脆弱类杆菌与大肠杆菌混合感染的小鼠皮下脓肿模型的定量研究

本文用临床上厌氧菌感染中最常见的B.f(脆弱类杆菌)与兼性菌中最常见的E.c(大肠杆菌)作混合感染致病协同性研究的模式菌株,从定量角度建立小鼠皮下脓肿的感染模型。结果表明,单独在昆明小鼠皮下接种B.f 10~7(CFu/m)后1/10发生脓肿,10~8与10~9菌量分别有3/10及6/10发生脓肿。B.f的CP(荚膜多糖)提取物125μg、250μg、500μg,其脓肿形成率分别为1/10、2/10和4/10。单独注射E.c10~6～10~7菌量时,无脓肿及死亡发生。10~8时3/10小鼠死亡,脓肿不典型。引起感染的菌量阈值B.f为10~7,E.c为10~8。B.f致病特征为引起脓肿,E.c为引起死亡。混合感染两种菌浓度均在10~7时,5/10发生脓肿,2/10发生死亡。在感染灶中两种菌浓度总数分别保持在≥10~7。B.f与E.c混合感染时有明显的协同致死与协同致脓肿效应。     

铜绿假单胞菌重组Bb-OprI疫苗免疫及PA01株感染后小鼠脾细胞因子IL-17和Treg的变化

目的:研究铜绿假单胞菌重组Bb-OprI疫苗免疫及PA01株攻击后小鼠产生的保护力,及脾细胞因子IL-17和Treg的变化。方法:将5×10~9CFU的Bb-Opr I疫苗灌胃接种BALB/c鼠,每周3次,连续3周;于初次接种后4周,将5×10~6CFU的PA01株滴鼻攻击小鼠,攻击后2周处死小鼠,分离肺组织和脾脏,培养肺组织的细菌并进行菌落计数,以铜绿假单胞菌抗原(PaAg)诱导培养脾细胞,PCR扩增IL-17和Foxp3基因。结果:Bb-Opr I疫苗组小鼠的肺组织细菌计数(0.46±0.09)×10~8CFU明显低于空载体对照组(5.42±0.79)×10~8CFU和Bb对照组(6.20±0.95)×10~8CFU(P0.01),从疫苗组小鼠的脾细胞DNA可扩增出380 bp的IL-17和250 bp的Foxp3基因。结论:重组Bb-OprI疫苗可诱导小鼠产生Th17和Treg免疫应答,从而抵抗PA01株感染并维持免疫稳态。     

IL-17在黏附侵袭性大肠杆菌感染小鼠结肠过程中的作用机制研究

目的:评价IL-17在黏附侵袭性大肠杆菌感染小鼠结肠过程中的作用及其可能机制。方法:选择野生型及IL-17基因敲除的SPF级C57BL/6小鼠并随机分成4组,分别给予不同的处理:(1)野生小鼠+单纯蒸馏水灌胃处理组;(2)野生小鼠+E.coli LF82(1×109/CFU/只)灌胃10天处理组;(3)IL-17敲除小鼠+单纯蒸馏水灌胃处理组;(4)IL-17敲除小鼠+E.coli LF82灌胃10天处理组。从以下5个方面评价各组小鼠的炎症反应和IL-17水平:(1)组织病理评分评估炎症反应严重程度;(2)透射电镜下观察结肠上皮细胞的超微结构;(3)免疫组织化学检测结肠分泌的IL-17;(4)PCR检测小鼠结肠中IL-17m RNA表达;(5)ELISA检测结肠组织中IL-17的含量。结果:定植了E.coli LF82的IL-17敲除小鼠肠道炎症程度和超微结构损伤较野生型小鼠更加严重(P0.05)。与未经E.coli LF82处理组相比,定植了E.coli LF82的野生小鼠肠道中IL-17m RNA和IL-17含量明显升高(P0.05)。结论:IL-17在E.coli LF82在黏附侵袭结肠粘膜过程中的保护作用,IL-17是针对AIEC菌株E.coli LF82免疫的重要效应物,而结肠局部分泌增加的IL-17会改善感染的结果。     

