Flaveria属C_4种和C_3-C_4中间型种杂交一代的CO_2交换特性

用Flaveria属不同的C_4种和C_3-C_4中间型种杂交,鉴定了杂种F_1 C_4光合CO_2的交换特性。结果表明:F.brownii(C_4)和F.floridana(C_3-C_4)正反交F_1表观光合强度在两亲值之间,有的植株偏向C_4亲本,有的偏向C_3-C_4亲本。利用这种偏向分布可从F_1中选出高光合能力的材料。从F.palmeri(C_4)和F.pubescens(C_3-C_4);F.brownii(C_4)和F.floridana(C_3-C_4);F.palmeri(C_4)和F.floridana(C_3-C_4);F.trineroia(C_4)和F.anomala(C_3-C_4)的正反交,可以看出:用C_4作父本,杂种F_1具有类似C_4种的耐高温的光合特性。从O_2抑光合反应看,F_1接近中亲值,稍偏向C_3-C_4亲本。CO_2补偿点却与C_4亲本相似,不因正反交而发生偏向分布。通过遗传操作,有可能将C_4光合特性传递给C_2植物。     

谷子生长过程中光合特性的变化

谷子是C_4植物,但叶片中核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase,E.C.4.1.1.39)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEP Case,E.C.4.1.1.31)的活性变化,CO_2补偿点的变化与叶位和叶龄有关。其初生叶和衰老叶并不表现典型的C_4特征,与成熟叶比较,RuBP Case活性和CO_2补偿点都相对较高,而且,也存在着结构上的差别。本实验结果表明所测植物在生长过程中存在着光合特性的变化。     

蛋白核小球藻生长和无机碳利用对不同光照强度和CO_2浓度的响应

为了探讨光照强度和CO_2浓度对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长、无机碳利用的复合效应,丰富绿藻中无机碳浓缩机制的资料,该文设置两种光照强度(40和120μmol photons×m–2×s–1)和两种CO_2浓度(0.04%和0.16%)组合成4种条件,比较了蛋白核小球藻生长、无机碳浓度、pH补偿点、光合放氧速率、碳酸酐酶(CA)活性和α-CA基因转录表达对这4种培养条件的响应。结果发现:蛋白核小球藻在高光强高CO_2浓度组生长最快;低光强高CO_2浓度组培养体系中总无机碳浓度为1 163.3μmol×L–1,显著高于其他3组;高光强低CO_2浓度组藻的p H补偿点最高(9.8),而低光强高CO_2浓度组藻的p H补偿点最低(8.6);低光强高CO_2浓度组藻的最大光合速率(Vmax)和最大光合速率一半时的无机碳浓度(K0.5)最高,分别是其他3组的1.28-1.91倍和1.61-2.00倍;高光强低CO_2浓度组藻的胞外CA活性最高;而低光强低CO_2浓度组藻的胞外α-CA基因表达量显著高于其他3组。以上结果表明低CO_2浓度可促进蛋白核小球藻的pH补偿点和无机碳亲和力的提高,诱导胞外CA活性及α-CA基因的表达;该藻主要以HCO_3~–为无机碳源,其对无机碳的利用受光照的调节。     

超级早籼稻“中早39”的高产育种研究

利用高产早籼嘉育253和高产抗稻瘟病早籼品种中组3号为亲本,采用分离世代自然病圃鉴定结合稻瘟病混合菌株人工接种抗性筛选方法,通过系谱法和产量比较试验,最终选育获得高产抗稻瘟病早籼稻新品种中早39。对超级早籼稻品种中早39及其系谱亲本嘉育253和中组3号进行产量相关性状、光合特性、叶面积指数和光合色素含量等测定和比较分析,发现中早39的每穗总粒数和结实率优于其系谱亲本,库容优势明显;中早39在齐穗后20天保持最高的净光合速率,其叶面积指数和各光合色素含量也优于系谱亲本;因此,中早39具有超高产光合生理特性。育种初期选用了高产亲本,且在生育后期中早39比其系谱亲本具有更优的光合生理特性,是水稻高产育种中优良性状的整合和后期功能型超级稻特性的体现;中早39超高产优势来自于品种选育过程中源库的优化、株叶形态的改善;中早39的选育研究为水稻高产育种提供了参考信息。     

