饲料蛋白质水平与投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及蛋白质代谢的影响

以初始体重为(13.640.18)g的大黄鱼( Pseudosciaena crocea R.) 幼鱼为实验对象, 采用32双因子实验, 研究饲料蛋白质水平(40%、45%、50%)和投喂频率(2次/d、1次/d)及其交互作用对其生长、体组成和蛋白质代谢的影响。养殖实验在海水浮式网箱中进行, 养殖周期为8周。结果表明: 饲料蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料转化率(FCR)均影响显著(P0.05)。在40%和45%蛋白质组, 1次/d投喂的大黄鱼幼鱼的WGR和SGR均显著低于2次/d投喂组, 而FCR则相反。在2次/d投喂时, 45%蛋白质组的大黄鱼幼鱼SGR显著高于40%蛋白质组, 但与50%蛋白质组差异不显著(P0.05)。而在1次/d投喂时, 50%蛋白质组的大黄鱼幼鱼SGR显著高于40%和45%蛋白质组。在两种投喂频率下, 随着饲料蛋白质水平提高, 鱼体水分含量均有升高趋势, 蛋白质含量显著升高而脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05)。饲料的蛋白质水平和投喂频率分别对大黄鱼幼鱼的肝脏指数(HSI)、内脏指数(VSI)和血清中的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)均影响不显著(P0.05)。投喂频率对肝脏的ALT和AST的影响不显著(P0.05)。在同一投喂频率下, 肝脏ALT和AST均随着饲料蛋白质水平的增加而显著提高(P0.05)。饲料中的蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长和FCR的影响存在显著的交互作用(P0.05), 而对血清和肝脏中的ALT和AST、HSI、VSI、肥满度(CF)以及体组成的影响均无交互作用。       

饲料中棉粕替代鱼粉蛋白对草鱼的生长、血液生理指标和鱼体组成的影响简

以初始体重(100.0±0.29)g的草鱼为研究对象,通过8周的生长实验,研究饲料中棉粕替代鱼粉蛋白对草鱼的生长、饲料利用,血液生理指标和鱼体生化组成的影响。实验设置7种等氮等能饲料,对照组(C)以鱼粉为唯一蛋白源,其余6组分别以棉粕替代饲料中鱼粉蛋白的20%(R20)、40%(R40)、60%(R60)、80%(R80)、90%(R90)、100%(R100)。研究结果表明:随着饲料中棉粕含量的升高,草鱼特定生长率呈下降的趋势,当替代比例达到60%,显著低于对照组(P0.05);饲料效率、蛋白质贮积率和能量贮积率随着饲料中棉粕含量升高而显著降低(P0.05)。通过折线法分析,在实验条件下,棉粕可以替代鱼粉蛋白的43.3%而不影响草鱼的生长。各组草鱼之间血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和甘油三酯含量无显著差异(P0.05);总胆固醇、高密脂蛋白胆固醇和低密胆固醇呈现下降趋势,当替代水平达到40%显著低于对照组(P0.05)。棉粕替代鱼粉蛋白显著影响鱼体的水分含量(P0.05),当替代比例达到80%,鱼体的水分含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);各组之间鱼体的蛋白质和灰分含量无显著性差异(P0.05)。R20组的鱼体脂肪和能量含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),R100组的鱼体脂肪和能量含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),其他各组之间和对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

斑点叉尾鲖对不同形式赖氨酸利用的比较研究

为比较斑点叉尾鲖(Ictalurus punctatus)对不同形式赖氨酸的利用效果,设置了鱼粉含量5%、豆粕含量15%的正对照饲料,及鱼粉含量2.5%、豆粕含量0的负对照饲料,在负对照饲料基础上,分别添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐、晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐以及微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐,使其赖氨酸含量达到与正对照饲料一致的水平,共配制5组等氮等能饲料,饲养平均体重为(54.4±0.1)g的斑点叉尾鲖60d,考察不同形式赖氨酸对斑点叉尾鲖生长、血清生化指标和蛋白质消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,与负对照组相比,添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐和晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐对斑点叉尾鲖的生长性能影响不显著(P0.05),而添加微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐提高斑点叉尾鲖增重率20.7%(P0.05),降低饲料系数16.0%(P0.05),在增重率与饲料系数方面达到与正对照组基本一致的水平(P0.05)。与负对照组相比,在饲料中添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐、晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐以及微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐对血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶及肠蛋白酶活性的影响均不显著(P0.05),但显著提高了胃蛋白酶活性(P0.05)。此外,添加微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐还显著提高了肝胰脏蛋白酶活性(P0.05)。上述结果表明,在低赖氨酸实用饲料中补充晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐或赖氨酸硫酸盐对斑点叉尾鲖的生长性能改善作用不显著(P0.05),而补充微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐则能显著提高斑点叉尾鲖增重率,降低饲料系数。     