酸马奶提取Kluyveromyces marxianus代谢抗菌复合物对致病性大肠杆菌的抑菌和细胞表面特性的影响

【目的】探究酸马奶提取马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)代谢产生的抗菌复合物K.marxianus p H 2.0和K.marxianus p H 8.0(简称为K2和K8)对致病性大肠杆菌Escherichia coli O8的抑菌效果和细胞表面特性的影响。【方法】乙酸乙酯萃取法制备K2和K8,牛津杯法测定其对E.coli O8的抑菌圈,高效液相色谱法测定其有机酸的组成,试剂盒测定其毒素蛋白浓度,肉汤稀释法测定其对E.coli O8的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),酶标比浊法测定其对E.coli O8生长曲线的影响,微生物粘附法测定其对E.coli O8细胞表面疏水性的影响,邻硝基苯β-D-半乳吡喃糖苷(ONPG)法测定其对E.coli O8细胞膜渗透性的影响。【结果】乙酸乙酯萃取法获得抗菌复合物溶液,其中p H 2.0水相与p H 8.0水相抑菌圈最大,冻干得K2和K8,主要组分为丙酸等有机酸和毒素蛋白。K2和K8对E.coli O8的MIC分别为0.025 g/m L和0.100 g/m L,MBC分别为0.100 g/m L和0.200 g/m L。K2和K8能影响E.coli O8的生长曲线,增加E.coli O8的疏水性和渗透性,且K2优于K8。【结论】酸马奶提取K.marxianus代谢抗菌复合物K2和K8能抑制致病性E.coli O8生长,影响其细胞表面特性。     

一次接种HA DNA保护小鼠抵抗B型流感病毒攻击

为详细探讨小鼠不同次数接种B型流感病毒HA DNA疫苗后免疫应答情况,以及CpG基序的免疫佐剂效果,采用不同剂量HA DNA,1次或2次(间隔3周)电击法免疫BALB/C小鼠。初免4周后(或二免加强免疫1周后)用致死量流感病毒(B/Ibaraki/2/85)攻击。研究发现:①100μg HA DNA一次接种的小鼠全部存活;②经含有CpG基序的DNA免疫的小鼠体内诱导产生的抗HAIgG抗体更高,小鼠体重丢失更少。这些结果说明,1次接种100μg HA DNA疫苗可以使小鼠抵抗致死量B型流感病毒攻击,CpG基序能够增强HA DNA疫苗的免疫保护作用。     

人IL-12与结核分枝杆菌抗原ESAT-6联合基因疫苗的免疫效果观察

人白细胞介素12(IL-12)与结核分枝杆菌免疫优势抗原ESAT-6真核表达质粒联合基因免疫,诱导免疫应答效果观察。近交系BALB/c小鼠,随机分组:A组(生理盐水对照)、B组(pcDNA3.1空质粒对照)、C组(BCG对照)、D组(pcESAT-6)和E组(pcIL-12 pcESAT-6)。B、D、E质粒免疫组小鼠分别于胫前肌肌肉注射布比卡因(7.5g/L)和质粒的混和物(1∶4,100μL,含质粒70μg/次),A组小鼠肌肉注射生理盐水和布比卡因的混和物(1∶4,100μL),均间隔2周免疫一次,共免疫3次;末次免疫时,C组小鼠皮下注射BCG菌液,0.3mL/只,含106CFU/mL。末次免疫后14d和28d,各组小鼠分别取血分离血清用于总IgG测定,同时分离脾细胞,经TB-PPD刺激后检测脾细胞增殖(XTT比色法)活性和脾细胞培养上清液中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、白介素4(IL-4)分泌水平。pcESAT-6质粒DNA单独免疫(D组)或与pcIL-12质粒DNA联合免疫(E组),均能诱导小鼠产生特异性抗体,且抗体水平在末次加强免疫后14~28d逐渐增加;但pcIL-12与pcESAT-6联合免疫后,特异性抗体水平较pcESAT-6单独免疫增加不明显(P<0.05)。C、D、E组免疫小鼠脾细胞体外经TB-PPD刺激后,E组小鼠特异性淋巴细胞增殖活性和IFN-γ分泌水平明显强于C组和D组(P<0.05),而IL-4分泌水平相互间未发现明显差异。末次加强免疫后14~28d,E组小鼠脾细胞增殖活性维持在较高水平,而C组小鼠脾细胞增殖活性先低后高,D组则先高后低;IFN-γ诱生水平,E组最高,C组次之,D组最低。pcIL-12与pcESAT-6质粒DNA联合免疫后能刺激机体产生强烈的细胞免疫和稳定的体液免疫,在动物体内诱发的细胞免疫较ESAT-6或BCG单独免疫时均有明显增加并维持较长时间,此外联合免疫后诱导的体液免疫也较BCG免疫有明显增加。     