冬小麦对不同海拔气候条件的反应 Ⅲ.植株光合作用特征

我们在原地测量了840米和2150米两地种植的冬小麦“凤麦13”苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆初期的光合作用速率的日变化,光合作用速率对光量子通量密度的反应和CO_2补偿点。结果表明生育前期(苗期和拔节期)和后期(抽穗期和灌浆初期)光合作用速率的一日内变化形式相反,而且低地种植的冬小麦其光合速率在前期高于高地种植的,后期高地种植的冬小麦有比低地高的光合速率。光饱和点基本相同。光补偿点在生育前期高地小麦比低地小麦低,而后期低地小麦的的光补偿点减低,并低于高地小麦的。高地小麦的光补偿点比较稳定。CO_2补偿点高地小麦比低地的较低。并就两地气候条件讨论了上述差异。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对辣椒光合作用及相关生理特性的影响

研究大气CO_2浓度升高对辣椒光合作用及相关生理特性的影响,揭示大气CO_2浓度变化与辣椒光合作用及生理指标之间的关系,为辣椒的栽培管理及果实加工提供理论参考。利用OTC(open-top chamber)系统,采用盆栽试验,研究CO_2浓度增高200μmol·mol-1对辣椒形态指标、叶片生理指标、光合参数、光合色素、维生素C(Vc)含量、糖类化合物和产量的影响。结果表明:大气CO_2浓度升高促进了辣椒生长,增加株高、产量和植株总生物量。叶片净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)明显提高;开花坐果期气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)增加,结果期气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)下降;大气CO_2浓度升高促进辣椒叶和辣椒果实中Vc含量的显著升高,叶片中叶绿素和糖类化合物含量也显著增加;CO_2浓度升高能改善辣椒叶片光系统,增加光合作用,促进辣椒代谢物质的积累,有利于辣椒的生长发育。     

不同磷营养水平对烟草叶片光合作用和光呼吸的影响

随着磷营养水平的提高,烟草叶片的CO_2补偿点下降、光合速率上升。光呼吸在缺磷时最高。用光呼吸抑制剂处理烟草叶片后,光合的最适磷浓度提高。当CO_2浓度为560μl/L时,缺磷的烟草叶片在从21％O_2转入2％O_2时出现光合振荡,表明光呼吸与磷营养有密切关系。光呼吸在形成乙醇酸时所释放的磷,有回补叶绿体进行光合作用所需的磷的作用。     

大豆光合日变化过程中气孔限制和非气孔限制的研究

研究了在典型高温低湿天气下大豆光合日变化过程中气孔限制和非气孔限制的效应。大豆叶片在中午表现出严重的气孔关闭伴随着光合速率的大幅度下降,但中午光合速率下降期间,大豆叶片细胞间隙的CO_2浓度不但没有下降反而有所增加,同时气孔限制值也在下降。实验结果表明,大豆叶片的光合午休现象主要是因为大豆叶片的羧化效率、光合能力,RUBP再生能力的下降以及CO_2补偿点升高造成的。大豆叶片在中午时气孔导度的下降不是造成光合午休的原因,而是在特定环境中实现水分利用最优的一种对策。     

珍稀蕨类植物扇蕨光合速率与环境因子的关系

利用CO2光合测定仪分析了引种栽培的扇蕨叶片的光合补偿点和饱和光强,通过控制叶室的光合有效辐射、CO2浓度、温度和相对湿度,分析了叶片的羧化效率和CO2补偿点,并进行光合有效辐射、温度或相对湿度对光合速率影响的研究。扇蕨叶片光补偿点的光强为5.8μmol·m-2·s-1,饱和光强约为1000μmol·m-2·s-1。叶片的羧化效率为0.02665,CO2补偿点为66.1μmol·mol-1。叶片光合速率在20℃时达到最大值,最适温度为17～27℃。相对湿度20%～80%的试验范围内,叶片光合速率随湿度增加而增大,最适相对湿度条件在60%以上。     

