海南东寨港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征及其影响因素

应用分形理论分析了海南东寨港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征及其影响因素,海南东寨港土壤的分形维数为2．302—2．575,分形维数的大小与土壤中的粘粒、盐分、有机质、全氮含量呈显著正相关,外滩红树林土壤的分形维数低于中滩和内滩;随着土壤质地由砂壤土、轻壤土、中壤土、重壤土的变化,分形维数逐渐增大;从陆到海土壤分形维数逐渐减小。群落类型、土壤质地、滩位、含盐量、有机质、全氮含量等是影响海南东寨港红树林土壤分形维数的主要因子。     

英罗港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性的研究

用1995～1996年在广西英罗港红树林区取样所得的资料探讨了英罗港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性特点.结果表明,英罗港红树林昆虫种类有195种;主要优势种为黑褐举腹蚁(Crematogaster rogenhoferi)、东京弓背蚁(Camponotus tokioensis)和三条螟蛾(Dichocrocris chorophanta);内滩昆虫群落多样性高于中滩、外滩.潮汐和风暴对昆虫群落多样性的影响是决定群落结构水平的重要因素;内滩、中滩和外滩影响多样性的主要成分是均匀性.     

英罗港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性的研究

用１９９５～１９９６年在广西英罗港红树林区取样所得的资料探讨了英罗港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性特点。结果表明,英罗港红树林昆虫种类有１９５种;主要优势中为黑褐举腹蚊（Ｃｒｅｍａｔｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｒｏｇｅｎｈｏｆｅｒｉ）、东京弓背蚁（Ｃａｍｐｏｎｏｔｕｓ ｔｏｋｉｏｅｎｓｉｓ）和三条螟蛾（Ｄｉｃｈｏｃｒｏｃｒｉｓ ｃｈｏｒｏｐｈａｎｔａ）;内滩昆虫群落多样性高于中滩、外滩。潮汐和风暴对昆虫群落多样性的     

川西亚高山针叶林土壤颗粒的分形特征

分形理论为土壤等复杂体系的定量化研究提供了一种有效工具。本文以12个川西亚高山针叶林土壤颗粒组成数据为基础,运用分形模型研究了亚高山针叶林土壤颗粒的分形维数。结果表明,12个川西亚高山针叶林表层土壤颗粒的分形维数D为2.5209~2.7978。通过逐步多元回归分析,土壤颗粒分形维数仅与<0.001 mm颗粒含量的相关系数达极显著。土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤有机质含量、全氮含量和pH相关性不显著,然而土壤有机质含量与全氮含量呈极显著正相关。本研究探讨了利用土壤颗粒粒径分布的分形维数来定量表征川西亚高山针叶林土壤的特征。     

宁夏荒漠草原沙漠化过程中土壤粒径分形特征

研究宁夏荒漠草原沙漠化过程中土壤性状、土壤粒径分形维数的变化特征,以及分形维数与土壤性状的关系.结果表明: 草地沙漠化对土壤分形维数(D)影响显著,D值为1.69～2.62.除在10～20 cm土层出现较小波动外,随着沙漠化程度加剧,0～30 cm土层D值整体呈减小趋势.在荒漠草原沙漠化过程中,荒漠草地D值最大,黏粒和粉粒体积百分含量最高,极细砂粒和细砂粒体积百分含量最低;流动沙地D值最小,黏粒和粉粒体积百分含量最小,极细砂粒和细砂粒体积百分含量最高.D与<50 μm和>50 μm粒径的土壤颗粒存在显著正相关和负相关,表明50 μm粒径是决定草地沙漠化过程中土壤分形维数与土壤粒径关系的临界粒径.随着荒漠草原沙漠化加剧,土壤有机质和全氮含量逐渐降低,土壤容重逐渐升高,固定沙地至半固定沙地是荒漠草原沙漠化的质变过程,其中土壤粘粒体积百分含量、粉粒体积百分含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤全氮含量骤减,极细砂粒体积百分含量、细砂粒体积百分含量和土壤容重骤增.分形维数与土壤有机质、土壤全氮和土壤容重显著相关,固定沙地与半固定沙地分形维数的临界值为2.58,因此分形维数2.58可作为荒漠草原沙漠化的退化指标.     

