海岸守护神

红树林、珊瑚礁、盐沼和上升流是地球上生物多样性最丰富、生产力最高的四大海洋生态系统。许许多多的海洋生物依赖于红树林生长,它们跟红树植物一道有机地构成了地球上一类独特的生态系统,其中一种生物消失就可能引起与之相关的几个物种的衰亡。联合国环境规划署指出的殃及人类的全球十大环境祸患中,与红树林生态系统有关的包括：土壤遭到破坏、气候变化、生物多样性减少、     

闽江河口红树林土壤微生物群落对互花米草入侵的响应

采用磷脂脂肪酸标记法(PLFA)研究外来入侵植物互花米草对闽江河口湿地红树林土壤微生物群落结构的影响,并探讨其主要影响因素。结果表明:从3种不同植被群落土壤(红树林群落MC、红树林-互花米草混生群落MS、互花米草群落SC)共检测到22种PLFA生物标记,MS土壤微生物PLFA生物标记总量明显高于其他植被群落,3种植被群落土壤理化性质和酶活性的变化趋势为:MCMSSC,表明互花米草入侵后土壤微生物量增加,而理化性质和酶活性均有明显下降,红树林湿地土壤质量发生了明显退化。3种植被群落土壤中含量最高的PLFA生物标记是16:0,16:1w7c,9Me15:0w,18:1w12c。土壤中特征微生物相对生物量存在明显差异,细菌分布量最大,其次是真菌和放线菌,原生动物分布量最小。群落多样性指数呈相似规律,MS土壤微生物类群多样性指数均小于MC,表明互花米草入侵后土壤微生物群落多样性指数均有下降。通过主成分分析,基本能区分出3种不同植被群落微生物群落的特征。土壤理化性质、酶活性间存在相关性,有机碳、全氮、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶与革兰氏阴性菌、放线菌呈显著或极显著正相关。研究结果表明互花米草入侵在一定程度上具有影响红树林群落土壤营养代谢循环的潜力,特别是关于碳、氮、磷等的循环及酶活性,改变部分有利于自身生长的土壤环境相关的微生物类群含量,竞争有利环境,迅速扩张实现入侵。     

珠海淇澳岛红树林湿地薇甘菊危害情况和发生因素研究

为探讨珠海市淇澳岛中薇甘菊对湿地系统可持续发展的危害,以随机踩踏调查发现薇甘菊入侵红树林,造成红树林主要建群不同程度的种生长受抑.根据薇甘菊发生地点的土壤指标测定结合广东地区薇甘菊发生与人类活动和环境因子的关系建立数学模型,推测薇甘菊爆发主要原因和人类不适当的开发活动破坏当地森林资源有关.提示外来入侵生物破坏当地生态平衡.造成生物多样性下降,严重危害湿地的可持续发展,同时湿地本身的生态系统不完整性更加大了生物入侵的可能性,迫切需要采取保护措施维护湿地正常可持续发展.     

红树林土壤微生物的研究：过去、现在、未来

红树林土壤生境的独特性决定了其中微生物的多样性及其资源的珍稀性,对于红树林土壤微生物的研究正在成为热点。然而由于传统研究方法等因素的限制,至今人们对红树林土壤微生物的系统了解仍较为有限。近年来,基于16S rRNA,18S rRNA基因的各种分子微生物学技术的迅速发展,红树林土壤微生物的研究亦面临着崭新的局面。文中主要从红树林土壤微生物物种的多样性、生理生化类型的多样性及其在治理污染环境、生物修复作用中的可能性、有效性等方面阐述了红树林土壤微生物的研究进展,并以更合理、有效地开发利用红树林土壤微生物资源为目标,展望了21世纪,以新理念、新技术、新方法进行红树林土壤微生物研究及资源开发的巨大前景。     

红海榄木材结构的生态解剖

红树林是海岸重要生态关键区, 在维护生物多样性和沿海地区生态安全等方面发挥着重要作用。红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)是我国红树林生态系统的建群种之一。为了揭示红海榄次生木质部解剖特征可塑性的生态适应意义, 该文测定了海南省东寨港红树林自然保护区6个红海榄种群18个采样点的土壤理化性质, 应用显微镜和电镜详细观测了各采样点生长的18株红海榄植株次生木质部的形态解剖特征, 并测量了红海榄次生木质部的数量解剖特征。不同样地的红海榄次生木质部都具有纤维状导管和环管管胞、螺旋雕纹和附物、生长轮、薄壁细胞(含淀粉粒)等结构。这些特化结构具有生态适应意义, 在潮间带高盐生境中能促进水分输导的安全性。不同生境中红海榄次生木质部数量解剖特征可塑性大, 利用逐步回归分析方法分析了土壤理化因子与红海榄次生木质部数量特征的关系。结果表明: 土壤全盐含量、土壤Mn²⁺含量、土壤Na⁺含量、土壤Cl^-含量、土壤Ca²⁺含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤全磷含量和土壤pH值对次生木质部数量特征的影响达到极显著水平, 不同样地红海榄次生木质部数量特征的变化是红海榄适应异质生境的结果。     

