吉林省中西部平原区大型土壤动物群落组成与生态分布

对吉林省中西部平原区天然次生林、农田、居民点园地、“三北”防护林和天然割草场等典型土地利用生境进行大型土壤动物调查,野外手拣法采集大型土壤动物,研究大型土壤动物的群落组成与生态分布,了解土地利用差异对大型土壤动物群落特征的影响。共捕获大型土壤动物3门7纲16目101科5842只,优势类群为草蚁属、路舍蚁属和裸线蚓属,占全部总捕获个体数的49．20％。分析结果表明：大型土壤动物类群空间分布的广狭与个体数量的多寡在吉林省中西部平原区呈现出明显的一致性;中部平原区与西部平原区大型土壤动物群落组成存在显著差异;中西部大型土壤动物个体数量差异主要体现在优势类群方面,类群数量差异主要体现在稀有类群方面;土地利用差异明显影响大型土壤动物个体密度和类群数分布,其中农田和居民点园地土壤动物个体密度和类群数明显减少,但对土壤动物的垂直分布没有影响。     

吉林省中西部平原区土壤螨类群落结构特征

对吉林省中西部平原区进行土壤螨类群落调查,了解该区土壤螨类群落组成、分布及土地利用差异对土壤螨类群落结构的影响。共捕获土壤螨类96属16443只。研究结果显示:土壤螨类群落组成各类群空间分布的广狭与个体数量的多寡在吉林省中西部平原区未呈现出明显的一致性;中部平原区与西部平原区土壤螨类群落组成存在明显差异,气候和土壤差异是主导因素;不同土地利用类型生境螨类群落特征存在一定的差异,农业生产活动减少了土壤螨类类群数和个体密度,使螨类在土壤剖面不同土层间分布更加均匀;同时农业活动也减少了螨类的群落多样性。MGP分析能够反映人类干扰对甲螨群落结构的影响,其中MGPⅠ分析对不同土地利用条件下甲螨群落结构的季节变动更敏感。MI指数显示,农田和居民点的农业生产活动增加了中气门螨类r-选择类群的数量[动物学报51(3):401-412,2005]。     

吉林中、西部平原区土壤弹尾虫群落结构的比较

2003年7月和9月对吉林省中、西部平原区天然次生林、农田、居民点园地、防护林和天然割草场等典型生境进行了土壤弹尾虫的调查,用Tullgren法提取弹尾虫,应用个体密度、类群数量、群落多样性、丰富度和均匀度等指数,研究土壤弹尾虫群落结构特征,了解土地利用差异对土壤弹尾虫群落结构的影响。共捕获土壤弹尾虫2亚目8科12属5 531头,优势类群为Onychiurus、Folsomia、Acanthocyrtus、Xenylla和Coloburella属, 占总捕获个体数的90.3%。弹尾虫类群空间分布的广狭与个体数量的多寡在吉林省中、西部平原区呈现出明显的一致性;中部平原区与西部平原区土壤弹尾虫群落组成差异主要体现在优势类群个体密度方面;生境类型明显影响弹尾虫个体密度分布,其中农田、居民点园地和防护林土壤弹尾虫个体密度较低,在不同土层间分布比较均匀,但生境差异对弹尾虫类群数的影响不明显;同时农业生产活动也降低了弹尾虫群落多样性。     

长春市不同土地利用生境的土壤线虫群落结构特征

2003年7和9月对长春市郊区天然次生林、农田、防护林和市区公园绿地等典型土地利用生境进行了土壤线虫调查,共捕获土壤线虫2纲7目20科27属7 273只,优势属为Aphelenchus、Tylenchus和Pratylenchus,占总捕获个体数量的61.58%.用Baermann法提取土壤线虫个体,应用个体密度、属数量、群落多样性、丰富度、均匀度和功能类群结构等指数,研究了土壤线虫的群落结构特征及人类活动对土壤线虫群落结构的影响.结果表明,长春市土地利用差异对线虫群落结构特征影响明显,地表凋落物的移除和耕作活动是影响线虫群落结构特征的主要因素.地表凋落物的移除将显著减少线虫群落的个体密度和群落多样性;耕作活动影响线虫个体密度在土壤剖面的垂直分布特征.生境间地表植物群落类型对土壤线虫群落生态结构特征的影响差异不显著.     

