基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序研究狞猫肠道微生物多样性（英文）

【目的】研究狞猫肠道微生物多样性特征。【方法】对7只健康成年野生狞猫(2只雄性,5只雌性;2只来自济南野生动物园,5只来自威海野生动物园)粪便微生物16S rRNA基因V3–V4区进行高通量测序,对狞猫肠道微生物多样性进行研究。【结果】7只狞猫共获得肠道微生物16S rRNA基因V3–V4区有效序列1458741条,平均208392条,序列平均长度433 bp。通过以97%的序列相似性进行分类,获得操作分类单元(OTU)平均233个。经序列比对和分类鉴定,这些OTU都属于细菌域,包括13个门,26个纲,43个目,75个科,119个属。其中,丰度最高的细菌门是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,平均占61.7%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,12.42%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,7.79%)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteroidetes,7.79%)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria,7.53%)。丰度最高的科依次是消化链球菌科(Peptostreptococcaceae,平均占16.15%),梭菌科I(Clostridiaceae_I,14.78%),毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae,13.13%),红蝽杆菌科(Coriobacteriaceae,12.31%)等。丰度最高的属是柯林斯氏菌属(Collinsella,11.44%),艰难梭菌属(Peptoclostridium,10.91%),狭窄梭菌属1(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,10.3%),拟杆菌属(Bacteroides,7.41%),消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus,5.21%)等。7只狞猫的肠道微生物中有平均15.35%的OTU没有归类到属。样本间聚类分析结果表明,来自同一动物园的样本聚为一支。【结论】本文通过高通量测序技术研究了狞猫肠道微生物的组成和多样性特征,为狞猫的救护饲养和消化生理学研究提供基础数据。     

基于高通量测序技术研究水貂远端肠道细菌群落组成

【目的】研究水貂远端肠道微生物群落组成及其多样性。【方法】通过高通量测序技术研究水貂远端肠内容物细菌的组成和多样性。【结果】从10只健康水貂远端肠道内容物样品中得到146 287高质量序列代表17个菌门、167个细菌属。水貂肠道细菌以厚壁菌门(59.99%)、拟杆菌门(16.2%)、梭杆菌门(11.5%)、放线菌门(5.9%)和变形菌门(5.3%)为主,其中厚壁菌门最为丰富。厚壁菌门中的梭菌目是最丰富的目,而梭菌目中的链球菌占有50%以上的OTUs,是最大的细菌属。【结论】水貂肠道内存在复杂的微生物区系,这对进一步研究水貂对营养物质吸收利用提供了理论基础。     

基于高通量测序技术研究水貂远端肠道细菌群落组成（英文）

【目的】研究水貂远端肠道微生物群落组成及其多样性。【方法】通过高通量测序技术研究水貂远端肠内容物细菌的组成和多样性。【结果】从10只健康水貂远端肠道内容物样品中得到146 287高质量序列代表17个菌门、167个细菌属。水貂肠道细菌以厚壁菌门(59.99%)、拟杆菌门(16.2%)、梭杆菌门(11.5%)、放线菌门(5.9%)和变形菌门(5.3%)为主,其中厚壁菌门最为丰富。厚壁菌门中的梭菌目是最丰富的目,而梭菌目中的链球菌占有50%以上的OTUs,是最大的细菌属。【结论】水貂肠道内存在复杂的微生物区系,这对进一步研究水貂对营养物质吸收利用提供了理论基础。     

乌鲁木齐市3~5岁儿童口腔微生物与肠道微生物的构成差异

目的探索乌鲁木齐市3～5岁儿童口腔微生物与肠道微生物的菌群构成及多样性等差异。方法从本团队前期流行病学调查的乌鲁木齐市3～5岁儿童中,按调查时间顺序随机抽取12名儿童。分别收集唾液及粪便样本共计24份,分为口腔微生物组和肠道微生物组。利用16S V3-V4区设计引物来进行PCR扩增,使用MiSeq测序仪进行二代测序,比较两组的微生物构成及多样性差异。结果门水平上:放线菌门(t=5.98,P0.001)、变形菌门(z=20.0,P=0.005)、TM7(z=78.0,P0.001)在口腔中丰度较高;厚壁菌门(z=134.0,P0.001)在肠道中丰度较高。厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的值在肠道中较大(z=113.0,P=0.017)。属水平上:罗斯菌属、普雷沃菌属、链球菌属为口腔中丰度较高的菌属;粪杆菌属、Ruminococcaceae、拟杆菌属为肠道中丰度较高的菌属(P0.001)。奈瑟菌属、卟啉单胞菌属等仅存在于口腔中。Catenibacterium、肠杆菌属等仅存在于肠道中。菌群功能显示:在细胞运动(z=136.0,P0.001)、碳水化合物代谢(t=-4.71,P0.001)等方面表现出肠道组占优势;在遗传信息的翻译(t=8.17,P0.001)、神经退行性疾病(z=78.0,P0.001)等方面表现出口腔组占优势。结论放线菌门、变形菌门、TM7在口腔中丰度较高;厚壁菌门在肠道中丰度较高。口腔和肠道微生物在菌群功能上差异较大。奈瑟菌属、卟啉单胞菌属、Catenibacterium等可能为某些全身系统性疾病的标志性菌属。     