封面

正海南岛西海岸位于北部湾东侧,分布有大面积的原生红树林,是中国目前人为干扰最少的红树林,对其生物多样性现状了解甚少。马维等(见本期707–716页)对海南岛西海岸红树林软体动物多样性的时空变化进行了研究,分析了盐度和土壤     

清澜港红树林湿地典型群落类型沉积物活性有机碳组分分布特征

滩涂海岸红树林生态系统通常具有较高的土壤养分,尤其是沉积物有机碳含量。海南岛红树林种类丰富且生长较好,通过对红树林沉积物有机碳组分的基础研究有利于提高对红树林湿地固碳能力的评估精度,加深对海洋蓝碳的认识。以清澜港红树林5种典型群落类型为对象,比较分析表层土壤(0—10 cm)总有机碳(TOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量差异及其与土壤因子之间的相关性。结果表明：(1)不同群落类型间,土壤TOC、MBC、DOC和EOC含量均值分别为66.76 g/kg、177.08 mg/kg、25.49 mg/kg和2.34 g/kg。对比发现,土壤TOC在角果木群落中含量最高,但各群落间无显著差异;土壤MBC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中角果木群落和杯萼海桑群落显著高于榄李群落;土壤DOC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中海莲群落和角果木群落显著高于其余群落;土壤EOC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中角果木群落显著高于海莲群落和正红树群落。(2)活性有机碳各个组分占总有机碳的比例均值大小依次为EOC>MBC>DOC。土壤EOC、MBC、DOC的...     

海南鸟东寨港港红树林群落甲烷通量研究

采用静态箱法对海南东寨港４个站位的５个红树林群落的土壤甲烷通量进行了研究,结果表明林地土壤平均甲烷通量为０．８１ｍｇ．ｍ＾－２．ｄ＾－１。利用聚乙袋密闭法测定了６种红树植物叶片的甲烷通量,发现红树植物叶片具有吸收大气甲烷的效应。通过海莲（Ｂｒｕｇｕｉｅｒａ ｓｅｘａｎｇｕｌａ）红树林的研究还表明,林地土壤甲烷通量的日变化与林内潮水淹浸状况有关。海莲林不同滩面土壤甲烷通量的差异与土壤含水量有关。土壤     

英罗港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征

应用分形理论分析了英罗港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征。结果表明,红树林土壤的分形维数为2.6837-2.8834,不同质地土壤的分形维数呈现砂壤土＜轻壤土＜中壤土＜重壤土＜轻粘土的规律,外滩红树林土壤的分形维数低于中滩和内滩。土壤分形维数与其盐分和有机质含量呈显著正相关。群落类型、土壤质地、滩位、含盐量、有机质含量等是影响英罗港红树林土壤分形维数的主要因子。     

红树林生态系统中不同生境不同深度土壤的可培养真菌的多样性

【目的】了解八门湾红树林生态系统中不同生境(潮间带、海洋到红树区的过渡带、海桑红树区)和不同深度土壤的可培养真菌的多样性。【方法】采用稀释涂布平板法分离土壤中的真菌,利用形态学观察和ITS rDNA序列分析技术研究可培养真菌的表观和遗传多样性。【结果】从八门湾红树林生态系统的3个不同生境中分离到257株真菌,分别属于21属28种,其中青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和木霉属(Trichoderma)为优势类群。来自不同生境或者同一生境不同采样深度的土壤真菌种类组成不同,并且有些真菌类群只出现在特定的样品中。从空间角度看,红树区土壤样品的真菌多样性高于其他两个生境的土壤样品;从垂直角度看,潮间带和过渡带的表层土壤样品的真菌多样性高于深层土壤样品,而红树区的深层土壤样品真菌多样性高于表层土壤样品。【结论】八门湾红树林生态系统中的可培养真菌资源丰富,种类多样性较高,但不同生境或不同深度的可培养真菌分布存在较大的差异。这些结果揭示了红树林土壤中可培养真菌的生态分布特点,也为红树林真菌资源的开发利用提供了基础的背景资料。     