构建表达IL 2的大肠埃希菌对小鼠肠炎的影响

目的以Escherichia coli Nissle 1917为基础建立一种与肠道菌群相关的新型白介素2(IL-2)递送方式,研究其对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的实验性结肠炎的治疗作用。方法将小鼠随机分为4组(每组10只),以正常小鼠作为空白对照组,实验组小鼠用3%的DSS水诱导小鼠结肠炎模型,分别灌胃表达IL-2的菌株(E.coli 1917/IL-2)、空质粒转化的菌株(E.coli 1917/0)或PBS进行治疗5 d,定期评估各组小鼠的临床体征、疾病活动指数(DAI)、病理和免疫组织学变化。结果构建的益生工程菌E.coli 1917/IL-2可有效缓解DSS诱导的小鼠肠炎,小鼠DAI评分较低,体质量及结肠长度均高于对照组,肠黏膜组织中炎症细胞浸润较少。结论使用工程化益生大肠埃希菌编码免疫调节细胞因子的治疗策略为溃疡性结肠炎提供一种潜在的治疗方法。     

特异性卵黄抗体(IgY)对小鼠大肠杆菌败血症的保护作用

目的:研究特异性IgY对小鼠大肠杆菌败血症的保护作用.方法:以灭活的E.coli O111免疫产蛋母鸡,抗体经水稀释及盐析分离纯化.ELISA法检测大肠杆菌特异性IgY对大肠杆菌及LPS的结合活性.腹腔注射E.coli O111(1011cfu/mL)建立小鼠败血症模型,攻毒剂量为0.1mL/10g体重.小鼠随机分为5组,分别给药保护:空白组(生理盐水)、阴性对照组(非特异性IgY,20mg/mL)、阳性对照组(头孢哌酮20mg/mL)、高剂量组(特异性IgY,40mg/mL),低剂量组(特异性IgY,20mg/mL).给药剂量为:攻毒前,0.15mL/10g体重,每天一次,共两天;攻毒后,0.25mL/10g体重,每天一次,共七天.观察小鼠临床表现、体重变化、白细胞(WBC)和血小板(PLT)数变化及各组小鼠的死亡率.结果:特异性IgY与E.coli O111和LPS均有体外结合活性.大肠杆菌攻毒后,小鼠体重下降,各组小鼠外周血中WBC和PLT数均有不同程度的下降.特异性IgY保护组各项指标较快恢复到正常水平,其他组恢复缓慢.各组小鼠七天内的死亡率分别为:空白组与阴性对照组都为100%;阳性对照组60%;低剂量IgY组30%;高剂量IgY组10%.结论:特异性IgY对小鼠大肠杆菌败血症有保护作用.     