刈割活动对松嫩草原碱化羊草草地土壤线虫群落的影响

应用类群数、个体密度、多样性指数和功能类群指数等多个群落参数, 研究刈割活动对松嫩草原碱化羊草草地土壤线虫群落特征的影响。本研究共捕获土壤线虫8,335条, 分别隶属于线虫动物门2纲7目23科40属。结果表明, 与围栏封育样地相比, 刈割活动样地中线虫个体密度和类群数显著减少, 群落多样性指数(H′)、均匀度指数(J)和丰富度指数(SR)虽低于围栏封育样地, 但两类处理间差异不显著, 表明刈割活动尽管明显降低土壤线虫群落个体密度和类群数, 但对土壤线虫群落多样性的影响有限; 样地间PPI／MI值差异明显, 表明刈割活动在一定程度上确实改变了土壤线虫功能类群组成, 其中受影响的主要是非植物寄生线虫。     

藏东南急尖长苞冷杉林林隙土壤线虫群落特征

为了解西藏东南部急尖长苞冷杉林林隙土壤线虫群落特征,对林隙、非林隙土壤0~30 cm范围内不同深度土层的线虫群落进行调查,并用线虫个体密度、生物多样性指数和营养类群指数等特征值分析了土壤线虫群落的结构及多样性特点.结果表明： 采用浅盘法分离得到土壤线虫26801 条,隶属于2纲5目40科64属;线虫个体密度平均为3552 条·100 g-1干土,表聚性极强.垫咽属、丝垫刃属为林隙土壤线虫优势属;食细菌性线虫为主要营养类群.土壤有机质的分解兼有真菌分解和细菌分解两种途径.线虫的生物多样性及丰富度与林隙面积有关.土壤线虫群落特征表明,林隙具有异于郁闭林分和林间空地的特性,在环境指示方面具有应用潜力.     

植被恢复方式对松嫩草原重度退化草地土壤线虫群落特征的影响

应用类群属数、个体密度、多样性指数和功能类群指数等群落参数,研究植被恢复方式对松嫩草原重度退化草地土壤线虫群落特征的影响．结果表明：围栏封育和种植碱茅均能明显改善重度退化草地土壤线虫群落环境,但种植碱茅较围栏封育更能显著提高土壤线虫的个体密度和群落多样性．各处理样地线虫个体密度和类群属数表聚性明显,其中碱茅样地个体密度表聚性更强．对功能类群指数的统计表明,种植碱茅和围栏封育均显著改变了土壤线虫群落中r-选择和k-选择植物寄生线虫的比例．与自由生活线虫相比,植物寄生线虫对重度退化草地植被恢复更敏感．种植碱茅更利于松嫩草原重度退化草地土壤线虫群落的恢复与重建．     

土壤线虫群落对大连石门山森林植被恢复的响应

2007年9月至2008年8月对大连石门山不同植被恢复方式的样地进行土壤线虫调查,淘洗-过筛-浅盘法提取土壤线虫,应用类群属数、个体密度、多样性指数和功能类群指数等多个群落参数,研究不同植被恢复方式间土壤线虫群落特征的差异。共捕获线虫8577条,分别隶属于线虫动物门2纲7目26科43属,个体密度平均4.77条/g干土。研究结果表明,土壤线虫数量存在明显的季节波动,秋季明显高于夏季和春季;土壤线虫群落多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数和营养类群指数大小依次为阔叶林、针叶林和混交林,而优势度指数却表现为:针叶林混交林阔叶林;土壤线虫群落营养类群f/b值、MI指数、PPI指数、MMI指数、MI2-5指数、SI指数和EI指数均表现为:阔叶林针叶林混交林,而PPI/MI指数则表现为:混交林针叶林阔叶林,表明混交林受干扰明显;土壤理化特征与线虫数量、属数、生态指数间也存在明显相关关系。因此,植被恢复过程中土壤线虫群落结构分异及动态是一个重要的生态响应过程,能为进一步研究土壤生物在植被演替中的地位和作用以及土壤生物多样性保护提供基础数据。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域土壤螨类群落多样性

