我国苹果属资源现代分布调查初报

种质资源是农业生物资源的重要组成部分。我国是苹果属植物的起源演化中心之一,加强我国苹果种质资源调查与收集,可以丰富我国苹果资源保存的多样性。国家果树种质苹果圃于2005-2016年开展了我国西北、华北、西南、东北和华东苹果属植物集中分布地区的调查和收集,旨在进一步摸清家底,扩展我国苹果属种质资源的保存类型和数量,为保护利用及科学研究提供基础资料。调查结果表明:我国苹果属种质资源类型多样,分布广泛,新收集资源621份,西北、西南和东北地区的苹果野生种资源丰富,地方品种少量分布;华北地区以地方品种为主,野生种类型较少。目前野生资源集中分布面积逐年减少,由先前的大范围散落分布逐渐转变为小面积集中分布;地方品种面临的问题较多,砍伐频发,流失严重。以连续11年的苹果属种质资源调查为依据,提出苹果资源收集保存面临的问题,并提出建议。     

苹果种质资源火疫病抗性鉴定评价与筛选北大核心CSCD

以488份苹果种质资源为试材,利用嫩叶和嫩枝离体接种方法鉴定评价苹果属栽培品种、野生种和古老栽培品种的火疫病抗性。结果表明,嫩叶和嫩枝接种结果存在较大差异,嫩枝接种的抗性资源明显多于嫩叶接种。不同种、不同来源、不同系谱的苹果资源火疫病抗性均存在较大差异。嫩叶接种显示苹果栽培品种和野生种的抗病资源比例均高于古老栽培品种;旭系和金冠系抗性资源比例较高;不同来源的189份塞威士苹果评价结果显示,高抗资源主要来自乌兹别克斯坦和中国新疆新源。嫩枝接种显示栽培品种的抗性表现与嫩叶接种相似;塞威士苹果则存在差异,来自乌兹别克斯坦和中国新疆巩留的抗性类型比例较高。嫩叶和嫩枝接种结果一致的187份资源分析,发现苹果栽培品种抗性资源比例较高;旭系品种的抗性较强;抗病的塞威士苹果主要来自乌兹别克斯坦和中国新疆新源。筛选高抗资源8份,苹果栽培品种6份和塞威士苹果2份。6份苹果栽培品种可作为鲜食种质创制和品种选育亲本,2份塞威士苹果既可作为鲜食也可用作砧木品种选育的基础材料。     

新疆野苹果作为苹果砧木利用的研究进展

新疆野苹果是我国重要的野生果树资源,在栽培苹果起源研究和砧木利用方面有重要价值。本文在收集整理近年来有关新疆野苹果大量文献的基础上,从苹果砧木利用角度,就新疆野苹果对主要生物逆境、非生物逆境的抗性以及与主栽品种的嫁接亲和性进行了综述,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

苎麻属野生种资源保存与利用

本文报道了苎麻属野生种在我国首次建圃结果。保存国内野生种资源１６个种３个变种８０份材料。对主要生物学特征进行鉴定、生育特性种间关 大,种内来泊不同有一定差异。生物学特性有从在种和散生类种,生长势的强弱与野生种的适应性有关。并对苎麻属野生种的经济性状、抗逆性和无融合生殖特性进行了评价及利用途径的讨论．     

苹果地方品种花粉形态分类及聚类研究

利用扫描电镜观察了苹果属植物25个地方品种、10个野生种类型、3个栽培品种、2个杂交种共40个不同类型的花粉形态特征,根据花粉形状、极轴和赤道轴长度等11个指标,采用类平均法(UPGMA)对欧式距离进行聚类分析。结果发现:所观察花粉类型均为N_3P_4C_5类型,呈两侧对称的长球形或超长球形,花粉表面有条状饰纹和穿孔,各类型间花粉粒大小及外壁纹饰差异明显,地方品种早白海棠外壁饰纹无条纹束,区别于其他资源。聚类分析表明:在遗传距离1.30水平上,40份资源聚为9大类,地方品种与野生资源、栽培品种相互交错,部分地方品种单独聚为一类。地方品种花粉形态多样性极为丰富,除一些特异类型,花粉形态不能单独作为地方品种分类的依据,需结合其他分类方法;部分地方品种起源于新疆野苹果或者新疆野苹果与其他野生资源或者栽培种的自然杂交,部分地方品种经过相互杂交和人工选择形成其类型的多样性,具有重要的科研价值。     

