鼠肝质膜蛋白质组研究的方法评估

细胞质膜是细胞中重要的细胞器, 在肝功能的发挥中具有非常重要的作用. 使用蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化细胞质膜, 通过电子显微镜观察和免疫印迹法检验膜的纯度. 结果显示, 与组织匀浆成分相比, 质膜富集了20倍, 线粒体的污染减少了约50%. 提取的蛋白质用二/一维凝胶电泳(2DE/1DE)分离、胰酶酶解、电喷雾四极杆飞行时间质谱(ESI-Q-TOF)和基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间串联质谱(MALDI-TOF-TOF)鉴定, 或者提取的蛋白质直接进行溶液内酶解、液相色谱串联电喷雾离子阱质谱(LC-LTQ)(鸟枪法)鉴定. 一共鉴定了547个非冗余蛋白质, 其中34%为质膜或质膜相关蛋白质. 优化和评估了质膜蛋白质组研究的方法, 且对鼠肝质膜蛋白质组进行了系统的分析.     

鼠肝质膜蛋白质组研究的方法评估

细胞质膜是细胞中重要的细胞器, 在肝功能的发挥中具有非常重要的作用. 使用蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化细胞质膜, 通过电子显微镜观察和免疫印迹法检验膜的纯度. 结果显示, 与组织匀浆成分相比, 质膜富集了20倍, 线粒体的污染减少了约50%. 提取的蛋白质用二/一维凝胶电泳(2DE/1DE)分离、胰酶酶解、电喷雾四极杆飞行时间质谱(ESI-Q-TOF)和基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间串联质谱(MALDI-TOF-TOF)鉴定, 或者提取的蛋白质直接进行溶液内酶解、液相色谱串联电喷雾离子阱质谱(LC-LTQ)(鸟枪法)鉴定. 一共鉴定了547个非冗余蛋白质, 其中34%为质膜或质膜相关蛋白质. 优化和评估了质膜蛋白质组研究的方法, 且对鼠肝质膜蛋白质组进行了系统的分析.     

真核细胞质膜蛋白质组研究进展

细胞膜（质膜）蛋白质是细胞的“门铃”与“门户”,是许多药物的作用靶标。细胞质膜蛋白质组的研究正成为蛋白质组研究的热点,这方面的研究有利于具有重要功能的低丰度蛋白质的发掘,为药物研发和疾病的诊断提供靶体与标记蛋白质。然而,质膜蛋白质组的研究在强疏水性跨膜蛋白质和低丰度膜蛋白质的分离和鉴定上遇到了方法学的挑战。本文对质膜及其微区的纯化、质膜蛋白质组的分离与鉴定、生物信息学,以及亚细胞定位研究的近期进展作扼要介绍。     

蛋白质组研究中低丰度蛋白质的富集与鉴定技术

随着分离技术、质谱设备与生物信息学的发展,对复杂蛋白质组的深度覆盖研究已不再是遥不可及,对8 000个基因产物的规模化鉴定已经趋于常规化。然而,更深一步的蛋白质组覆盖,就遇到了低丰度蛋白质分离、鉴定等更高的挑战。因此,针对低丰度蛋白质鉴定方法与相关分离分析技术的发展,本文综述了改善低丰度蛋白质鉴定效率的三种方法的最新进展,包括蛋白质的高分辨分离与质谱分析策略、低丰度蛋白质的选择性富集方法和高丰度蛋白质的消减策略等。针对生物体系蛋白质组成的深度鉴定研究,逐步用于探索生命体在不同条件下蛋白质组的表达与修饰的动态变化,并最终发现具备重要生理与病理功能的调控性蛋白质、寻找候选药物靶标。     

蛋白质组研究新前沿：定量蛋白质组学

在过去几年里,蛋白质组研究取得了令人鼓舞的进展,2DE-MS途径的自动化,多维色谱整合串联质谱的使用,弥补了一些用双向凝胶电泳分离蛋白质的技术缺陷;从稳定同位素标记到ICAT战略的提出,为准确定量在细胞或组织中发挥重要调节功能的低丰度蛋白质提供了一个较为理想的方法。同时,蛋白质芯片技术的不断发展,也极大的丰富了定量蛋白质组学的研究。就定量蛋白质组学及其相关技术研究进展作一简要综述。     