滴鼻途径建立鼠结核病模型的探讨

目的 探讨滴鼻途径建立BALB/C小鼠结核分枝杆菌感染的模型的可行性.方法 人型Mtb H_(37)Rv标准株经腹腔接种小鼠,取小鼠腹腔冲洗液100 μl接种改良罗-琴氏培养基.刮取上述培养基上生长4周已恢复毒力的结核分枝杆菌H_(37)Rv标准株,加0.05%Tween80生理盐水磨菌制成悬液,菌落计数,计数后稀释悬液为5×10~3 CFU/50 μl、5×10~4 CFU/50 μl、5×10~5 CFU/50 μl及50 μl生理盐水分别感染4组Balb/c小鼠,制作结核分枝杆菌感染模型.结果 滴鼻感染小鼠4周后,所有小鼠肺、脾组织中均可见抗酸阳性菌,在感染小鼠肺、脾组织匀浆均培养出Mtb.肺组织病理改变明显,正常肺泡结构消失,以充血实变、淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞浸润为主,增生性改变不明显,未见明显的组织坏死.脾组织病理改变主要是巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞增生.结论 滴鼻感染途径建立小鼠结核病模型简便、可行,为进一步研究开发重组BCG疫苗对鼠结核病的防治打下良好的基础. 0~4 CFU/50 μl、5×10~5 CFU/50 μl及50 μl生理盐水分别感染4组Balb/c小鼠,制作结核分枝杆菌感染模型.结果 滴鼻感染小鼠 周后,所有小鼠肺、脾组织中均可见抗酸阳性菌,在感染小鼠肺、脾组织匀浆均培养出Mtb.肺组织病理改变明显,正常肺泡结构消失,以充血实变、淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞浸润为主,增生性改变不明显,未见明显的组织坏死.脾组织病理改变主要是巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞增生.结论 滴鼻感染途径建立小鼠结核病模型简便、可行,为进一步研究开发重组BCG疫苗对鼠结核病的防治打下良好的基础. 0~4 CFU/50 μl、5×10~5 CFU/50 μl及50 μl生理盐水分别感染4组Balb/c     

接种密度对C57BL/6小鼠CIK细胞增殖、分化及杀瘤作用的影响

目的:探讨不同接种密度对C57BL/6小鼠细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK细胞)增殖分化及杀瘤作用的影响,进一步优化CIK细胞培养方法。方法:按照1×10~6/mL(A组)、4×10~6/mL(B组)、8×10~6/mL(C组)、12×10~6/mL(D组)4种接种密度培养细胞,加入必要的细胞因子,14 d后收获细胞,通过流式细胞术、CCK-8法对细胞增殖、分化、杀瘤作用进行分析。结果:培养过程中,C组细胞形态及增殖能力优于A、B组,在14 d时收获细胞并对其进行检测时发现,C组CD3~+/NK1.1~+细胞所占比例明显高于A、B组,杀瘤活性也优于A、B组;D组细胞密度过大,在7 d细胞进入快速增殖期后出现大面积死亡。结论:适当提高C57BL/6小鼠CIK细胞的接种密度利于细胞增殖、分化及杀瘤作用的形成,选择8×10~6/mL的接种密度是较为合适的。     

Prevention of Clostridium difficile-induced experimental pseudomembranous colitis by Saccharomyces boulardii: a scanning electron microscopic and microbiological study

The ability of Saccharomyces boulardii to protect mice against intestinal pathology caused by toxinogenic Clostridium difficile was studied. Different regions of the intestine of experimental mice were prepared for observation by scanning electron microscopy or homogenized for C. difficile enumeration and quantification of toxin A by enzyme immunoassay and toxin B by cytotoxicity. The test group was treated for 6 d with an S. boulardii suspension in drinking water and challenged with C. difficule on day 4. The three control groups were: axenic mice, mice treated with only S. boulardii and mice only challenged with C. difficile. The results showed that: (i) 70% of the mice infected by C. difficile survived when treated with S. boulardii; (ii) the C. difficile-induced lesions on the small and large intestinal mucosa were absent or markedly less severe in S. boulardii-treated mice; and (iii) there was no decrease in the number of C. difficile but rather a reduction in the amount of toxins A and B in S. boulardii-treated mice.     

