不同食细菌线虫取食密度下线虫对细菌数量、活性及土壤氮素矿化的影响

采用悉生培养微缩体系,探讨了不同食细菌线虫取食密度下线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans) 对细菌(Bacillus subtilis)数量和活性及土壤氮素矿化的影响.结果表明,线虫对细菌的取食,促进了细菌的增殖,并在不同线虫取食密度下对细菌的增殖促进作用总体表现为:接种20条·g^-1＞10条·g^-1＞40条线虫·g^-1处理.线虫在促进细菌增殖的同时,明显提高了土壤呼吸强度和土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性,但不同取食密度处理间差异不明显.线虫与细菌之间的相互作用显著提高了土壤铵态氮和矿质态氮含量,促进了土壤氮的矿化.不同取食密度处理间,线虫对土壤氮素矿化的促进作用与对细菌的增殖促进作用趋势一致.     

食细菌线虫对热或铜胁迫下土壤功能稳定性的影响

在室内模拟重金属铜的持续胁迫或者短期加热(18 h,40℃)的瞬时胁迫条件下,以大麦叶粉短期分解过程代表土壤功能,研究了土壤食细菌线虫对土壤生态功能稳定性(抗性和恢复力)的影响.结果表明,在未施加任何胁迫对照处理中和铜胁迫条件下,食细菌线虫在一定程度上有促进土壤微生物活性的趋势.在施加铜胁迫后第15天,接种食细菌线虫导致土壤基础呼吸显著增加,并且接种食细菌线虫处理的土壤功能抗性显著高于未接种线虫处理.而在热胁迫条件下,接种食细菌线虫对土壤基础呼吸和土壤微生物活性没有显著影响,且接种食细菌线虫处理的土壤功能抗性低于未接种线虫处理.在两种胁迫条件下,接种食细菌线虫反而降低了土壤功能的恢复力.     

悉生培养微缩体系食细菌线虫提高土壤激素含量的机制

研究土壤食细菌线虫与细菌的相互作用及其生态功能是土壤生态学的核心内容之一。食细菌线虫取食细菌可以促进土壤中氮素的矿化,提高氮素养分的供给,改善土壤的营养条件,从而促进植物的生长发育。土壤食细菌线虫促进植物根系生长的"养分作用机制"已得到确认,而"激素作用机制"还存在争议。从供试土壤中筛选获得一株高效产IAA细菌和两种不同cp值的食细菌线虫,通过设置简化的悉生培养系统,对这两种土著食细菌线虫与土著产IAA细菌之间的相互作用,及其对土壤中IAA含量变化的影响进行研究。结果表明:两种食细菌线虫的取食均能促进细菌数量和活性的增强,食细菌线虫与产IAA细菌相互作用也能显著增加土壤中IAA的含量;这些促进作用受到接种食细菌线虫的种类以及培养时间的影响:在培养第10天和第20天时,接种cp值为1的中杆属食细菌线虫显著增加了产IAA细菌的数量;在培养第10天和第30天时,相比较接种cp值为2的头叶属食细菌线虫,接种中杆属食细菌线虫显著提高了土壤中IAA的含量。     

土壤食细菌线虫对拟南芥根系生长的影响及机理

通过设置两种孔径(1 mm和5μm)的网袋(25cm×25 cm),采用于土样中添加猪粪的处理,获得有大量食细菌线虫富集(SM1)的,和有少量食细菌线虫富集(SM5)的供试土壤(两者养分状况相近),以研究食细菌线虫对拟南芥根系生长的影响.结果表明,在种植拟南芥15d后,与有少量线虫富集的PSM5处理相比,有大量线虫富集的PSM1处理拟南芥根系显著增长,根的表面积显著增大,根尖数显著增多.PSM1处理在显著增加土壤中NH4+-N的同时,还使土壤中植物激素(GA3和IAA)的含量显著增高.此外,土壤微生物群落对单一碳源的利用能力(Biolog)的差异,表明存在大量食细菌线虫的土壤,微生物群落结构组成发生了变化.此结果说明,土壤食细菌线虫对根系生长影响的效应,除了养分效应外,还存在激素效应,与食细菌原生动物和植物根系生长之间的相互作用的机制相似.     