2-DE技术中疏水性和碱性蛋白质的研究进展

双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)具有高分辨率、高通量等特点,已被广泛地用于蛋白质组的分离．但是它在分离疏水性蛋白质和碱性蛋白质时却遇到了极大的挑战．然而,疏水性与碱性蛋白质在全蛋白质中占相当大的比例,且具有很重要的生物学意义．因而,近年来,越来越多的研究者将目标瞄准这些蛋白质,并且取得了一些令人鼓舞的进展：用亚细胞预分离技术,顺序提取法等方法来富集疏水性蛋白质,用一些新的有效的增溶剂如硫脲,ASB一14等来改善疏水性蛋白质的溶解,应用这些技术2一DE可分辨出总平均疏水值达O．80的蛋白质;在碱性蛋白质分离方面,通过等电聚焦预处理,使用窄pH梯度胶条等大大地改善了碱性蛋白质在2-DE中的分离,能分辨出等电点达11．7的蛋白质．现对2-DE技术中疏水性和碱性蛋白质分离的研究进展进行综述．     

小麦叶片类囊体膜蛋白复合体的分离和分析技术研究

膜蛋白复合体在生命活动中执行着重要的生物化学功能,具有重要的研究意义,但由于其低表达和高度疏水的特点,完整状态和低丰度的膜蛋白复合体的分离分析仍是一大挑战.首先,采用蓝绿温和胶非变性电泳作为第一维分离技术,大量分离制备叶绿体类囊体膜蛋白复合物;其次,采用电洗脱方法差异富集第一维电泳分离到的各种蛋白复合体;最后,采用SDS-PAGE作为第二维分离技术,分析差异富集的不同种蛋白复合体的亚基构成.研究结果表明,利用这种分离分析模式,能有效地富集膜蛋白复合体尤其是低丰度膜蛋白复合体,明显提高第二维分离分析的分辨率和蛋白覆盖率.     

细胞质膜蛋白质组学研究技术进展

质膜蛋白在细胞中执行着非常重要的功能。随着蛋白质组学的发展,细胞质膜蛋白质组学成为蛋白质组学研究的重要组成部分,它为质膜蛋白的生物功能研究及药物靶标的发现提供了新的途径。然而,质膜蛋白丰度低、疏水性强,对现有蛋白质组学研究技术提出了挑战。简要综述了近年来质膜蛋白质组研究的相关技术进展,包括富集、提取分离鉴定方法及定量和生物信息学研究方法等。     

细胞质膜蛋白质组学

随着基于质谱的大规模蛋白质鉴定技术的建立,蛋白质组学得到迅速发展。同时由于质膜在细胞生命活动中的重要作用,质膜蛋白质组学逐渐兴起,并发展成为蛋白质组学研究中的重要组成部分。但由于膜蛋白尤其是内在膜蛋白的强疏水性、低丰度,造成蛋白质提取、分离和鉴定相对困难,使质膜蛋白质组成为蛋白质组研究中的一个技术难点。     

多维色谱-串联质谱联用技术分离和鉴定小鼠肝脏质膜蛋白质

采用自动在线纳流多维液相色谱 串联质谱联用的方法分离和鉴定蔗糖密度梯度离心法分离和富集的小鼠肝脏质膜蛋白质 .以强阳离子交换柱为第一相 ,反相柱为第二相 ,在两相之间连接一预柱脱盐和浓缩肽段 .用含去污剂的溶剂提取细胞质膜中的蛋白质 ,获得的质膜蛋白质经酶解和适当的酸化后通过离子交换柱吸附 ,分别用 10个不同浓度的乙酸铵盐溶液进行分段洗脱 .洗脱物经预柱脱盐和浓缩后进入毛细管反相柱进行反相分离 ,分离后的肽段直接进入质谱仪离子源进行一级和二级质谱分析 .质谱仪采得的数据经计算机处理后用Mascot软件进行蛋白质数据库搜寻 ,共鉴定出 12 6种蛋白质 ,其中 4 1种为膜蛋白 ,包括与膜相关的蛋白质和具有多个跨膜区的整合膜蛋白 ,为建立质膜蛋白质组学研究的适宜方法和质膜蛋白质数据库提供了有价值的基础性研究资料 .     

The synaptic vesicle proteome: a comparative study in membrane protein identification

A proteomic analysis of the synaptic vesicle was undertaken to obtain a better understanding of vesicle regulation. Synaptic vesicles primarily consist of integral membrane proteins that are not well resolved on traditional isoelectric focusing/two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (IEF/2-DE) gels and are resistant to in-gel digestion with trypsin thereby reducing the number of peptides available for mass spectrometric analysis. To address these limitations, two complementary 2-DE methods were investigated in the proteome analysis: (a) IEF/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) for resolution of soluble proteins and, (b) Benzyl hexadecyl ammonium chloride/SDS-PAGE (16-BAC/SDS-PAGE) for resolution of integral membrane proteins. The IEF/SDS-PAGE method provided superior resolution of soluble proteins, but could only resolve membrane proteins with a single transmembrane domain. The 16-BAC/SDS-PAGE method improved separation, resolution and identification of integral membrane proteins with up to 12 transmembrane domains. Trypsin digestion of the integral membrane proteins was poor and fewer peptides were identified from these proteins. Analysis of both the peptide mass fingerprint and the tandem mass spectra using electrospray ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry led to the positive identification of integral membrane proteins. Using both 2-DE separation methods, a total of 36 proteins were identified including seven integral membrane proteins, 17 vesicle regulatory proteins and four proteins whose function in vesicles is not yet known.     