Quantification of Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile in faecal samples of breast-fed and formula-fed infants by real-time PCR

To determine the influence of either exclusive breast-feeding or formula feeding on both composition and quantity of the gut microbiota in infants, we have developed real-time, quantitative PCR assays for the detection of Bifidobacterium spp. and Clostridium difficile. Furthermore, we have monitored the prevalence and counts of Escherichia coli by applying a previously described real-time PCR assay. We found all 100 infants tested to be colonized by Bifidobacterium spp. The bifidobacterial counts were comparable between the 50 breast-fed and 50 formula-fed infants with median values of 10.56 log10 and 10.24 log10 CFU g(-1) wet weight faeces, respectively. C. difficile was detected in 14% of the breast-fed and 30% of the formula-fed infants. In addition, the C. difficile counts were significantly lower in breast-fed infants than in the formula-fed group (median values of 3.28 log10 and 7.43 log10 CFU g(-1), respectively; p=0.03). The prevalence of E. coli in the breast-fed and formula-fed group was 80% and 94%, respectively. Also, the E. coli counts in colonized infants was significantly lower in the breast-fed infants than in the formula-fed group (median values of 9.11 log10 and 9.57 log10 CFU g(-1), respectively; p=0.004). We conclude that the prevalence and counts of C. difficile as well as E. coli are significantly lower in the gut microbiota of breast-fed infants than in that of formula-fed infants, whereas the prevalence and counts of Bifidobacterium spp. is similar among both groups.     

Intestinal bacteria antagonistic to Clostridium difficile in mice

Overgrowth by Clostridium difficile has been reported in conventional mice injected intraperitoneally with ampicillin. In this study, we aimed to determine which types of indigenous intestinal bacteria were eliminated by ampicillin to allow overgrowth by C. difficile. C. difficile overgrowth was associated with a decrease in the numbers of lactobacilli, an increase in bacteroidaceae and a slight decrease in the frequency of isolation of fusiform-shaped bacteria (clostridia). C. difficile cytotoxin was detected in caeca from mice in which the numbers of C. difficile were greater than 10(5) per gram of faeces. Gnotobiotic mice were inoculated with various groups of intestinal anaerobes to determine which members of the indigenous flora would antagonize C. difficile. Gnotobiotic mice inoculated with three strains of lactobacilli, 37 strains of bacteroides or 46 strains of clostridia isolated from limited-flora mice were unable to eliminate C. difficile. C. difficile was eliminated, however, from the gastrointestinal tracts of gnotobiotic mice inoculated with whole faeces or chloroform-treated faeces from conventional mice or whole faeces from limited-flora mice containing only clostridia.     

抗生素在体内外对厌氧菌和艰难梭菌细胞毒素生成的作用

氯林霉素、灭滴灵和甲砜霉素对大多数肠道厌氧菌的生长具抑制作用。氯林霉素还会破坏肠道菌群平衡,使原来受抑制的艰难梭菌得以定植,并在艰难梭菌浓度达10~8/g盲肠内含物时,检测到艰难梭菌细胞毒素。培养基中亚抑菌浓度的氯林霉素和灭滴灵会推迟艰难梭菌细胞霉素的生成。灭滴灵还可保护无菌小鼠及受氯林霉素处理的悉生小鼠免遭艰难梭菌细胞毒素的致死作用,从而证实了灭滴灵在伪膜性结肠炎临床治疗中的可用性。     

酪酸梭菌对艰难梭菌感染的防治研究

目的:观察酪酸梭菌对艰难梭菌感染的防治效果.方法:用艰难梭菌产毒株人工感染BALB/C小鼠,感染前后分别用酪酸梭菌进行预防与治疗,并检测盲肠内容物细胞毒性和进行肠黏膜病理观察.结果:酪酸梭菌不能预防艰难梭菌的感染,但在艰难梭菌感染后则能明显降低艰难梭菌的产毒力和盲肠黏膜的病理损伤.结论:酪酸梭菌对小鼠艰难梭菌感染有明显的治疗作用.     