食细菌线虫对土壤微生物量和微生物群落结构的影响

线虫与微生物的相互作用研究往往是在悉生培养体系 (gnotobiotic microcosm)中进行 ,为了研究在自然或开放土壤条件下土壤线虫与微生物的相互作用 ,作者在开放盆栽体系中接种土壤食细菌线虫 (原小杆线虫 ,Protorhabditis sp) ,研究在小麦不同生育期、在有和无根系作用下食细菌线虫对土壤微生物量和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明 :接种线虫分别使 SMBC、SMBN、SMBP提高了 2 6 .4 %、32 .9%、2 1.8% ,这种促进作用除个别无根系土和非根际土处理外 ,均达到显著性差异。根际土中的 SMBC、SMBN、SMBP>非根际土 >无根系土。从方差解释比例 v来看 ,SMBN受线虫的影响最大 (v=2 4 % )、其次是 SMBC(v=16 % )、然后是 SMBP(v=12 % ) ,线虫对 SMBC的促进作用在根际土中最突出。接种线虫对土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量有明显的影响。在苗期的无根系土和根际土中 ,接种线虫显著降低了细菌的数量、特别在根际土中尤为突出 ,但在其它处理中却增加了细菌的数量。接种线虫对真菌和放线菌数量的促进作用比对细菌更为明显 ,接种线虫后真菌和放线菌数量的总平均值分别比未接种提高了 4 8.5 %和 6 8.2 % ,而细菌数量的总平均值没有变化。细菌数量与微生物量 C相关散点图表明二者相关性在根际土、非根际土和无根系土中均未     

土壤食细菌线虫与细菌的相互作用及其对N、P矿化生物固定的影响及机理

采用悉生微缩体系,研究了４０ｄ 培养期内不添加外源基质条件下食细菌线虫（Ｐｒｏｔｏｒｈａｂｄｔｉｓ ｓｐ．）和细菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍ ｏｎａｓｓｐ．）的相互作用及其对Ｎ、Ｐ转化的影响。在种植及不种植小麦的土壤中,发现接种线虫后细菌数量显著增加,非根标土壤细菌的增加量又比根际土明显。在种植小麦体系中,根际与非根际土壤线虫均比不种作物体系有增加趋势,其中根际土壤线虫种群的提高尤为显著。只加细菌处理中土壤Ｎ、Ｐ均无净矿化,相反培养前期出现轻微的生物固定。线虫的引入显著提高了土壤矿质Ｎ、微生物量Ｎ 和微生物量Ｐ的含量,但对土壤有效Ｐ影响很小。这表明线虫活动主要是促进了Ｎ的矿化,而Ｐ表现出较强的生物固定。文中还分析了线虫捕食对细菌的增殖作用以及线虫——细菌相互作用在Ｎ、Ｐ矿化和生物固定中的机理。     

长期施加氮肥及氧化钙调节对酸性土壤硝化作用及氨氧化微生物的影响

以长期施加氮肥及添加氧化钙调节的酸性土壤为研究对象,运用定量PCR和DGGE技术,探讨了土壤氨氧化微生物及硝化作用对不同施肥处理及氧化钙调节的响应。长期施化学氮肥导致酸性土壤p H(KCl)值(3.35—3.47)和硝化潜势(0.02—0.14μg NO-2-N g-1土壤h-1)进一步降低,而添加Ca O后土壤酸化得以缓解(p H值4.10—4.46),土壤硝化潜势(0.22—0.34μg NO-2-N g-1土h-1)显著增加。同时,添加Ca O处理对氨氧化古菌(AOA)的群落结构无明显影响,但明显提高了各施肥处理土壤中氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落多样性,加Ca O处理的土壤中,AOA的数量降低而AOB的数量增加。这些结果表明虽然酸性土壤中AOA在数量和活性上占主导优势,AOB在功能上冗余,但当添加Ca O后,AOA和AOB对环境变化迅速作出响应,并根据其不同的生态位需求重新分配优势地位,二者交替作用共同驱动酸性土壤硝化作用。     