蛋白质组学技术及其在生物医学上的应用

蛋白质组学部分承用了创立于二十多年前的二维电泳技术。基于其高分辩能力 ,二维电泳主要用于分离和检测复杂混合物中的蛋白质。虽然没有获得更多的改进 ,但是二维电泳结合了通过质谱测定蛋白质的最新进展而成为蛋白质组学中的一项重要技术。随着人类基因组计划项目的完成及由此而产生的大量基因数据库和使用这些数据的生物信息技术 ,科学家们的下一个目标是解析生物体的完整蛋白质组 ,把蛋白质组学数据与基因组学数据关联起来并有机地结合而成为一项有力的工具以阐明病理学中的蛋白质功能、衰老的过程及发现新药目标蛋白质和疾病标识物等。文章综述了蛋白质组学技术的最新知识及其在生物医学研究中的潜在应用     

Solubilization of membrane proteins for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: identification of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins

Solubilization of membrane proteins for two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) is very difficult. In this study, we report the use of 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatdiyl choline (DHPC) as a detergent to solubilize integral membrane proteins for 2DE. Rat ventricular microsomal fractions enriched with sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum (SR) membrane proteins were used as a model system. Compatibility of DHPC with a high concentration of urea increases the solubility of proteins compared with sulphobetaines or ASB-14. Peptide mass analysis assisted in the identification of key SR membrane proteins including SR Ca(2+) ATPase and other membrane proteins, which have not previously been reported on 2DE. These results suggest that DHPC is a better detergent for solubilizing membrane proteins and may be useful in generating proteomic maps for most complex organelles including SR.     

Comparison of sample preparation techniques for large‐scale proteomics

Numerous workflows exist for large‐scale bottom‐up proteomics, many of which achieve exceptional proteome depth. Herein, we evaluated the performance of several commonly used sample preparation techniques for proteomic characterization of HeLa lysates [unfractionated in‐solution digests, SDS‐PAGE coupled with in‐gel digestion, gel‐eluted liquid fraction entrapment electrophoresis (GELFrEE) technology, SCX StageTips and high‐/low‐pH reversed phase fractionation (HpH)]. HpH fractionation was found to be superior in terms of proteome depth (>8400 proteins detected) and fractionation efficiency compared to other techniques. SCX StageTip fractionation required minimal sample handling and was also a substantial improvement over SDS‐PAGE separation and GELFrEE technology. Sequence coverage of the HeLa proteome increased to 38% when combining all workflows, however, total proteins detected improved only slightly to 8710. In summary, HpH fractionation and SCX StageTips are robust techniques and highly suited for complex proteome analysis.     

Mapping the proteome of Leishmania Viannia parasites using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and associated technologies

In this study we have demonstrated the potential of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE)-based technologies as tools for characterization of the Leishmania proteome (the expressed protein complement of the genome). Standardized neutral range (pH 5-7) proteome maps of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis and Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis promastigotes were reproducibly generated by 2DE of soluble parasite extracts, which were prepared using lysis buffer containing urea and nonidet P-40 detergent. The Coomassie blue and silver nitrate staining systems both yielded good resolution and representation of protein spots, enabling the detection of approximately 800 and 1,500 distinct proteins, respectively. Several reference protein spots common to the proteomes of all parasite species/strains studied were isolated and identified by peptide mass spectrometry (LC-ES-MS/MS), and bioinformatics approaches as members of the heat shock protein family, ribosomal protein S12, kinetoplast membrane protein 11 and a hypothetical Leishmania-specific 13 kDa protein of unknown function. Immunoblotting of Leishmania protein maps using a monoclonal antibody resulted in the specific detection of the 81.4 kDa and 77.5 kDa subunits of paraflagellar rod proteins 1 and 2, respectively. Moreover, differences in protein expression profiles between distinct parasite clones were reproducibly detected through comparative proteome analyses of paired maps using image analysis software. These data illustrate the resolving power of 2DE-based proteome analysis. The production and basic characterization of good quality Leishmania proteome maps provides an essential first step towards comparative protein expression studies aimed at identifying the molecular determinants of parasite drug resistance and virulence, as well as discovering new drug and vaccine targets.     