苎麻属野生种的研究与利用

把从我国长江流域及以南14个省(市、自治区)搜集到的苎麻属野生种进行建圃保存,通过对其生长环境条件的控制,观察和研究野生种的植物学特征、主要经济性状、抗逆性、无融合生殖特性等,并对其有效利用进行了进一步的探索。     

革质花盘亚组野生牡丹资源的调查及保护利用建议

革质花盘亚组野生种参与了栽培牡丹的起源,在生物多样性保护和牡丹品种改良中具有重要价值。为了科学合理地保护和开发利用我国特有的野生牡丹资源,本研究通过野外实地调查,结合文献记录,在全国尺度上对革质花盘亚组野生牡丹资源的生物学特性、地理分布特点进行了系统分析。结果表明:革质花盘亚组共有5个野生种和1个杂交种,分布在秦巴山区、陕甘黄土高原和川西北黄土高原地区,其中陕西省野生牡丹资源最为丰富,并在陕西省商南县和旬阳县发现了卵叶牡丹新的原生地分布点;同时对革质花盘亚组的种群特征进行了分析,并针对革质花盘亚组种质资源的药用、观赏和油用潜在利用价值和濒危现状提出了开发利用建议和保护对策。     

甘薯与海滨野牵牛种间杂交亲和性及其杂种形态变异分析

利用种间杂交技术将I pomoea属野生种的 优良种质导人甘薯,是甘薯育种的一条新途径, 打破了甘薯常规育种品种间杂交的局限性。日 本1975年育成具有1/8六倍体野生种1. trifida (6x）血统的抗病、高产新品种“南丰,。江 苏农科院从七十年代开始由国内外引进和征集 I pomoea属野生种,并直接或间接利用六倍体 野生种种质与甘薯栽培种杂交,先后获得403- 109, 404-16等高产、高淀粉、抗病新材料。为 扩大野生种质利用范围,甘薯种间杂交对象已 逐渐扩展到1 pomoea属低倍体野生种。日本 小林正分别做过二倍体玫：,、凡：：、四倍体凡33,% K,与甘薯栽培种的杂交。但国内迄今未见有 关这方面的报道。本文仅就甘薯栽培种与四倍 体近缘野生种海滨野牵牛（littoralis)的种间 杂交亲和性及杂种形态学变异作一初步分     

甘薯近缘野生种的抗病性鉴定与新型种间杂种的获得

为了发掘甘薯近缘种抗茎线虫病、病毒病基因资源,改良栽培种抗性,拓宽甘薯遗传基础,本文利用田间自然病圃对30份甘薯近缘野生种进行抗茎线虫病鉴定,利用硝化纤维素膜-酶联免疫(NCM-ELISA)对20份野生种进行了抗病毒病筛选.以筛选到的抗性材料为父本、栽培种徐薯18为母本,采用生长调节剂处理方法进行种间杂交,结果得到8份高抗、10份抗茎线虫病野生种,5份高抗、8份抗病毒病材料;获得4个新型种间杂种.经过染色体计数和ISSR分子标记鉴定,证实了所得杂种的真实性.表明甘薯近缘野生材料中存在着栽培种所需要的抗性基因,通过有性杂交手段可以获得含野生种染色体组的种间杂种新类型,为渐渗野生抗性基因起到"桥梁"作用.     

菊属11个野生种和12个栽培品种遗传关系的ISSR分析

为进一步明确菊属野生种与栽培品种的遗传关系和多样性,本研究利用ISSR分子标记技术对菊属11个野生种和12个栽培品种之间的遗传关系进行比较分析.从75个ISSR引物中筛选出了14个引物,对供试材料的DNA进行扩增,共获得142条清晰可辨的谱带,多态位点比率为95.1%;菊属野生种的平均有效等位基因数(effective number of alleles,Ne)、平均Nei's基因多样性指数(Nei's gene diversity,H)及Shannon信息指数(shannon's information index,I)均高于栽培菊花,说明各野生种间基因差异比较显著,多态性强于栽培品种.UPGMA聚类结果表明:菊属野生种呈现由低倍向高倍进化的趋势;栽培菊花之间遗传关系复杂,大体可以推断出平瓣是菊花的基本瓣形;菊花脑与栽培菊花亲缘关系最近,小红菊、龙脑菊、若狭滨菊与栽培菊花关系亦较近,神农香菊与其它材料关系最远.本研究的结果表明菊属野生种与栽培品种之间遗传关系比较复杂,而ISSR分子标记技术可以较好地从分子水平上揭示出菊属植物间的遗传关系.     