川南坡地不同退耕模式对土壤团粒结构分形特征的影响

运用分形模型,研究了川南坡地及其退耕成慈竹林、杂交竹林、桤木+慈竹混交林和弃耕地5年后土壤团粒结构分形维数,探讨了分形维数与土壤理化性质之间的关系.结果表明：退耕后,不同退耕模式样地＞0.25 mm的土壤团聚体和水稳性团聚体含量均显著增加,团粒结构分形维数介于1.377～2.826,为慈竹林＜杂交竹林＜桤木+慈竹混交林＜弃耕地＜农耕地,并随＞0.25 mm的土壤团聚体及水稳性团聚体含量的增加而降低;土壤自然含水量、毛管孔隙、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和全钾含量增加,而土壤容重、非毛管孔隙和通气度降低.退耕后的慈竹林、杂交竹林、桤木+慈竹混交林和弃耕地的土壤团粒结构分形维数与土壤理化性质相关性较好.农耕地退耕对增加＞0.25 mm的土壤团聚体及水稳性团聚体含量和提高土壤结构稳定性具有较好的作用;土壤团粒结构分形维数可以作为坡地退耕后土壤肥力变化的理想指标,在研究区坡地退耕种植慈竹具有较好的培肥改土效益.     

不同土地利用类型下土壤粒径分形分析——以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例

土壤粒径分布影响土壤的水力特性、土壤肥力状况以及土壤侵蚀等,是重要土壤物理特性之一。在水蚀严重的黄土丘陵沟壑区,不同的土地利用类型对水土流失的阻截作用不同,因而进一步导致其土壤粒径分布的差异。对不同土地利用类型下土壤粒径分布的分形和多重分形分析发现：黄绵土土壤粒径分布包含有3个无标度区间,分别为粘粒域、粉粒域和砂粒域;土壤粒径分布的分形维数D、粉粒域维数Dsilt、砂粒域维数Dsand、信息维数D1、信息维数/容量维数D1/D0与土壤细颗粒含量和有机质含量成显著的正相关关系;土地利用对分形维数D、粉粒域维数Dsilt、砂粒域维数Dsand、容量维数D0、信息维数D1、信息维数/容量维数比值D1/D0的影响较显著。这表明这些分形和多重分形参数可以作为反映土壤物理性质和土壤质量的潜在性指标,其实用性有待进一步探讨。     

黑土表层土壤颗粒的分形特征

基于第二次全国土壤普查结果,应用土壤颗粒的质量分布计算了36个典型剖面表层土壤颗粒的分形维数值.结果表明:土壤颗粒分形维数值D在2.5831～2.8230,其变异性极弱,且分形维数值随质地变细而增大;土壤机械组成中,砂粒(2～0.02mm)含量、粉粒(0.02～0.002mm)含量与分形维数值均呈显著负相关(P<0.05);粘粒(<0.002mm)含量与土壤分形维数值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);分形维数值D与土壤中的有机质、全N、全P、全K含量及pH值相关性均不显著.土壤分布的分形维数可以作为反映黑土退化程度的一个综合性定量指标.     

科尔沁沙地农田沙漠化演变中土壤颗粒分形特征

研究了科尔沁沙地农田沙漠化过程中土壤的粗粒化和养分的贫瘠化特征 ,土壤颗粒分形维数的变化特征 ,以及分形维数与土壤性状的关系。结果表明 :土壤沙粒含量越高 ,土壤分形维数越低 ,表征农田沙漠化程度越高 ;土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤有机 C、全 N、粘粉粒含量之间存在显著的线性关系。说明分形维数能很好地表征农田沙漠化演变中土壤结构和养分状况以及沙漠化的程度 ,可作为评价土壤沙漠化演变的一项综合性定量指标。     

退化沙质草地开垦和围封过程中的土壤颗粒分形特征

研究了科尔沁退化沙质草地开垦和围封过程中土壤颗粒分形维数的变化特征,以及分形维数与土壤性状的关系.结果表明,不同开垦和围封年限的土壤颗粒分形维数(0～30cm)介于2.387～2.588之间.随着开垦年限的增加,0～15 cm层土壤颗粒分形维数从2.441降至2.387;围封11年后,0～15 cm层土壤颗粒分形维数增加到2.588.15～30 cm层土壤颗粒分形维数无明显变化.土壤颗粒分形维数是反映土壤质地的一个较好指标,重点反映粘粒含量,其次是粉粒含量.分形维数的变化能够很好地表征退化沙质草地土壤的化学、物理和生物学性状的变化趋势,可以作为评价退化沙质草地土壤性状的一个综合指标.     

Changes of Soil Particle Size Distribution in Tidal Flats in the Yellow River Delta

Background

The tidal flat is one of the important components of coastal wetland systems in the Yellow River Delta (YRD). It can stabilize shorelines and protect coastal biodiversity. The erosion risk in tidal flats in coastal wetlands was seldom been studied. Characterizing changes of soil particle size distribution (PSD) is an important way to quantity soil erosion in tidal flats.