不同水分管理方式对稻田土壤生物学特性的影响

在下辽河平原单季稻地区研究了常规浅湿干灌溉 (CK)、浅湿干灌溉薄膜阻渗 (IC)、湿润灌溉薄膜阻渗 (MC)、淹水灌溉薄膜阻渗 (FC) 4种不同水分管理方式下土壤线虫及土壤微生物量的动态变化。结果表明 ,耙耕前 ,CK、FC处理食细菌线虫数量显著高于MC、IC处理 ;薄膜阻渗在黄熟期显著降低了土壤食细菌线虫的数量 ,在耙耕前显著降低了食真菌线虫数量。潮棕壤稻田食真菌线虫与食细菌线虫相比数量较低。在耙耕前不同水分管理方式下土壤微生物量C显著低于对照。不同水分管理方式在水稻分蘖期、抽穗期对食细菌线虫数量、食真菌线虫数量、微生物量C和微生物量N没有影响。土壤食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫数量与土壤微生物量C、N没有达到显著相关。     

不同氮效率水稻生育后期根表和根际土壤硝化特征

通过田间试验研究了不同氮效率粳稻品种4007(氮高效)和Elio(氮低效)生育后期在N0(0 kgN hm-2)、N180(180 kgN hm-2)和N300(300 kgN hm-2)水平下根表、根际和土体土壤pH值、铵态氮(NH+4-N)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)含量、硝化强度和氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量.结果表明无论是齐穗期、灌浆期还是成熟期,根表土壤pH值均显著低于根际和土体土壤.土壤pH值范围在5.95至6.84之间变化.土壤NH+4-N含量随水稻生长显著下降,且随施氮量增加而显著增加.根表土壤NH+4-N有明显亏缺区,且随距水稻根表距离增加,NH+4-N含量逐渐升高.土壤NO-3-N含量随水稻生长显著增加,施氮处理均显著高于不施氮处理,但N180和N300处理差异不显著.NO-3-N含量表现为根际>土体>根表.水稻根表和根际土壤硝化强度随水稻生长显著下降,而土体土壤硝化强度随时间延长小幅增加.施氮显著提高4007水稻根表土壤在齐穗和收获期硝化强度以及Elio在齐穗期根际硝化强度,但在施氮处理N180和N300中无显著差异.在整个采样期间,土壤硝化强度均表现为根际>根表>土体.水稻根表和根际AOB数量随水稻生长而显著降低,而土体土壤AOB数量无显著变化.例如,根表土壤AOB数量在齐穗期、灌浆期和收获期分别为16.7×105、8.77×105个g-1 dry soil和8.01×105个g-1 dry soil.根表和根际土壤AOB数量无显著差异,但二者显著高于土体土壤AOB数量.就两个氮效率水稻品种而言,土壤pH值基本无差异.4007土壤NH+4-N含量均显著高于Elio.在齐穗期水稻根表、根际和土体土壤NO-3-N含量在N180水平下均表现为Elio显著高于4007.而在灌浆期和收获期,水稻根表、根际和土体土壤则表现为4007显著高于Elio.在所有采样期,两个水稻品种土体土壤硝化强度和AOB数量在3个施氮量下均无显著差异.Elio根表和根际土壤硝化强度和AOB数量在水稻灌浆期之前一直显著高于4007,而在灌浆期之后则显著低于4007,且最终产量和氮素利用率(NUE)显著低于4007,这可能是由于4007灌浆期后硝化作用强,根际产生的NO-3-N含量高,从而4007根吸收NO-3-N的量也高造成的.因此水稻灌浆期和收获期根表和根际硝化作用以及AOB与水稻高产及氮素高效利用密切相关.     