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Chinese Wild Apple Species Along with Apple Cultivars Using SSR Markers

China, one of the primary centers of genetic diversity for the genus Malus, is very rich in wild apple germplasm. In this study, genetic diversity in 29 Malus accessions, including 12 accessions from 7 Chinese Malus species, 4 Chinese landraces, and 13 introduced apple cultivars, was assessed using a set of 19 single-locus simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers distributed across all 17 linkage groups of the apple genome. The number of alleles detected at each locus ranged from 2 to 11, with an average of 5.3 per SSR marker. In some accessions, 16 unique alleles were identified. Ten out of these 16 unique alleles (62.5%) were detected exclusively in wild species, indicating that these Chinese wild apple species have considerable genetic diversity and can be used in breeding programs to increase the genetic diversity of apple cultivars. Using 19 SSRs, an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average cluster analysis was conducted, and the resulting dendrogram revealed that all cultivars, except for E??peMeBckoe, were clustered together in the same group. The Russian cultivar E??peMeBckoe was closely related to the Chinese crabapple Baihaitang (M. prunifolia), with a high similarity coefficient value of 0.94. Of the two M. sieversii accessions used, one accession showed a close relationship to apple cultivars, while the other accession was closely related to wild apple species, suggesting the presence of a wider genetic diversity in Chinese M. sieversii species. The influence of SSR marker selection on genetic diversity analysis in this Malus collection was also discussed.     

Integration of BpMADS4 on various linkage groups improves the utilization of the rapid cycle breeding system in apple

Rapid cycle breeding in apple is a new approach for the rapid introgression of agronomically relevant traits (e.g. disease resistances) from wild apple species into domestic apple cultivars (Malus × domestica Borkh.). This technique drastically shortens the long‐lasting juvenile phase of apple. The utilization of early‐flowering apple lines overexpressing the BpMADS4 gene of the European silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) in hybridization resulted in one breeding cycle per year. Aiming for the selection of non‐transgenic null segregants at the end of the breeding process, the flower‐inducing transgene and the gene of interest (e.g. resistance gene) that will be introgressed by hybridization need to be located on different chromosomes. To improve the flexibility of the existing approach in apple, this study was focused on the development and characterization of eleven additional BpMADS4 overexpressing lines of four different apple cultivars. In nine lines, the flowering gene was mapped to different linkage groups. The differences in introgressed T‐DNA sequences and plant genome deletions post‐transformation highlighted the unique molecular character of each line. However, transgenic lines demonstrated no significant differences in flower organ development and pollen functionality compared with non‐transgenic plants. Hybridization studies using pollen from the fire blight‐resistant wild species accession Malus fusca MAL0045 and the apple scab‐resistant cultivar ‘Regia’ indicated that BpMADS4 introgression had no significant effect on the breeding value of each transgenic line.     

Comparative analysis of superfamilies of NBS-encoding disease resistance gene analogs in cultivated and wild apple species

Eleven distinct families of resistance gene analogs (RGAs) with the characteristic nucleotide-binding sequence (NBS) were identified in two wild apple species, Malus prunifolia and M. baccata, and two cultivated apple cultivars, M. domestica cv. Fuji and M. domestica cv. Hong-ok, using PCR approaches with degenerate primers based on two conserved motifs of known NBS-LRR resistance genes. These RGA families were found to be represented in all the apple species tested, including wild and cultivated species. However, their sequences are very divergent from each other. Furthermore, the low level of recombination detected within their RGA families supports the idea that the evolution of NBS-encoding sequences in apple species involves the gradual accumulation of mutations. Despite the high diversity of the RGA families found in all apple species, the apparent lack of differentiation between wild and cultivated forms suggests that other factors, such as the capacity to tolerate pathogens, might play an important role in the survival of wild-type species.     