Method/Principal findings

Based on the fractal scale theory and network analysis, we determined the fractal characterizations (singular fractal dimension and multifractal dimension) soil PSD in a successional series of tidal flats in a coastal wetland in the YRD in eastern China. The results showed that the major soil texture was from silt loam to sandy loam. The values of fractal dimensions, ranging from 2.35 to 2.55, decreased from the low tidal flat to the high tidal flat. We also found that the percent of particles with size ranging between 0.4 and 126 μm was related with fractal dimensions. Tide played a great effort on soil PSD than vegetation by increasing soil organic matter (SOM) content and salinity in the coastal wetland in the YRD.

Conclusions/Significance

Tidal flats in coastal wetlands in the YRD, especially low tidal flats, are facing the risk of soil erosion. This study will be essential to provide a firm basis for the coast erosion control and assessment, as well as wetland ecosystem restoration.     

Trends in soil fractal parameters caused by accumulation of soil organic matter as resulting from the analysis of water vapor adsorption isotherms

The experimental adsorption isotherms are used to evaluate the specific surface area and the surface fractal dimensions of several samples containing organic matter. The aim of the investigations has been to search for correlations between specific surface area and geometrical heterogeneity, as characterized by the surface fractal dimension and the content of organic matter. Besides natural organic soils (peats, forest humuses and brown coal from mines) we also investigate controlled systems obtained by adding humic acids to kaolin and quartz, organic compost to soils and by mixing sandy soil and peat at different ratios. The aim of the investigations of controlled systems was to discover some general trends in the dependencies of the specific surface area and the surface fractal dimension on the content of organic matter.     

Transformation of urea and ammonium sulphate in different soils

Summary The transformation of urea and ammonium sulphate in Ladwa sandy loam and Balsamand sand was studied in laboratory. Urea took at least one week in sandy loam and 2 weeks in sandy soils to hydrolyse completely. The process of hydrolysis was faster in finer soil with high organic matter than in coarse soil having low organic matter. There was no nitrification upto 3 days in sandy loam and upto 7 days in sandy soils, respectively, but there was immobilization of NO₃-N during these initial periods. The NO₃-N content at the end of incubation period (35 days) was more in case of urea than in case of ammonium sulphate treated samples in sandy loam soil and reverse was true in sandy soil. The hydrolysis of urea did not follow zero or first order kinetics as proposed in previous studies.     

Xiphinema americanum as Affected by Soil Organic Matter and Porosity

The effects of four soil types, soil porosity, particle size, and organic matter were tested on survival and migration of Xiphinema americanum. Survival and migration were significantly greater in silt loam than in clay loam and silty clay soils. Nematode numbers were significantly greater in softs planted with soybeans than in fallow softs. Nematode survival was greatest at the higher of two pore space levels in four softs. Migration of X. americanum through soft particle size fractions of 75-150, 150-250, 250-500, 500-700, and 700-1,000 μ was significantly greater in the middle three fractions, with the least occurring in the smallest fraction. Additions of muck to silt loam and loamy sand soils resulted in reductions in survival and migration of the nematode. The fulvic acid fraction of muck, extracted with sodium hydroxide, had a deleterious effect on nematode activity. I conclude that soils with small amounts of air-filled pore space, extremes in pore size, or high organic matter content are deleterious to the migration and survival of X. americanum, and that a naturally occurring toxin affecting this species may be present in native soft organic matter.     

禹城市耕地土壤盐分与有机质的指示克里格分析

针对目前黄淮海平原盐渍土改良区存在的土壤盐碱、瘠薄等障碍问题,以该区域典型县域禹城市为研究对象,综合运用GIS和非参数地质统计学的指示克立格法,对0-20 cm深度的耕地土壤盐分和有机质的空间变异性进行了分析,并给出了土壤盐分和有机质满足一定阀值条件的概率分布图。结果表明,土壤盐分和有机质采用指示克里格方法都可以获得较为稳健的变异函数;受结构性因素与随机性因素共同影响,它们的指示半方差均表现为中等强度的空间自相关性,且单元指示克里格与多元指示克里格插值结果表明,土壤盐分、有机质的概率分布存在空间上的规律性与相似性;在空间分布上,研究区域土壤盐分含量高和有机质含量低的高概率区域主要分布在西北部的张庄镇、西部的房寺镇以及南部的莒镇乡等地区,该区域有一定的次生盐渍化风险;而土壤盐分含量高和有机质含量低的低概率分布区域主要分在徒骇河流经的河滩高地,土壤类型为褐土化潮土,是研究区域的主要高产区,基本无盐渍化。研究获取的综合指示概率分布图和概率风险评价对土壤可持续利用管理具有重要意义,为区域土壤质量的提高和土壤障碍因子消减提供参考。     