Altered colonizing ability for mouse large intestine of a surface mutant of a human faecal isolate of Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli F-17 Sr a human faecal isolate, is resistant to the T-series of bacteriophages (i.e. T2 to T7). A T2-sensitive mutant of E. coli F-17 Sr was isolated following acriflavin treatment. This mutant, E. coli F-17 Sr Ts was found to be sensitive to the entire T-series of phages. E. coli F-17 Sr and E. coli F-17 Sr Ts did not differ quantitatively in total LPS content. However, analysis of LPS revealed that a large fraction of E. coli F-17 Sr Ts was devoid of O-side-chains. This accounted for the sensitivity of this strain to bacteriophages T3, T4, and T7. In addition, E. coli F-17 Sr Ts contained only about half the amount of capsular material contained by E. coli F-17 Sr accounting for the sensitivity of the mutant to bacteriophages T2, T5, and T6. Although the two strains colonized equally well when fed individually to streptomycin-treated mice, when fed simultaneously to streptomycin-treated mice, E. coli F-17 Sr Ts colonized at a level of about 1 x 10(8) cells (g faeces)-1, whereas E. coli F-17 Sr colonized at only 1 x 10(4) cells (g faeces)-1. These studies suggest that bacterial cell surface components modulate the large intestine colonizing ability of E. coli F-17 Sr in the mouse large intestine.     

Cloning and characterization of overlapping DNA fragments of the toxin A gene of clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile, a human pathogen, produces two very large protein toxins, A and B (250-600 kDa), which resist dissociation into subunits. To clone the toxin A gene, a genomic library of 3-8 kb chromosomal DNA fragments of C. difficile strain VPI 10463 established in pUC12 was screened with a rabbit polyclonal toxin A antiserum. Thirty-five clones were isolated which carried 2.5-7.0 kb inserts representing a 10 kb region of the C. difficile genome. All the inserts were oriented in the same direction, suggesting that toxin A gene expression was under control of the lac promoter of the pUC12 vector. Western blot experiments revealed the presence of low amounts of fusion proteins of variable size (30-170 kDa) in Escherichia coli strains harbouring recombinant plasmids. As deduced from subcloning experiments, the DNA sequences encoding toxin A comprised about 4 kb, corresponding to about 140 kDa of the 300-600 kDa protein. This was either due to incomplete cloning of the gene or it might indicate a subunit composition of toxin A. No additional gene(s) with homology to the cloned toxin A gene was detected.     

Presence and molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in intestinal compartments of healthy horses

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens are commonly associated with colitis in equids, but healthy carriers exist. Scarce information is available on the prevalence of Clostridium spp. in gastrointestinal compartments other than faeces in healthy horses, and it is unknown whether faecal samples are representative of proximal compartments. The objectives were to investigate the prevalence of C. difficile and C. perfringens in different intestinal compartments of healthy adult horses and to determine whether faecal samples are representative of colonization in proximal sites and overall carrier status. RESULTS: Toxigenic C. difficile was isolated from 14/135 (10.3%) samples from 8/15 (53.3%) horses. Between zero and three sites were positive per horse, and multiple sites were positive in four horses. Isolates were recovered from duodenum, jejunum, ileum, right dorsal colon, small colon and rectum. When multiple compartments were positive in a single horse, two different C. difficile ribotypes were always present. Clostridium perfringens Type A (CPE, beta2 toxin gene negative) was recovered from the left ventral colon of one horse (0.74%, 1/135 samples). Agreement between faeces and overall C. difficile carrier status was good. CONCLUSIONS: Clostridium difficile can be found in different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract of healthy horses, and multiple strains can be present in an individual horse. The prevalence of C. perfringens in healthy adult hoses was low, consistent with previous reports. Faecal samples were representative for presence of C. difficile in proximal compartments in 5/8 horses (63%) but were not representative for the specific strain.