吸烟对健康人群唾液微生物组的影响

【背景】吸烟是重要的公共健康问题,可能通过改变唾液微生物组影响口腔健康甚至全身健康。【目的】探究吸烟对中国健康人群唾液微生物组的影响,为研究吸烟在疾病发展中的作用提供线索。【方法】收集167位健康个体的唾液样本,利用HiSeq高通量测序技术对样品中16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行测序,分析比较吸烟者和非吸烟者的唾液微生物组的多样性、群落结构和物种丰度,并预测功能组成,探究吸烟对唾液微生物组的影响。【结果】吸烟对唾液微生物组的α多样性影响较小,但是在微生物组组成上,吸烟组中奈瑟菌属、艾肯菌属、二氧化碳嗜纤维属等细菌明显减少,而普雷沃氏菌属、韦荣氏球菌属、放线菌属、奇异菌属和巨球型菌属等细菌明显增加。在功能上,PICRUSt的预测结果显示吸烟组富集不依赖氧气的代谢功能,非吸烟组富集需要氧气参与的代谢功能。【结论】吸烟可能会通过改变唾液微生物组,造成微生物组功能途径的变化,进而引发与吸烟相关的疾病。     

猎豹(Acinonyx jubatus)肠道微生物多样性及其性别差异研究（英文）

【目的】探讨猎豹(Acinonyx jubatus)肠道微生物多样性特征。【方法】通过采集新鲜粪便样品,对9只健康成年野生猎豹(4只雄性,5只雌性)的肠道微生物16S rRNA基因V3–V4区进行高通量测序,对猎豹肠道微生物多样性进行研究。【结果】测序共获得肠道微生物16S rRNA基因V3–V4区有效序列599349条,序列平均长度405 bp。通过以97%的序列相似性进行分类,共获得操作分类单元(OTU)268个。经序列比对和分类鉴定,这些OTU都属于细菌域,包括10个门,21个纲,35个目,72个科,144个属。其中,丰度最高的5个细菌门是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,平均占OTU总数的42.29%%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,31.54%)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteroidetes,16.66%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,5.30%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,4.19%)。拟杆菌门的丰度较低是猎豹肠道微生物的主要特征。丰度最高的5个科依次是红蝽杆菌科(Coriobacteriaceae,31.28%)、消化链球菌科(Peptostreptococcaceae,平均占17.66%),梭杆菌科(Fusobacteriaceae,15.46%)、毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae,12.40%)、梭菌科I(Clostridiaceae_I,6.93%)等。丰度最高的5个属依次是柯林斯氏菌属(Collinsella,30.16%)、梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium,15.46%)、艰难梭菌属(Peptoclostridium,11.46%)、Blautia属(8.28%)和狭窄梭菌属1(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,6.39%)。约有2.32%的OTU没有归类到属。群落alpha多样性分析结果显示,猎豹肠道微生物群落Shannon指数为2.93–4.41,Simpson指数为0.72–0.91。通过依据性别进行分组,对雌雄两组之间的alpha多样性比较表明,雄性组的物种和Shannon指数略高于雌性组。Beta多样性分析表明,雌雄两组之间的差异高于各组内部不同个体之间的差异。然而,聚类分析显示,相同性别的猎豹的肠道微生物并没有聚在一起。【结论】本文通过高通量测序技术研究了猎豹肠道微生物多样性特征和性别差异,为猎豹的保护、救护饲养和消化生理学研究提供了基础数据。     

小龙虾肠道细菌群落多样性及产蛋白酶细菌的筛选

【背景】养殖动物对饲料的消化利用往往与肠道菌群密切相关。【目的】揭示小龙虾肠道细菌群落组成,并从小龙虾肠道筛选产蛋白酶细菌。【方法】在Illumina MiSeq PE300平台对细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行高通量测序,分析小龙虾肠道细菌群落多样性;通过酪蛋白平板法筛选产蛋白酶细菌并进行分子生物学鉴定。【结果】小龙虾肠道细菌优势门包括变形菌门、软壁菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门等4个门,累计占比为98.53%;优势属包括柠檬酸杆菌属、支原体科Candidatus_Bacilloplasma暂定属、哈夫尼菌属、肠球菌属、拟杆菌属、梭菌科未分类属、希瓦氏菌属等7个属,累计占比为91.67%。通过酪蛋白平板法筛选的产蛋白酶细菌来自哈夫尼菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、克雷伯氏菌属和芽孢杆菌属。【结论】小龙虾肠道细菌核心类群在蛋白质消化利用中发挥了重要作用。     