为探究玛纳斯河流域不同生境土壤螨类群落多样性及其时空特征,采用野外采样和改进的Tullgren法采集土壤螨类进行分类鉴定及比较分析。结果,共采集土壤螨类33208只,隶属4亚目86科140属。其中Ceratozetes和Oribatula为优势类群。不同垂直带生境土壤螨类个体数量和类群数量之间差异显著(P0.05),个体数依次为ⅥⅪⅧⅨⅠⅩⅦⅣⅤⅡⅢⅫ。垂直分布表明不同土层间的个体数差异极显著(P0.01),土壤螨类主要集中分布于表层土壤。不同生境土壤螨类在不同季节均有显著差异(P0.05),个体数依次为9月4月7月11月。在12种不同生境之间土壤螨类群落多样性指标均有显著差异(P0.05),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)依次为ⅠⅤⅣⅥⅢⅩⅡⅨⅧⅦⅪⅫ,而Margalef(M)丰富度指数依次为ⅠⅥⅢⅩⅪⅧⅤⅣⅦⅡⅨⅫ。不同生境土壤螨类群落间的相似性处于中等不相似。结果表明研究流域不同垂直带生境土壤螨类群落多样性具有明显的生境和季节变化特征。     

松嫩草原中度退化草地不同植被恢复方式下土壤线虫的群落特征

2005年5月～10月对松嫩草原中度退化草地不同植被恢复方式样地进行土壤线虫调查,淘洗-过筛-蔗糖离心法提取土壤线虫,应用类群属数、个体密度、多样性指数和功能类群指数等多个群落参数,研究中度退化草地不同植被恢复方式间土壤线虫群落特征的差异.研究共捕获线虫13 713条,分别隶属于线虫动物门2纲7目24科40属,个体密度平均113条/100g干土.研究结果表明,不同植被恢复方式间土壤线虫群落特征存在一定差异,围栏封育和种植苜蓿均能明显改善中度退化草地土壤线虫群落环境,但围栏封育较种植苜蓿更能显著提高土壤线虫的个体密度和群落多样性.土壤线虫个体密度垂直分布,围栏封育样地线虫表聚性最明显,种植苜蓿样地表聚性次之,过度放牧样地表聚性最差,其夏季和秋季土壤线虫向土壤下层移动明显.此外,研究结果还表明,功能类群指数能够指示中度退化草地植被恢复方式间的差异,其中∑MI指数和PPI指数对于不同植被恢复方式下土壤线虫群落变化反映最敏感,根据功能类群指数统计,与围栏封育相比,种植苜蓿和过度放牧显著改变了土壤线虫群落中r-和k-选择植物寄生线虫的比例.对于松嫩草原中度退化草地,选择围栏封育方式可能更利于草地土壤线虫群落的恢复与重建.     

Soil nematodes and desiccation survival in the extreme arid environment of the antarctic dry valleys