Forested landscapes promote richness and abundance of native bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in Wisconsin apple orchards

Wild bees provide vital pollination services for many native and agricultural plant species, yet the landscape conditions needed to support wild bee populations are not well understood or appreciated. We assessed the influence of landscape composition on bee abundance and species richness in apple (Malus spp.) orchards of northeastern Wisconsin during the spring flowering period. A diverse community of bee species occurs in these apple orchards, dominated by wild bees in the families Andrenidae and Halictidae and the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Proportion of forest area in the surrounding landscape was a significant positive predictor of wild bee abundance in orchards, with strongest effects at a GIS (Geographic Information Systems) buffer distance of 1,000 m or greater. Forest area also was positively associated with species richness, showing strongest effects at a buffer distance of 2,000 m. Nonagricultural developed land (homes, lawns, etcetera) was significantly negatively associated with species richness at buffer distances >750 m and wild bee abundance in bowl traps at all distances. Other landscape variables statistically associated with species richness or abundance of wild bees included proportion area of pasture (positive) and proportion area of roads (negative). Forest area was not associated with honey bee abundance at any buffer distance. These results provide clear evidence that the landscape surrounding apple orchards, especially the proportion of forest area, affects richness and abundance of wild bees during the spring flowering period and should be a part of sustainable land management strategies in agro-ecosystems of northeastern Wisconsin and other apple growing regions.     

福建崇武沿海野生经济底栖海藻资源

福建崇武沿海有底栖海藻46种。其中野生经济底栖海藻34种(蓝藻门1种,绿藻门8种,红藻门17种,褐藻门8种)。文中对这些海藻的经济价值及资源开发利用进行阐述。     

Differential susceptibility and suitability of domestic and wild apple species for a florivorous weevil and its parasitoids

Crop plant domestication can change plant resistance to herbivores leading to differences in pest pressure experienced by crop plants and their wild relatives. To compare resistance to herbivores between domesticated and wild fruit trees, we quantified direct resistance and indirect resistance to a pest insect, the florivorous apple blossom weevil Anthonomus pomorum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), for the cultivated apple Malus domestica and two wild apple species, the European crab apple M. sylvestris and the exotic M. kirghisorum. We measured weevil infestation and performance (weight, sex ratio), and weevil parasitism by parasitoid wasps for different cultivars of M. domestica and for the two wild apple species. To explain weevil and parasitoid responses to different apple species, we quantified tree characteristics including nitrogen content, size of flower buds, bark roughness, tree size, tree phenology and tree position. We found significant differences in susceptibility to weevil infestation between apple species, with lowest infestation (highest apple resistance) in M. domestica and highest infestation in M. kirghisorum. The suitability of apple species also varied significantly: weevils emerging from M. sylvestris were significantly lighter than those from M. kirghisorum. Parasitism of A. pomorum by different parasitoid species was significantly higher in M. sylvestris than in M. domestica. Infestation, weevil weight and parasitism were positively related to tree characteristics: infestation to bud nitrogen content and bark roughness, weevil size to nitrogen content and bud size, and parasitism to tree height and bud density. Our study revealed marked differences between apple species in susceptibility and suitability for the pest herbivore, but also for antagonistic parasitoids. Whereas direct resistance appeared to be higher in cultivated apple, indirect resistance via parasitoids was apparently higher in wild apple trees. Our findings suggest that wild and cultivated apple trees possess different resistance traits that may be combined to optimize resistance in commercial apple cultivars.     

Relationships between wild bees,hoverflies and pollination success in apple orchards with different landscape contexts

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广西紫金牛属野生观赏植物的综合评价

利用层次分析法,综合观赏价值、资源开发潜力、生物学特性三大约束因素共14个指标,对分布于广西的29种紫金牛属野生观赏植物进行综合评价。结果表明:按照开发利用价值的高低,可将29个种(变种)根据轻重缓急划分为4个等级,其中:Ⅰ级:开发利用价值高的种类,5个;Ⅱ级:开发利用价值较高的种类,9个;Ⅲ级:开发利用价值一般的种类,9个;Ⅳ级:开发利用价值较低的种类,6个。研究结果将为科学、合理地开发利用广西紫金牛属野生观赏植物资源提供决策依据。