温度对不同粘粒含量稻田土壤有机碳矿化的影响

模拟了亚热带地区3种不同粘粒含量的水稻土(砂壤土、壤粘土、粉粘土)在5种温度(10、15、20、25和30℃)下的有机碳(SOC)矿化特征,分析SOC矿化对温度变化的响应.结果表明:在160d的培养期内,温度对3种水稻土SOC矿化量的影响有一定差异,30℃时砂壤土、壤粘土和粉粘土SOC矿化量分别是10℃时的3.5、5.2和4.7倍.在较低温度(≤20℃)下,SOC矿化速度较低且相对稳定;在较高温度(≥25℃)下,前期SOC矿化速度较高,随着培养时间的延长逐渐降低,并趋于稳定.3种水稻土SOC矿化的温度系数(Q10)随培养时间出现波动,砂壤土的Q10平均值最低,为1.92,壤粘土和粉粘土的Q10平均值较接近,分别为2.37和2.32;3种土壤矿化速率常数(k)与温度呈极显著的指数相关(P<0.01).3种水稻土有机碳矿化对温度变化的响应敏感度依次为壤粘土>粉粘土>砂壤土.     

荒漠草原不同植被微斑块土壤粒径分布分形特征与养分的关系

采集宁夏中部干旱带荒漠草原4种植被(猪毛蒿、甘草、苦豆子、草木樨状黄芪)微斑块土壤剖面3个层次土壤,测定了各微斑块土壤颗粒粒级分布、有机质、pH值、土壤电导率(EC)、全氮、全磷和全钾等理化性质,探讨了不同植被微斑块土壤粒径分布的分形维数(D)特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系.结果表明:斑块化植被分布可影响土壤粒径分布,其影响作用以草木樨状黄芪微斑块最大(D=2.51),甘草微斑块最低(D=2.46);分形维数与黏粒、粉粒含量呈显著正相关,而与砂粒含量呈显著负相关;土壤粒径分布分形维数与pH和EC呈显著正相关,与有机质和全氮含量呈显著负相关,与全磷和全钾含量无显著相关关系.斑块化植被分布有潜在土地盐碱化和土地退化的趋势.     

Feeding inhibition and mortality in Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) after exposure to imidacloprid-treated soils

Feeding inhibition and mortality of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) exposed to sand, sandy loam, loam, and silty clay loam soils treated with several concentrations of imidacloprid were studied using bioassay techniques under laboratory conditions. Termite workers stopped feeding after exposure to treated soils. Differences in feeding reduction varied among the soil types. Based on the magnitude of the F-statistics, the effect of imidacloprid on the reduction of termite feeding was greatest in sand followed by sandy loam, loam, and silty clay loam soils. Soil properties such as organic matter content, silt and clay proportions, pH, and cation exchange capacity were suggested to affect the bioavailability of imidacloprid. Similar soil effects on mortality were observed in termites continuously exposed to treated soil for 21 d. In three of four soils tested, susceptibility to imidacloprid was not affected by the source of the termites tested.     

Allelopathic effect of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae) on characteristics of four soils and tomato and mustard growth

The effect of the leachate of the noxious weed Pluchea lanceolata was explored using mustard and tomato seedling growth bioassays of four soil types (sandy loam, clay loam, silty loam, and sand). The objectives of the present study were: 1) to determine how soil chemistry changes after addition of leachate and leaves of the weed; 2) to determine what level of input to the soil does not cause significant differences from those of weed-associated soils under field conditions; and 3) to determine whether soil texture affects bioassay results. Leaf leachates of the weed were added to four soil types in different dilutions, and soils were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, Cl, PO₄, exchangeable Cu^{+ +}, Zn^{+ +}, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg^{+ +}, and Ca^{+ +}, and total phenolics. These results indicated that the leachates of the weed altered chemical characteristics of each soil type. Concentration of phenolics in treatment of each soil type was dilution-dependent. Leachates were more inhibitory on sandy loam and clay loam than on silty loam and sand. Present study indicated that in allelopathic bioassays, amended soils that are nonsignificantly different from weed-associated soils should be taken. Further, present investigations confirmed the significance of good control soil with nonsignificantly altered chemical characteristics from those of natural soils, as well as soil texture to establish allelopathy of ecological relevance.     

Changes in soil associated with continuous growth of some vegetation

Summary and conclusions From a study of the composition of the soil and the subsoil under three grasses,Imperata cylindrica, Pennisetum orientale, Pennisetum polystachyum and three legumesTephrosia candida, Medicago sativa andPueraria hirsuta and of those of natural bare soil in the neighbourhood of each, it could be observed that the soils under vegetation contained more moisture, organic matter, organic nitrogen clay and soluble salts but had lower pH values than the bare soils. The soils under grasses had less moisture, lower pH and lower salinity but higher clay content and exhibited greater aggregation than the soils under legumes. Though the soils under grasses had significantly higher quantities of organic matter than the soils under legumes there was no significant difference in the organic nitrogen contents between them.