田间茌梨叶片光合速率的日变化（简报）

茌梨叶片田间光合速率的日变化和含糖量与比叶干重都呈双峰曲线变化。气孔开度日变化与光合速率日变化同步;二氧化碳补偿点和光下呼吸率呈抛物线变化。光合曲线的高峰出现于环境因子(如光强、温度、空气中相对湿度和CO_2含量等)的最佳组合时。     

The occurrence of both C3 and C4 photosynthetic characteristics in a single Zea mays plant

The activities of the carboxylating enzymes ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase in leaves of three-week old Zea mays plants grown under phytotron conditions were found to vary according to leaf position. In the lower leaves the activity of PEP carboxylase was lower than that of RuBP carboxylase, while the upper leaves exhibited high levels of PEP carboxylase. Carbon dioxide compensation points and net photosynthetic rates also differed in the lower and upper leaves. Differences in the fine structure of the lowermost and uppermost leaves are shown. The existence of both the C₃ and C₄ photosynthetic pathways in the same plant, in this and other species, is discussed.Abbreviations PEP phosphoenolpyruvate - RuBP ribulose-1,5-biphosphate     

Photosynthesis,photosynthetic enzymes and leaf area development in relation to hybrid vigour in Sorghum vulgare L.

Heterotic hybrids of sorghum produced more dry matter than their respective parents. Therefore, an analysis of leaf are development, rate of photosynthesis and activities of RuBP carboxylase and PEP carboxylase was made to determine whether the superior dry matter production in the hybrids could be attributed to any of these characteristics. Heterosis in leaf area was maintained at all stages in plant growth. Heterosis in photosynthesis was observed only during grain development in certain hybrids. At all other stages, the photosynthesis rate in hybrids were either intermediate or similar to one of the parents. No heterotic effect was observed in enzyme activity at any stage of growth. It is suggested that a multiplicative interaction between the heterotic leaf area and photosynthesis rate could possibly explain heterosis in dry matter production in heterotic hybrids.     

水稻亚种间杂种F1 光合特性研究

用绵恢725、蜀恢527和蜀恢881三个籼型恢复系、1个美国稻Lemont和1个爪哇稻香大粒作母本, 与1个日本特早熟粳稻Kitaake杂交, 研究了5个杂种F1及其亲本的光合生理表现。结果表明, 在高光通量密度(Photosynthetic flux density, PFD)条件下, 5个杂种F1净光合速率(Pn)明显高于双亲或双亲之一, 推测亲本与杂种F1之间不同的Pn同叶片中Rubsico活性有关。杂种F1的比较中, 在表观量子效率(j)、羧化效率(CE)、CO2补偿点(G)等方面, 籼粳亚种间杂种F1(绵恢725/Kitaake、蜀恢527/Kitaake、蜀恢881/Kitaake)对2个亚种内杂种F1香大粒/Kitaake(粳爪交)、Lemont/Kitaake(不同生态型的粳粳交, 美国稻属于特殊粳稻)具有明显的优势, 而蜀恢881含有粳型血缘, 蜀恢881/Kitaake也比典型籼粳亚种间杂种F1 绵恢725/Kitaake、蜀恢527/Kitaake优势稍逊一筹。5个杂种F1因为具有不同的遗传差异而表现出不同的光合优势, 在这方面, 典型籼粳亚种间杂交蜀恢527/Kitaake、绵恢725/Kitaake要优于其他杂交种, 说明亲本间遗传差异越大, 其杂种F1的光合优势越强。     

Physiological N response of field-grown maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) with divergent yield potential and grain protein concentration