Soil nematodes are capable of employing an anhydrobiotic survivalstrategy in response to adverse environmental conditions. TheMcMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica represent a unique environmentfor the study of anhydrobiosis because extremes of cold, salinity,and aridity combine to limit biological water availability.We studied nematode anhydrobiosis in Taylor Valley, Antarctica,using natural variation in soil properties. The coiled morphologyof nematodes extracted from dry valley soils suggests that theyemploy anhydrobiosis, and these coiled nematodes showed enhancedrevival when re-hydrated in water as compared to vermiform nematodes.Nematode coiling was correlated with soil moisture content,salinity, and water potential. In the driest soils studied (gravimetricwater content <2%), 20–80% of nematodes were coiled.Soil water potential measurements also showed a high degreeof variability. These measurements reflect microsite variationin soil properties that occurs at the scale of the nematode.We studied nematode anhydrobiosis during the austral summer,and found that the proportion of nematodes coiled can vary diurnally,with more nematodes vermiform and presumably active at the warmesttime of day. However, dry valley nematodes uncoiled rapidlyin response to soil wetting from snowmelt, and most nematodeactivity in the Dry Valleys may be confined to periods followingrare snowfall and melting events. Anhydrobiosis represents animportant temporal component of a dry valley nematode's lifespan. The ability to utilize anhydrobiosis plays a significantrole in the widespread distribution and success of these organismsin the Antarctic Dry Valleys and beyond.     

CARD-FISH研究食细菌线虫对氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量的影响

土壤动物与微生物的取食与反馈之间的关系是土壤生态学研究的核心内容之一。通过接种原位的食细菌线虫和微生物群落模拟土壤真实环境,采用CARD-FISH方法来观察食细菌线虫的不同取食密度下,氨氧化细菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria)数量的动态变化,以揭示土壤食细菌线虫对AOB数量的影响及AOB的反馈强度。结果表明:与单独接种细菌的处理(SB)相比,接种食细菌线虫显著地增加了土壤中AOB的数量,3个不同线虫接种密度处理中AOB数量表现为接种20条g-1干土的处理(SBN20)接种10条g-1干土的处理(SBN10)接种40条g-1干土的处理(SBN40)。由于过度取食,SBN40处理中AOB的数量在培养了14d后低于SB处理,且在第28天时显著低于SB处理。接种食细菌线虫显著增加了土壤中NH4+-N和NO3-N的含量,表明食细菌线虫促进了N的矿化和硝化作用。矿化作用增强使得硝化作用的底物NH4+-N显著增加可能是AOB数量显著增多的重要原因之一。     

氮磷输入对过度放牧退化草原土壤线虫群落的影响

线虫是陆地生态系统中数量最多的一类无脊椎后生动物,在土壤碎屑食物网中占据多个营养级,并在能量流动和养分循环中发挥重要的生态功能.土壤线虫的群落结构和多样性水平可以反映生态系统功能的变化.多年来,过度放牧等不合理的开发利用导致我国大面积的草原处在不同程度的退化之中,外源性养分输入是维持其养分平衡进而恢复其生态和生产功能的重要措施.本研究以内蒙古锡林郭勒退化草原为对象,就氮磷输入对土壤线虫丰度和群落结构的单独效应和交互效应进行了研究.本研究获得线虫38属,其中垫咽属、滑刃属、索努斯属和盾垫属是该退化草原线虫群落优势属.氮输入降低了土壤线虫总丰度、捕食杂食线虫丰度以及植物寄生线虫丰度,而磷输入提高了土壤线虫总丰度、食真菌线虫丰度、捕食杂食类线虫丰度以及植物寄生线虫丰度,氮输入抑制了磷输入对线虫总丰度、捕食杂食线虫和植物寄生线虫丰度的促进作用.氮磷输入对线虫多样性无影响,可能与不同养分输入下稳定的植物群落多样性有关.氮输入显著提升了退化草原线虫成熟度指数,降低了植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI),并且能缓解磷输入对PPI和瓦斯乐斯卡指数的负面作用,表明氮输入提高退化草地土壤健康程度,促进线虫群落和食物网的稳定性.上述研究结果有助于从土壤生物学角度理解氮磷输入对退化草地恢复的影响机理.     