Habitat-related variation in tree leaf form in four tropical forest types on Pulau Ubin,Singapore

Abstract. Sun leaves from 37 species of tree and shrub were collected in four forest types on Pulau Ubin, Singapore. Evidence of habitat-related variation in the form of leaves is presented. The species were from the habitats: mangrove, beach forest, adinandra belukar (secondary forest on degraded soils) and secondary forest on undegraded soils. The mangrove forest species sampled had thicker leaves with a lower specific leaf area than the beach forest species. Leaves of species from the adinandra belukar were thicker and smaller, with more dry weight per unit area, than those of pioneers from undegraded sites. This is interpreted as oligotrophic xeromorphy in adinandra belukar.     

深圳福田自然保护区红树林土壤的化学特征

对深圳福田红树林土壤的调查显示各种土壤化学特征指标沿横向断面(大致平行于海岸线)的变异很大,而沿纵向断面(自岸向海方向)的变异则相对较小。总的来说,由于受污水的影响,福田红树林土壤中多种重金属和磷素的含量增高。福田红树林土壤中黄铁矿的累积状况似乎与土壤所含有机质的丰度无关,表明有机质并不是该区土壤中黄铁矿累积的制约因子。虽然从EC和HCl可提取铁与无机还原态S的弱相关关系可推断出土壤水溶性硫酸根和可反应铁的增加有利于黄铁矿的累积,但两者对黄铁矿在土壤中累积方面单独所起的调控作用实际上有一定限度。     

上川岛潮间带不同生境底栖软体动物物种多样性初步研究

目的:研究上川岛潮间带不同生境底栖软体动物物种多样性。方法:对上川岛潮间带(沙滩、泥沙滩、红树林泥滩、岩石滩) 4种不同生境的7个样方的底栖软体动物进行了生物多样性的初步调查。结果:共鉴定底栖软体动物14科30种,上川岛潮间带底栖软体动物物种丰富度指数为岩石滩(平均为1.784 ) >泥沙滩(平均为1.5 2 1) >红树林泥滩(平均为1.2 35 ) >沙滩(平均为0 .6 92 ) ;多样性指数岩石滩(平均为1.5 5 1) >红树林泥滩(平均为1.30 4 ) >泥沙滩(平均为1.16 2 ) >沙滩(平均为0 .4 0 3)。结论:底栖软体动物的种类及数量分布受底质、浪击等因素的影响。     

中国南海海岸的红树林

红树林是热带海岸潮滩上一种特殊的植被类型和生物资源。我国南海海岸为我国红树林的重要分布区,包括桂、粤、台、闽南部海岸,但主要是广东省的海岸,尤为海南岛。群落的组成种类丰富,有21科、27属和38种,其中红树林的有9种,占世界红树科种数的54％。我国红树林根据其群落的各种特征,可以划分人海滩红树林和海岸半红树林两类,共包括15个群落类型,其组成种类、外貌结构与马来半岛及其邻近岛屿相似。因此,我国的红树林应属于世界红树林的东方群系。 木文还介绍我国南海海岸红树林的分布和演替,并根据红树林的特点提出保护和经营管理问题。     

养殖排放农药和抗生素在红树林区中残留的初步研究

广西北海大冠沙红树林区是养殖废水的排放地,该文报道2008年10月农药和抗生素在该林区红树林滩、沙滩和潮沟三类生境的残留水、沉积物和底栖动物中的分布与含量。通过对103种农药和22种抗生素检测,发现该林区有16种农药,4种抗生素,其中甲氰菊酯、仲丁威和醚菌酯是主要的污染农药。在残留水中检出12种农药,它们在红树林滩、沙滩和潮沟中的总浓度分别是42.70、29.63和27.41ng/L。在沉积物中检出10种农药,它们在红树林滩、沙滩和潮沟中的总浓度分别是7.90、6.70和7.29μg/kg.DW。在底栖动物体内检出4种农药和3种抗生素。分析表明,红树林滩(残留水和沉积物)比底栖动物更易受到养殖废水的污染,底栖动物对抗生素的富集能力似乎高于对农药的富集能力,生境间污染相似度高于样品间的污染相似度。     

