体系提供理论依据。     

亮斑扁角水虻

<正>亮斑扁角水虻(Hermetia illucens L.,black soldier fly),是一种双翅目(Diptera),水虻科(Stratiomyidae),扁角水虻属(Hermatia)昆虫。亮斑扁角水虻体大型且细长,呈暗黑色,长12~18mm,翅呈棕色约带褐色,长8~13mm。雌性头(head)黑色,被黑毛;雌雄复眼均分离、光裸,单眼瘤前具瘤状隆起;额和颜面黑色,在触角上下方两侧各具丘状隆起,柄节和梗节差不多长,被长的鬃状毛,鞭节由5个亚节组成,基部1-7亚节短;须小,黑色;喙棕黄色。胸(thorax)黑色金属光泽,前胸背板、翅后脾和小盾片呈褐色;3对步行足,     

非水虻源微生物与武汉亮斑水虻幼虫联合转化鸡粪的研究

【目的】益生微生物在协助亮斑扁角水虻幼虫转化有机废弃物、提高其转化效率方面具有重要的作用,本研究针对非水虻源微生物,开展与水虻联合转化鸡粪的研究,以阐明外源微生物在水虻转化畜禽粪便中的作用,对其转化机制的研究及产业化生产具有重要意义。【方法】采用稀释涂平板的方法进行鸡粪堆肥和猪粪堆肥中细菌的分析,并将筛选到的细菌分别接种到无菌的鸡粪基质中与武汉亮斑水虻幼虫联合转化,通过称重法测定转化后武汉亮斑水虻及鸡粪的重量,评价转化效果及对幼虫的影响,然后将促进转化效果明显的菌株按不同比例进行复配,与武汉亮斑水虻幼虫联合转化新鲜鸡粪,分析复配菌剂对武汉亮斑水虻幼虫转化鸡粪的影响。【结果】结果显示R-07、R-09、F-03和F-06在促进武汉亮斑水虻幼虫生长和鸡粪转化的效果上最为显著。与对照组相比,水虻幼虫转化率分别提高了27.21%、15.00%、9.93%和16.29%;基质减少率分别提高了17.94%、10.42%、7.84%和9.27%。将这4株细菌配制复配菌剂与武汉亮斑水虻幼虫联合转化鸡粪,结果显示复配比例为R-07:R-09:F-03:F-06=4:1:1:1时效果最好,与空白对照相比,武汉亮斑水虻幼虫存活率提高了10.25%,幼虫虫重增加了28.41%,幼虫转化率增加了30.46%,鸡粪减少率增加了7.69%。【结论】添加通过筛选优化的非水虻来源的微生物复合菌剂能够促进水虻高效转化鸡粪,研究结果有助于改善现有的武汉亮斑水虻幼虫转化体系,为开发新型的联合转化工艺、更加有效地处理畜禽粪便奠定基础。     

亮斑扁角水虻

<正>亮斑扁角水虻(Hermetia illucens L.,black soldier fly),是一种双翅目(Diptera),水虻科(Stratiomyidae),扁角水虻属(Hermatia)昆虫。亮斑扁角水虻体大型且细长,呈暗黑色,长12~18mm,翅呈棕色约带褐色,长8~13mm。雌性头(head)黑色,被黑毛;雌雄复眼均分离、光裸,单眼瘤前具瘤状隆起;额和颜面黑色,在触角上下方两侧各具丘状隆起,柄节和梗节差不多长,被长的鬃状毛,鞭节由5个亚节组成,基部1-7亚节短;须小,黑色;喙棕黄色。胸(thorax)黑色金属光泽,前胸背板、翅后脾和小盾片呈褐色;3对步行足,     

亮斑扁角水虻人工饲养条件下适宜温度的研究

亮斑扁角水虻作为一种对环境有益的昆虫正在全球范围内受到关注,特别是能够将易腐垃圾转化为高附加值的昆虫蛋白和油脂,为下游的多个产业(食品、饲料)提供稳定的动物蛋白来源,从而实现低碳环保、循环利用的可持续发展模式。亮斑扁角水虻作为热带起源的变温动物,生长发育依赖于适宜的环境温度,本文的研究发现,亮斑扁角水虻孵化的最佳温度为32℃,孵化时间最短(56 h)、收获的初孵幼虫最多(1.86 g);其它阶段发育的适宜温度为28℃,表现为幼虫体重(19.42 g/100 head)、蛹重(13.64 g/100 head)、幼虫期(9.33 d)、蛹期(11.33 d)、成虫寿命(10.33 d)都达到最优。蛹期具有较好的温度耐受性,但成虫寿命显著受温度的影响,温度越高成虫寿命越短;数据显示亮斑扁角水虻的环境温度与主要发育参数(孵化虫量、幼虫期、蛹期、幼虫体重、蛹重)的相关性能够很好地被二项式拟合,说明亮斑扁角水虻的生长发育存在着一个最适温度区域,有利于规模化人工养殖条件下的环境优化。     

《生物资源》2017年“海洋生物资源”专辑征稿启事

亮斑扁角水虻(Hermetia illucens L.,black soldier fly),是一种双翅目(Diptera),水虻科(Stratiomyidae),扁角水虻属(Hermatia)昆虫.亮斑扁角水虻体大型且细长,呈暗黑色,长12～18mm,翅呈棕色约带褐色,长8～13 mm.雌性头(head)黑色,被黑毛;雌雄复眼均分离、光裸,单眼瘤前具瘤状隆起;额和颜面黑色,在触角上下方两侧各具丘状隆起,柄节和梗节差不多长,被长的鬃状毛,鞭节由5个亚节组成,基部1-7亚节短;须小,黑色;喙棕黄色.胸(thorax)黑色金属光泽,前胸背板、翅后脾和小盾片呈褐色;3对步行足,大部黑色,但附节和后足胫节基部的1/3-1/2白色;翅的4条中脉发达;平横棒白色.腹(abdomen)有5个可见节;雄性生殖器复杂而细长,且基部加宽[1].     

不同饲养密度对亮斑扁角水虻幼虫生长发育及新鲜牛粪转化率的影响

为了解决养牛业中粪便污染问题,本研究利用亮斑扁角水虻(黑水虻)来转化利用牛粪,探讨了饲养密度对新鲜牛粪的转化效率。本试验以亮斑扁角水虻为研究对象,选择设置每20.0 kg牛粪投入3500头、8750头、17500头4日龄幼虫3个处理密度,在每个密度日均1.0 kg等量饲喂条件下,分析亮斑扁角水虻幼虫百虫重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、牛粪转化率指标的差异,探索一种适于亮斑扁角水虻幼虫处理新鲜牛粪的饲养密度。结果表明:百虫重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪3个指标在3组处理之间都存在极显著差异。百虫重和粗脂肪两个指标和试验组密度情况在0.01的水平上显著负相关,但3个处理中转化率最高的为8750头的饲养密度。综合评价认为亮斑扁角水虻4日龄幼虫8750头/20.0 kg牛粪的投入量为实验范围内最佳饲养密度。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.