Fertilizer N availability impacts photosynthesis and crop performance, although cause–effect relationships are not well established, especially for field-grown plants. Our objective was to determine the relationship between N supply and photosynthetic capacity estimated by leaf area index (LAI) and single leaf photosynthesis using genetically diverse field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. We compared a high yield potential commercial hybrid (FR1064 x LH185) and an experimental hybrid (FR1064 x IHP) with low yield potential but exceptionally high grain protein concentration. Plant biomass and physiological traits were measured at tassel emergence (VT) and at the grain milk stage (R3) to assess the effects of N supply on photosynthetic source capacity and N uptake, and grain yield and grain N were measured at maturity. Grain yield of FR1064 x LH185 was much greater than FR1064 x IHP even though plant biomass and LAI were larger for FR1064 x IHP, and single leaf photosynthesis was similar for both hybrids. Although photosynthetic capacity was not related to hybrid differences in productivity, increasing N supply led to proportional increases in grain yield, plant biomass, LAI, photosynthesis, and Rubisco and PEP carboxylase activities for both hybrids. Thus, a positive relationship between photosynthetic capacity and yield was revealed by hybrid response to N supply, and the relationship was similar for hybrids with a marked difference in yield potential. For both hybrids the N response of single leaf CER and initial Rubisco activity was negative when expressed per unit of leaf N. In contrast, PEP carboxylase activity per unit leaf N increased in response to N availability, indicating that PEP carboxylase served as a reservoir for excess N accumulation in field-grown maize leaves. The correlation between CER and initial Rubisco activity was highly significant when expressed on a leaf area or a total leaf basis. The results suggest that regardless of genotypic yield potential, maize CER, and potentially grain yield, could be improved by increasing the partitioning of N into Rubisco.     

大豆杂优豆1号及双亲的光合特性分析

以夏大豆杂交种杂优豆1号及亲本(W931A和WR016)为材料,进行了光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2值、水分利用效率(WUE)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、光合势等光合特性的测定,以探究杂优豆1号光合特性方面的杂种优势规律,为大豆的高光效育种提供理论指导。结果表明:杂优豆1号的净光合速率日变化呈现单峰曲线,在8:00时净光合速率显著高于W931A和WR016;杂优豆1号与亲本相比具有较低的光补偿点和较高的光饱和点,从而说明杂优豆1号较强利用强光和弱光的能力;从群体光合势分析,杂优豆1号的叶面积指数和光合势在盛花期、结荚期、鼓粒期3个不同时期都显著高于W931A和WR016,从盛花期到结荚期、结荚期到鼓粒期叶面积指数和光合势都呈现逐渐上升的趋势。杂优豆1号较强的光利用能力、较高的叶面积指数和光合势有利于产量的提高。     

大豆根瘤的PEP羧化酶活性和体外CO_2的固定

豆科植物根瘤固氮的第一产物是谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺(Kennedy 1966a,1966b),但在大豆茎和根瘤的伤流液中发现根瘤中氮固定的最终产物是天冬酰胺(Streeter 1972,Wong和Evans 1971),并且运至植物的地上部分。而反应中需要的草酰乙酸则来自PEP的羧化作用。     

茄子嫁接苗与自根苗光合特性比较

对茄子嫁接苗与自根苗的光合生理特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,不同时期嫁接苗功能叶片的净光合速率（Pn）均显著高于自根苗;茄子嫁接苗与自根苗功能叶片的Pn日变化均呈“双峰”曲线,但嫁接苗的“午休”程度较自根苗轻;嫁接苗比自根苗有较低的光补偿点（LCP）和CO2补偿点（CCP）,较高的光饱和点（LSP）和CO2饱和点（CSP）;有较低的光合冷限温度和较高的光合热限温度,光合最适温度两者之间没有明显的差别;有较高的光饱和、CO2饱和及最适温度时的Pn;嫁接苗Pn高是因为嫁接苗胞间的光合反应的底物浓度大（Ci高）,表观量子效率（AQY）、羧化效率（CE）和光合能力（A350）高的缘故。     

The temperature acclimation of photosynthetic responses to CO2 in Zea mays and its relationship to the activities of photosynthetic enzymes and the CO2-concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis

Abstract Associations between photosynthetic responses to CO₂ at rate-saturating light and photosynthetic enzyme activities were compared for leaves of maize grown under constant air temperatures of 19, 25 and 31°C. Key photosynthetic enzymes analysed were ribulose bisphosphatc (RuBP) carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase, NADP-malic enzyme and pyruvate, P_i dikinasc. Rates of CO₂-saturated photosynthesis were similar in leaves developed at 19°C and 25°C but were decreased significantly by growth at 31°C. In contrast, carboxylation efficiency differed significantly between all three temperature regimes. Carboxylation efficiency was greatest in leaves developed at 19°C and decreased with increasing temperature during growth. The changes of carboxylation efficiency were highly correlated with changes in the activity of pyruvate, P_i dikinase (r= 0.95), but not with other photosynthetic enzyme activities. The activities of these latter enzymes, including that of RuBP carboxylase, were relatively insensitive to temperature during growth. The sensitivity of quantum yield to O₂ concentration was lower in leaves grown at 19°C than in leaves grown at 31°C. These observations support the novel hypothesis that variation in the capacity for CO₂ delivery to the bundle sheath by the C₄ cycle, relative to the capacity for net assimilation by the C₂ cycle, can be a principal determinant of C₄ photosynthetic responses to CO₂.     

不同基因型辣椒光合及生长特性对弱光的响应

通过遮光使光照强度降低65%～70%,以研究弱光条件对不同基因型辣椒光合特性、同化物分配、产量形成和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明：弱光下辣椒净光合速率（P_n）、暗呼吸速率（R_d）、夜间呼吸速率（R_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、水分利用效率（WUE）、光补偿点（LCP）、CO₂补偿点（CCP）和羧化效率（CE）下降,表观量子效率（AQY）上升.弱光下辣椒成株期光合作用的限制因素是非气孔因素.弱光处理使辣椒幼苗高/粗比和比叶面积增加,根/冠比、全株干样质量及壮苗指数显著下降.弱光显著抑制了辣椒生物产量与经济产量的形成,使植株同化物向茎叶的分配比例增加,向果实的分配比例减少.辣椒（果实味辣）在弱光下具有较低的光补偿点,以及较高的相对壮苗指数、相对单株产量和相对坐果率,耐弱光性普遍强于甜椒（果实味甜）.     

长期施肥对水稻光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

在实施了27年的长期田间定位试验区,研究了长期不同施肥对红壤区水稻光合特性及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在不施肥(CK)、无机肥(N、NP、NPK)、有机肥(猪粪+紫云英绿肥,M)和无机肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理中,长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施提高水稻各生育期剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合作用速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和水稻产量,降低水稻剑叶胞间CO_2浓度;水稻剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合作用速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率随发育阶段演进而减小,孕穗期>齐穗期>乳熟期,而胞间CO_2浓度相反;水分利用效率以齐穗期为最大;水稻发育阶段叶绿素含量、净光合速率和水稻产量之间均呈显著正相关;长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施更有利于红壤区水稻的生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的提高.

Abstract：

A field experiment has being conducted for 27 years in Jinxian County, Institute of Red Soil in Jiangxi Province (116°20'24" E, 28°15'30" N) to study the effects of fertilization on the rice photosynthetic traits and water use efficiency. Four treatments were installed,i. e., no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilization (N, NP, NPK), organic fertilization (M), and chemi-cal and organic fertilization (NPKM). Long-term fertilization, especially treatment NPKM, in- creased the flag leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpi-ration rate, and water use efficiency of rice at its all growth stages and the rice yield, and de-creased the flag leaf intercellular CO_2 concentration. With the growth of rice, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate decreased, but the intercellular CO_2 concentration increased. The water use efficiency was the greatest at full-head-ing stage. There were significant positive correlations between the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate at various growth stages and the rice yield, Long-term fertilization, especially the combined chemical and organic fertilization, was favorable to the rice growth and develop-ment, water use efficiency, and yield production in red soil region.