Mangrove soils as sinks for wastewater-borne pollutants

Soil column leaching experiments were conducted to assess the retention of nutrients and heavy metals in two types of mangrove soils receiving strong wastewater throughout a period of 5 months. NH₄ ⁺-N was the dominant form of nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate were in relatively low concentrations in all leachate collected. The concentrations of NH₄ ⁺-N in leachate collected from columns packed with Sai Keng of Hong Kong mangrove soil were higher than those packed with soils collected from Shenzhen of China. The leachate NH₄ ⁺-N contents of Shenzhen columns were significantly lower than that of the synthetic wastewater even at the end of the experimental period, indicating Shenzhen soils had very high capacity to bind nitrogen, and the amount of ammonium added from wastewater did not exceed the binding capacity of mangrove soil. The data also suggest that soils collected from Shenzhen mangrove swamp had higher capacity in retaining wastewater nitrogen than the Sai Keng soils. In contrast, leachate from Sai Keng columns had significantly lower ortho-P contents than those from Shenzhen columns. Actually, the leachate P concentrations of the Sai Keng columns treated with wastewater were similar to those receiving seawater (< 0.1 mg l^–). This finding implies Sai Keng soils were very effective in retaining wastewater P. Throughout the experiment, most heavy metals, including Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni and Cr were not detected in all leachate samples by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, indicating that both types of mangrove soils were capable of trapping wastewater-borne heavy metals. The study demonstrates that mangrove soils were good traps to immobilize wastewater-borne phosphorus and heavy metals but they were less efficient in retaining nitrogen from wastewater.     

Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in a simulated mangrove system treated with sewage

Constructed tide tanks were used to examine the accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in various components of a simulated mangrove ecosystem. Young Kandelia candel plants grown in mangrove soils were irrigated with wastewater of various strengths twice a week for a period of one year. The amounts of heavy metals released via tidal water and leaf litter were monitored at regular time intervals. The quantities of heavy metals retained in mangrove soil and various plant parts were also determined. Results show that most heavy metals from wastewater were retained in soils with little being uptake by plants or released into tidal seawater. However, the amounts of metals retained in plants on a per unit dry weight base were higher than those in soils as the biomass production from the young mangrove plants was much smaller when compared to the vast quantity of soils used in this study. A significantly higher heavy metal content was found in roots than in the aerial parts of the mangrove plant,indicating that the roots act as a barrier for metal translocation and protect the sensitive parts of the plant from metal contamination. In both soil and plant, concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni increased with the strengths of wastewater, although the bioaccumulation factors for these metals decreased when wastewater strengths increased. These results suggest that the mangrove soil component has a large capacity to retain heavy metals, and the role of mangrove plants in retaining metals will depend on plant age and their biomass production. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

珠海市淇澳岛红树林湿地的研究进展与展望

至上世纪末,淇澳岛红树林湿地遭到严重的破坏,互花米草入侵滩涂,相关人士对淇澳岛红树林的恢复做了许多工作.通过对相关文献的查阅与实地调查,总结了淇澳岛红树林湿地的植被群落类型、红树和半红树植物的引种与栽培、互花米草的防治、引进种无瓣海桑在淇澳岛的扩散与入侵性、红树林湿地的生态服务功能以及08年寒害对淇澳岛红树林的影响等方面的研究成果,对华南其他地区红树林湿地的恢复具有一定的指导作用.     

Ecosystem Development After Mangrove Wetland Creation: Plant–Soil Change Across a 20-Year Chronosequence

Mangrove wetland restoration and creation efforts are increasingly proposed as mechanisms to compensate for mangrove wetland losses. However, ecosystem development and functional equivalence in restored and created mangrove wetlands are poorly understood. We compared a 20-year chronosequence of created tidal wetland sites in Tampa Bay, Florida (USA) to natural reference mangrove wetlands. Across the chronosequence, our sites represent the succession from salt marsh to mangrove forest communities. Our results identify important soil and plant structural differences between the created and natural reference wetland sites; however, they also depict a positive developmental trajectory for the created wetland sites that reflects tightly coupled plant-soil development. Because upland soils and/or dredge spoils were used to create the new mangrove habitats, the soils at younger created sites and at lower depths (10–30?cm) had higher bulk densities, higher sand content, lower soil organic matter (SOM), lower total carbon (TC), and lower total nitrogen (TN) than did natural reference wetland soils. However, in the upper soil layer (0–10?cm), SOM, TC, and TN increased with created wetland site age simultaneously with mangrove forest growth. The rate of created wetland soil C accumulation was comparable to literature values for natural mangrove wetlands. Notably, the time to equivalence for the upper soil layer of created mangrove wetlands appears to be faster than for many other wetland ecosystem types. Collectively, our findings characterize the rate and trajectory of above- and below-ground changes associated with ecosystem development in created mangrove wetlands; this is valuable information for environmental managers planning to sustain existing mangrove wetlands or mitigate for mangrove wetland losses.