Evaluation of an Antibiotic-Producing Strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

The antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), produced by some strains of Pseudomonas spp., is involved in suppression of several fungal root pathogens as well as plant-parasitic nematodes. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether Wood1R, a D-genotype strain of DAPG-producing P. fluorescens, suppresses numbers of both sedentary and migratory plant-parasitic nematodes. An experiment was conducted in steam-heated soil and included two seed treatments (with Wood1R and a control without the bacterium) and six plant-nematode combinations which were Meloidogyne incognita on cotton, corn, and soybean; M. arenaria on peanut; Heterodera glycines on soybean; and Paratrichodorus minor on corn. Wood 1R had no effect on final numbers of M. arenaria, P. minor, or H. glycines; however, final numbers of M. incognita were lower when seeds were treated with Wood1R than left untreated, and this reduction was consistent among host plants. Population densities of Wood1R were greater on the roots of corn than on the other crops, and the bacterium was most effective in suppressing M. incognita on corn, with an average reduction of 41%. Despite high population densities of Wood1R on corn, the bacterium was not able to suppress numbers of P. minor. When comparing the suppression of M. incognita on corn in natural and steam-heated soil, egg production by the nematode was suppressed in natural compared to steamed soil, but the presence of Wood1R did not result in additional suppression of the nematodes in the natural soil. These data indicate that P. fluorescens strain Wood1R has the capacity to inhibit some populations of plant-parasitic nematodes. However, consistent suppression of nematodes in natural soils seems unlikely.     

Effects of Interactions of Auxin-Producing Bacteria and Bacterial-Feeding Nematodes on Regulation of Peanut Growths

The influences of an IAA (indole-3-acetic acid)-producing bacterium (Bacillus megaterium) and two bacterial-feeding nematodes (Cephalobus sp. or Mesorhabditis sp.) on the growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Haihua 1) after various durations of time were investigated in natural soils. The addition of bacteria and nematodes and incubation time all significantly affected plant growth, plant root growth, plant nutrient concentrations, soil nutrient concentrations, soil microorganisms and soil auxin concentration. The addition of nematodes caused greater increases in these indices than those of bacteria, while the addition of the combination of bacteria and nematodes caused further increases. After 42-day growth, the increases in soil respiration differed between the additions of two kinds of nematodes because of differences in their life strategies. The effects of the bacteria and nematodes on the nutrient and hormone concentrations were responsible for the increases in plant growth. These results indicate the potential for promoting plant growth via the addition of nematodes and bacteria to soil.     

青藏高原不同牧草人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响

为缓解草蓄矛盾,青藏高原人工草地得到快速发展。土壤线虫对环境变化敏感,是草地生态系统的重要组成部分。然而,不同牧草人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响尚不明确。2016年7月,对多年生禾本科(垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans Griseb.、老芒麦Elymus sibiricus L.、早熟禾Poa annua L.和羊茅Festuca ovina L.)、一年生禾本科燕麦Avena sativa L.和多年生豆科紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa L.等6种单播牧草人工草地(建植期4年)和天然草地(对照)的土壤线虫群落进行了调查。结果表明：(1)土壤线虫隶属于2纲8目32科58属,平均密度为1754个/100 g干土;紫花苜蓿样地的线虫密度最低,为949个/100 g干土;燕麦样地最高,为3267个/100 g干土;(2)与天然草地相比,燕麦样地的线虫群落总密度、多样性以及植食性和杂食-捕食性线虫密度显著增加,而其他人工草地的线虫群落密度、多样性以及植食性、食真菌和食细菌线虫密度均无显著变化;(3)土壤线虫总密度以及各营养类群密度在不同人工草地间差异显著,且均在燕麦样地最高;(4)建...     