食真菌线虫对热或铜胁迫下土壤生态功能稳定性的影响

在模拟胁迫条件下(施加 CuSO₄ 的持续胁迫或加热40 ℃的瞬时胁迫),以大麦叶粉短期分解过程代表土壤功能,采用室内培养试验研究了土壤食真菌线虫(Aphelenchus avenae)与微生物的相互作用对土壤生态功能稳定性(抗性和恢复力)的影响.结果表明：无论施加胁迫与否,食真菌线虫的活动都有促进土壤微生物活性的趋势,尤其是在施加铜胁迫后第8 天开始到培养期结束,接种食真菌线虫导致土壤基础呼吸显著增加(P<0.05),但加热胁迫后食真菌线虫对土壤基础呼吸的促进作用仅在第8天有显著差异(P<0.05),反映了食真菌线虫对土壤微生物活性的影响程度与胁迫类型有关.在两种胁迫条件下,接种食真菌线虫对土壤功能的抗性没有影响,但都能促进胁迫条件下土壤功能的恢复.培养后期,两种胁迫条件下接种食真菌线虫处理真菌生物量低于未接种线虫处理,表明胁迫条件下食真菌线虫对真菌的取食可能限制甚至抑制了真菌生长,导致真菌对细菌的竞争压力减少,从而使细菌获得更大的生长优势,间接促进了细菌的生长.     

Rapid and dissimilar response of ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria to nitrogen and water amendment in two temperate forest soils

Biochemical processes relevant to soil nitrogen (N) cycling are performed by soil microorganisms affiliated with diverse phylogenetic groups. For example, the oxidation of ammonia, representing the first step of nitrification, can be performed by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and, as recently reported, also by ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA). However, the contribution to ammonia oxidation of the phylogenetically separated AOA versus AOB and their respective responsiveness to environmental factors are still poorly understood. The present study aims at comparing the capacity of AOA and AOB to momentarily respond to N input and increased soil moisture in two contrasting forest soils. Soils from the pristine Rothwald forest and the managed Schottenwald forest were amended with either NH(4)(+)-N or NO(3)(-)-N and were incubated at 40% and 70% water-filled pore space (WFPS) for four days. Nitrification rates were measured and AOA and AOB abundance and community composition were determined via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and terminal restriction length fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of bacterial and archaeal amoA genes. Our study reports rapid and distinct changes in AOA and AOB abundances in the two forest soils in response to N input and increased soil moisture but no significant effects on net nitrification rates. Functional microbial communities differed significantly in the two soils and responded specifically to the treatments during the short-term incubation. In the Rothwald soil the abundance and community composition of AOA were affected by the water content, whereas AOB communities responded to N amendment. In the Schottenwald soil, by contrast, AOA responded to N addition. These results suggest that AOA and AOB may be selectively influenced by soil and management factors.     

Low Nitrification Rates in Acid Scots Pine Forest Soils Are Due to pH-Related Factors

In a previous study, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)-like sequences were detected in the fragmentation layer of acid Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest soils (pH 2.9–3.4) with high nitrification rates (>11.0 μg g⁻¹ dry soil week⁻¹), but were not detected in soils with low nitrification rates (<0.5 μg g⁻¹ dry soil week⁻¹). In the present study, we investigated whether this low nitrification rate has a biotic cause (complete absence of AOB) or an abiotic cause (unfavorable environmental conditions). Therefore, two soils strongly differing in net nitrification were compared: one soil with a low nitrification rate (location Schoorl) and another soil with a high nitrification rate (location Wekerom) were subjected to liming and/or ammonium amendment treatments. Nitrification was assessed by analysis of dynamics in NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ⁻-N concentrations, whereas the presence and composition of AOB communities were assessed by polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing of the ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene. Liming, rather than ammonium amendment, stimulated the growth of AOB and their nitrifying activity in Schoorl soil. The retrieved amoA sequences from limed (without and with N amendment) Schoorl and Wekerom soils exclusively belong to Nitrosospira cluster 2. Our study suggests that low nitrification rates in acidic Scots pine forest soils are due to pH-related factors. Nitrosospira cluster 2 detected in these soils is presumably a urease-positive cluster type of AOB.     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮对氨氧化微生物生态位的影响