Consensus Brain-derived Protein,Extraction Protocol for the Study of Human and Murine Brain Proteome Using Both 2D-DIGE and Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) is a powerful tool to uncover proteome modifications potentially related to different physiological or pathological conditions. Basically, this technique is based on the separation of proteins according to their isoelectric point in a first step, and secondly according to their molecular weights by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In this report an optimized sample preparation protocol for little amount of human post-mortem and mouse brain tissue is described. This method enables to perform both two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mini 2DE immunoblotting. The combination of these approaches allows one to not only find new proteins and/or protein modifications in their expression thanks to its compatibility with mass spectrometry detection, but also a new insight into markers validation. Thus, mini-2DE coupled to western blotting permits to identify and validate post-translational modifications, proteins catabolism and provides a qualitative comparison among different conditions and/or treatments. Herein, we provide a method to study components of protein aggregates found in AD and Lewy body dementia such as the amyloid-beta peptide and the alpha-synuclein. Our method can thus be adapted for the analysis of the proteome and insoluble proteins extract from human brain tissue and mice models too. In parallel, it may provide useful information for the study of molecular and cellular pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases as well as potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.     

Gel absorption-based sample preparation for the analysis of membrane proteome by mass spectrometry

A gel absorption-based sample preparation method for shotgun analysis of membrane proteome has been developed. In this new method, membrane proteins solubilized in a starting buffer containing a high concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were directly entrapped and immobilized into gel matrix when the membrane protein solution was absorbed by the vacuum-dried polyacrylamide gel. After the detergent and other salts were removed by washing, the proteins were subjected to in-gel digestion and the tryptic peptides were extracted and analyzed by capillary liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (CapLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the newly developed method not only avoided the protein loss and the adverse protein modifications during gel embedment but also improved the subsequent in-gel digestion and the recovery of tryptic peptides, particularly the hydrophobic peptides, thereby facilitating the identification of membrane proteins, especially the integral membrane proteins. Compared with the conventional tube-gel digestion method, the newly developed method increased the numbers of identified membrane proteins and integral membrane proteins by 25.0% and 30.2%, respectively, demonstrating that the method is of broad practicability in gel-based shotgun analysis of membrane proteome.     

Optimization of a phenol extraction‐based protein preparation method amenable to downstream 2DE and MALDI‐MS based analysis of bacterial proteomes

2DE is one of the most efficient and widely used methods for resolving complex protein mixtures. For efficient analysis of complex samples, high‐resolution separation of proteins on 2D gel is essential, and for that purpose good sample preparation is crucial. In this study, we have improvized a method for preparing bacterial total cellular proteome, from a strategy applied earlier to recalcitrant plant tissues, which gave high‐quality resolution on 2DE. The method involving phenol extraction followed by methanol/ammonium acetate precipitation was first optimized for the chemolithotrophic proteobacteria Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis WT001 and Pseudaminobacter salicylatoxidans KCT001 that did not yield quality protein preps in conventional trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation method. Subsequently, to validate its general applicability, the method was evaluated against the trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation method for two other model bacteria, i.e. Escherichia coli DH5α and Mycobacterium smegmatis mc²6. Identification of at least four proteins each from the outer membrane, periplasm, and cytoplasm of T. kashmirensis by MALDI‐MS not only proved the efficiency of the method in extracting proteins from the different cellular compartments but also the amenability of the obtained protein spots toward MALDI‐MS based identification.     

一种提高固定pH梯度（IPG）凝胶双向电泳的重复性、分辨率和通量的方法

在蛋白质组学研究中 ,双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳是现行蛋白质分离的最重要的方法之一。实验发展了一种提高固定pH梯度 (IPG)凝胶双向电泳的重复性、分辨率和通量的方法 :在一块SDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上同时进行多块固定pH梯度(IPG)凝胶 (Multi stripsononeSDSgel,MSOG)电泳。用此方法比较了人肝癌细胞、不同生长状态的人肝癌细胞、3T3细胞的蛋白质以及同一个样品在不同大小的第二向凝胶系统 (大型和中型凝胶 )的双向电泳图谱。结果表明 ,同一样品在 13cmIPGStrip双向电泳可分离 2 0 0 0以上蛋白质点且图谱蛋白质点的匹配率可超过 95 %以上。同时又可以最大程度地降低凝胶背景对蛋白质点比较分析的干扰 ,从而提高了双向电泳分离蛋白质的分辨率和通量。这些优点都有助于差异蛋白质组学特别是细胞器差异蛋白质组学研究的自动化。