Soil microorganisms control plant ectoparasitic nematodes in natural coastal foredunes

Belowground herbivores can exert important controls on the composition of natural plant communities. Until now, relatively few studies have investigated which factors may control the abundance of belowground herbivores. In Dutch coastal foredunes, the root-feeding nematode Tylenchorhynchus ventralis is capable of reducing the performance of the dominant grass Ammophila arenaria (Marram grass). However, field surveys show that populations of this nematode usually are controlled to nondamaging densities, but the control mechanism is unknown. In the present study, we first established that T. ventralis populations are top-down controlled by soil biota. Then, selective removal of soil fauna suggested that soil microorganisms play an important role in controlling T. ventralis. This result was confirmed by an experiment where selective inoculation of microarthropods, nematodes and microbes together with T. ventralis into sterilized dune soil resulted in nematode control when microbes were present. Adding nematodes had some effect, whereas microarthropods did not have a significant effect on T. ventralis. Our results have important implications for the appreciation of herbivore controls in natural soils. Soil food web models assume that herbivorous nematodes are controlled by predaceous invertebrates, whereas many biological control studies focus on managing nematode abundance by soil microorganisms. We propose that soil microorganisms play a more important role than do carnivorous soil invertebrates in the top-down control of herbivorous ectoparasitic nematodes in natural ecosystems. This is opposite to many studies on factors controlling root-feeding insects, which are supposed to be controlled by carnivorous invertebrates, parasitoids, or entomopathogenic nematodes. Our conclusion is that the ectoparasitic nematode T. ventralis is potentially able to limit productivity of the dune grass A. arenaria but that soil organisms, mostly microorganisms, usually prevent the development of growth-reducing population densities.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of endemic entomopathogenic nematodes in a heterogeneous vegetable production landscape

Entomopathogenic nematodes within the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Order: Rhabditida) are potential biological control agents for many soil-dwelling vegetable pests. However, their low persistence and efficacy after field releases have resulted in limited use in pest management programs. Understanding the factors regulating natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes may provide insight into practices to conserve populations within production systems. A series of investigations were conducted within a vegetable production area in Willard, Ohio during 2000–2003 to gain insight into the population ecology of endemic populations of entomopathogenic nematodes. A total of 440 sites across four habitats associated with the production landscape were sampled to ascertain the natural occurrence of these beneficial nematodes. Habitats included cultivated areas, grassy banks adjacent to cultivated areas, undisturbed shrub lands and forests. Twelve sites along grassy banks were monitored over a growing season to estimate associations between abiotic and biotic factors and endemic populations. Entomopathogenic nematodes were only detected along grassy banks adjacent to the cultivated areas; nematodes were recovered from 15 to 30% of sites sampled in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Two species of nematodes were isolated, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev. H. bacteriophora was the most prevalent nematode species and was recovered from 60% of positive samples. Nematode populations varied temporally and spatially along grassy banks; mean population density over the growing period was 1313 infective juveniles/m². Neither macro- nor microarthropod communities nor soil temperature differed between sites at which nematodes were detected and those at which nematodes were not detected. Soil moisture, however, was associated with the occurrence and persistence of nematodes along grassy banks; mean soil moisture at sites at which nematodes were detected and those sites at which nematodes were not detected was 37.3 and 26.8%, respectively. Water management is an important component of vegetable production and our results suggest that soil moisture manipulation would be important in the establishment and sustained presence of entomopathogenic nematode populations within cultivated areas over the growing season.     

环渤海湾苹果产区老果园与连作果园土壤线虫群落特征

应用类群多样性、类群丰富度、个体密度和功能类群指数等群落参数,于2009年5-10月分3次对环渤海湾苹果栽植区老果园不同位置和连作果园取样研究了土壤线虫群落特征。结果表明:苹果连作对果园土壤生物环境具有明显的恶化作用,连作果园土壤环境条件恶劣;对功能类群指数的统计表明,苹果连作明显改变了果园土壤中植物寄生性线虫r-选择和k-选择的比例,与自由生活线虫比较,连作对植物寄生线虫影响更明显;连作提高了果园的土壤线虫PPI/MI,说明连作对果园土壤健康的扰动最大;土壤不同食性线虫数量统计结果显示,环渤海湾苹果栽植区植食性线虫数量未达线虫伤害阈值,线虫不是引起环渤海湾地区苹果连作障碍的主要原因。