生物结皮作为荒漠地表的重要覆被类型, 在荒漠生态系统的氮素循环中扮演重要角色。融雪期为古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮的复苏和生长提供了充足的水分, 也成为该沙漠氮素固定和转化的重要时期, 但该时期生物结皮如何影响驱动氨氧化转化的微生物群落动态尚未明确。因此, 我们利用荧光定量PCR (fluorescent quantitative PCR, qPCR)方法分析融雪期生物结皮与去除结皮不同土层(0-2, 2-5, 5-10和10-20 cm)氨氧化菌群丰度特征, 结合潜在硝化速率和土壤理化参数, 探究融雪期生物结皮对荒漠土壤氮素转化作用。结果表明: 氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)是古尔班通古特沙漠土壤优势氨氧化菌, 生物结皮对0-2 cm层土壤中AOA、氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB) amoA基因丰度具有显著抑制作用(P < 0.01), 对10-20 cm层土壤中AOA amoA基因丰度具有显著促进作用(P < 0.01)。冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)表明, AOA、AOB amoA基因丰度主要受土壤含水量和铵态氮含量的影响, 占总条件效应的54.90%。氨氧化速率分析发现, 去除生物结皮显著降低古尔班通古特沙漠土壤硝化作用潜力(P < 0.001), 证实生物结皮对荒漠土壤氮素转化具有重要的调控作用。综上所述, 古尔班通古特沙漠氨氧化微生物的分布规律受环境因子调控, 特别是生物结皮可以通过调节土壤含水量和铵态氮含量影响AOA和AOB的空间生态位分化, 促进沙漠土壤的硝化作用。     

鼎湖山马尾松人工林土壤硝态氮和铵态氨动态研究

 本文用离子交换树脂袋法(lon exchange resin bag method),测定了鼎湖山马尾松人工林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮动态情况。结果表明,鼎湖山马尾松林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮均具有明显的季节性变化,以春季最高和夏季最低。硝态氮在0～10cm和10～20cm两土层的年平均值分别为1.722和1.429μg．d-1·g-1干树脂,铵态氮在0～10cm和10～20cm的年平均值则分别为19.137和14.696μg·d-1·g-1干树脂。硝态氮和铵态氮在试验的大部分季节表现出显著的直线相关关系(P<0.05),表明了铵态氮供应是调节硝化速率的一个重要因子。     

High abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in acidified subtropical forest soils in southern China after long-term N deposition

Nitrification has been believed to be performed only by autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) until the recent discovery of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). Meanwhile, it has been questioned whether AOB are significantly responsible for NH(3) oxidation in acidic forest soils. Here, we investigated nitrifying communities and their activity in highly acidified soils of three subtropical forests in southern China that had received chronic high atmospheric N deposition. Nitrifying communities were analyzed using PCR- and culture (most probable number)-based approaches. Nitrification activity was analyzed by measuring gross soil nitrification rates using a (15) N isotope dilution technique. AOB were not detected in the three forest soils: neither via PCR of 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes nor via culture-based approaches. In contrast, an extraordinary abundance of the putative archaeal amoA was detected (3.2?×?10(8) -1.2?×?10(9) g?soil(-1) ). Moreover, this abundance was correlated with gross soil nitrification rates. This indicates that amoA-possessing archaea rather than bacteria were predominantly responsible for nitrification of the soils. Furthermore, sequences of the genus Nitrospira, a dominant group of soil NOB, were detected. Thus, nitrification of acidified subtropical forest soils in southern China could be performed by a combination of AOA and NOB.     