非小细胞肺癌患者肠道微生物特征分析

【目的】分析非小细胞肺癌患者与肺部良性病变患者肠道微生物的构成差异,探究特异肠道菌群对非小细胞肺癌发生发展的影响。【方法】收集63例患者粪便样本,非小细胞肺癌患者39例,其中肺腺癌(ADC) 32例,肺鳞癌(SCC) 7例,肺部良性病变患者24例,进行16S rDNA测序。【结果】毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)、粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)、罗氏菌属(Roseburia)和纺锤链杆属(Fusicatenibacter)在肺腺癌患者中显著富集,在肺鳞癌和肺部良性病变中无明显差异。嗜血杆菌属(Haemophilus)、普雷沃菌属(Prevotella)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)和柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)在肺部良性病变患者肠道中显著富集。【结论】非小细胞肺癌患者与肺部良性病变患者肠道中均存在特异的微生物菌群。     

不同妊娠状态下女性口腔微生物的结构差异性

【背景】妊娠期妇女口腔微生物改变与口腔疾病及全身性疾病之间有显著相关性。【目的】比较不同妊娠状态下女性口腔微生物结构的差异,探讨该差异与不同妊娠状态间的关联性。【方法】选取18名孕妇和9名非孕妇为研究对象[（28.2±3）岁],分为妊娠期糖尿病组[gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM,年龄（28.9±3.6）岁,孕周（30.1±3.2）周]、妊娠期非糖尿病组[non-diabetic pregnant women,PW,年龄（27.9±3.0）岁,孕周（28.6±4.7）周]和非妊娠期非糖尿病组[non-pregnant women,NPW,年龄（27.7±2.1）岁],每组9名,收集口腔唾液（saliva,S）和龈上牙菌斑（supragingival dental plaque,D）,采取Illumina Novaseq测序平台针对细菌16S rRNA基因的V3-V4可变区进行测序,以SILVA为参考数据库使用朴素贝叶斯分类器对特征序列进行分类学注释,利用QIIME软件对样本进行生物信息学分析。【结果】三组中唾液及牙菌斑微生物差异比较显示：D-GDM中二氧化碳嗜纤维菌属检出量高于D-PW,而月形单胞菌属检出量显著低于D-PW;S-GDM中产气单胞菌属、拟杆菌属等厌氧菌属检出量高于S-PW,韦荣氏菌属检出量低于S-PW;D-PW中纤毛菌属、普氏菌属和月形单胞菌属检出量显著高于D-NPW;D-NPW中产气单胞菌属、放线杆菌属、二氧化碳嗜纤维杆菌属、奈瑟菌属、链球菌属和劳特罗氏菌属等检出量高于D-PW;S-PW中韦荣菌属、普氏菌属、链球菌属和卟啉单胞菌属检出量低于S-NPW;D-GDM中福赛斯坦纳菌属、纤毛菌属检出量高于D-NPW,劳特罗氏菌属检出量低于D-NPW;S-GDM中密螺旋体属、弯曲杆菌属检出量高于S-NPW,链球菌属低于S-NPW。在种水平上,S-GDM菌群中具核梭杆菌检出量显著高于S-PW,S-GDM菌群中牙龈卟啉单胞菌及福赛斯坦纳菌检出量与S-PW差异无统计学意义,产黑普氏菌检出量低于S-PW;S-PW中牙龈卟啉单胞菌、产黑普氏菌和福赛斯坦纳菌检出量均显著高于S-NPW。【结论】孕妇妊娠期糖尿病将增加口腔微生物群厌氧菌检出率,GDM与牙龈卟啉单胞菌、福赛斯坦纳菌和产黑普氏菌等牙周炎致病菌相关性不能确定。     

慢性牙周炎患者和牙周健康人唾液微生物多样性研究及临床意义

慢性牙周炎是一种常见的口腔疾病，其主要症状为牙周组织发炎和牙周袋，会导致牙齿松动甚至脱落。过去研究已经发现牙周炎与口腔微生物群落失衡密切相关。唾液是口腔中重要的微生物媒介，可以反映口腔微生物群落的特征。因此，研究慢性牙周炎患者与牙周健康人唾液微生物多样性的差异，对于深入了解慢性牙周炎的发病机制、个体化治疗及预防和促进口腔健康具有重要意义。文章针对慢性牙周炎患者与牙周健康人唾液微生物多样性的差异及其临床意义展开研究，以期为临床医生进行相关治疗提供参考。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.