Dynamics of viable nitrifier community, N-mineralization and nitrification in seasonally dry tropical forests and savanna

The study was conducted in Vindhyan region, to assess the N-mineralization, nitrification and size of viable community of ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria as affected by different sites and seasons. Six different ecosystems (four forests and two savannas), which differ in terms of topography, vegetation and moisture status, were selected for the present study. The soils of the study sites differ significantly in its physico-chemical properties. The savanna site had significantly higher pH (7.2), bulk density (1.37 g cm(-3)) and silt content (67.80%) but lower water holding capacity (1.37%), total-C (16,356 microg g(-1) dry soil), N (1090 microg g(-1) dry soil) and P (213 microg g(-1) dry soil) than forest sites. The soil moisture content, N-mineralization, nitrification rates and numbers of ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were highest in the wet season and lowest in dry season, while the size of mineral-N (NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N) showed a reverse trend at the sites. The N-mineralization, nitrification and nitrifier population size differ significantly across the site and season. The numbers of free-living cells of ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were significantly related to each other and to N-mineralization, nitrification, soil moisture and mineral-N components. The N-mineralization, nitrification and the viable number of nitrifying cells were consistently higher for forest soils compared to savanna sites. It was concluded that soil microbial process (N-mineralization and nitrification) and nitrifier population size were dependent on site topography, vegetation cover and soil moisture status.     

Effect of temperature and free ammonia on nitrification and nitrite accumulation in landfill leachate and analysis of its nitrifying bacterial community by FISH

The cause of seasonal failure of a nitrifying municipal landfill leachate treatment plant utilizing a fixed biofilm was investigated by wastewater analyses and batch respirometric tests at every treatment stage. Nitrification of the leachate treatment plant was severely affected by the seasonal temperature variation. High free ammonia (NH3-N) inhibited not only nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) but also ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). In addition, high pH also increased free ammonia concentration to inhibit nitrifying activity especially when the NH4-N level was high. The effects of temperature and free ammonia of landfill leachate on nitrification and nitrite accumulation were investigated with a semi-pilot scale biofilm airlift reactor. Nitrification rate of landfill leachate increased with temperature when free ammonia in the reactor was below the inhibition level for nitrifiers. Leachate was completely nitrified up to a load of 1.5 kg NH4-N m(-3)d(-1) at 28 degrees C. The activity of NOB was inhibited by NH3-N resulting in accumulation of nitrite. NOB activity decreased more than 50% at 0.7 mg NH3-N L(-1). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was carried out to analyze the population of AOB and NOB in the nitrite accumulating nitrifying biofilm. NOB were located close to AOB by forming small clusters. A significant fraction of AOB identified by probe Nso1225 specifically also hybridized with the Nitrosomonas specific probe Nsm156. The main NOB were Nitrobacter and Nitrospira which were present in almost equal amounts in the biofilm as identified by simultaneous hybridization with Nitrobacter specific probe Nit3 and Nitrospira specific probe Ntspa662.     

Evidence for different contributions of archaea and bacteria to the ammonia-oxidizing potential of diverse Oregon soils

A method was developed to determine the contributions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to the nitrification potentials (NPs) of soils taken from forest, pasture, cropped, and fallowed (19 years) lands. Soil slurries were exposed to acetylene to irreversibly inactivate ammonia monooxygenase, and upon the removal of acetylene, the recovery of nitrification potential (RNP) was monitored in the presence and absence of bacterial or eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitors. For unknown reasons, and despite measureable NPs, RNP did not occur consistently in forest soil samples; however, pasture, cropped, and fallowed soil RNPs commenced after lags that ranged from 12 to 30 h after acetylene removal. Cropped soil RNP was completely prevented by the bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor kanamycin (800 μg/ml), whereas a combination of kanamycin plus gentamicin (800 μg/ml each) only partially prevented the RNP (60%) of fallowed soils. Pasture soil RNP was completely insensitive to either kanamycin, gentamicin, or a combination of the two. Unlike cropped soil, pasture and fallowed soil RNPs occurred at both 30°C and 40°C and without supplemental NH(4)(+) (≤ 10 μM NH(4)(+) in solution), and pasture soil RNP demonstrated ～ 50% insensitivity to 100 μM allyl thiourea (ATU). In addition, fallowed and pasture soil RNPs were insensitive to the fungal inhibitors nystatin and azoxystrobin. This combination of properties suggests that neither fungi nor AOB contributed to pasture soil RNP and that AOA were responsible for the RNP of the pasture soils. Both AOA and AOB may contribute to RNP in fallowed soil, while RNP in cropped soils was dominated by AOB.