饲料中添加丝兰提取物对大菱鲆幼鱼生长和生理及水环境的影响

用丝兰提取物添加量为0.00% (D0)、0.05% (D1)、0.10% (D2)、0.20% (D3)和0.40% (D4)的实验饲料投喂大菱鲆幼鱼(42.200.06) g 60d, 研究其对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血清免疫代谢指标及养殖水质指标的影响。结果显示, 在饲料中添加丝兰提取物对大菱鲆幼鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)、脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)、肥满度(CF)均无显著影响(P 0.05)。全鱼、肌肉及肝脏中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量变化无显著性差异(P 0.05)。D3组幼鱼血清溶菌酶显著高于其他各组(P 0.05), 而D4组各免疫指标明显低于对照组(P 0.05); D3和D4组幼鱼血清的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著低于对照组。除A1-6h组外各实验组水体氨氮含量均显著低于对照组(P 0.05), 各实验组亚硝酸盐含量均显著高于对照组(P 0.05), 各实验组总氮、总磷、磷酸盐含量均与对照组无显著性差异(P 0.05)。研究证明, 在饲料中适量添加丝兰提取物能够显著增强大菱鲆幼鱼非特异性免疫能力, 并显著降低养殖水体氨氮含量, 对大菱鲆生长及体组成无显著影响。以非特异性免疫及水体氨氮含量为综合评定指标, 大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中丝兰提取物的适宜添加量为0.20%。       

饲料蛋白水平对血鹦鹉幼鱼生长、体组成和肠道蛋白消化酶活性的影响

为考察饲料蛋白水平对血鹦鹉CichZasoma sp.幼鱼生长、体组成和肠道蛋白消化酶活性的影响,以鱼粉和豆粕为主要蛋白源配制了蛋白质含量分别为37%、40%、43%、46%和49%五种饲料,饲养平均体重为0.66 g的血鹦鹉6周.结果表明:血鹦鹉幼鱼摄食上述5种饲料后,增重率分别为868.51%、935.95%、1018.28%、925.16%和873.86%,饲料系数分别为1.55、1.48、1.41、1.47和1.56,摄食饲料蛋白质水平43%饲料的血鹦鹉幼鱼具有最佳生长性能.对全鱼体组成成分的分析表明:血鹦鹉幼鱼鱼体粗蛋白和粗灰分的含量随着饲料中蛋白含量的增加而增加,而体脂肪含量则呈下降趋势;在肠道蛋白酶及肝脏GOT、GPT活性方面:随着饲料中蛋白含量的增加,血鹦鹉幼鱼前肠组织和内容物蛋亡J酶活性及肝脏GOT、GPT活性也增加,当蛋白含量达到43%时均达到最大值.研究表明血鹦鹉幼鱼对饲料蛋白的最佳需求量为43%.     

斑点叉尾鲖对不同形式赖氨酸利用的比较研究

为比较斑点叉尾鲖(Ictalurus punctatus)对不同形式赖氨酸的利用效果, 设置了鱼粉含量5%、豆粕含量15%的正对照饲料, 及鱼粉含量2.5%、豆粕含量0的负对照饲料, 在负对照饲料基础上, 分别添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐、晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐以及微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐, 使其赖氨酸含量达到与正对照饲料一致的水平, 共配制5组等氮等能饲料, 饲养平均体重为(54.40.1) g的斑点叉尾鲖60d, 考察不同形式赖氨酸对斑点叉尾鲖生长、血清生化指标和蛋白质消化酶活性的影响。结果表明, 与负对照组相比, 添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐和晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐对斑点叉尾鲖的生长性能影响不显著(P0.05), 而添加微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐提高斑点叉尾鲖增重率20.7% (P0.05), 降低饲料系数16.0% (P0.05), 在增重率与饲料系数方面达到与正对照组基本一致的水平(P0.05)。与负对照组相比, 在饲料中添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐、晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐以及微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐对血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶及肠蛋白酶活性的影响均不显著(P0.05), 但显著提高了胃蛋白酶活性(P0.05)。此外, 添加微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐还显著提高了肝胰脏蛋白酶活性(P0.05)。上述结果表明, 在低赖氨酸实用饲料中补充晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐或赖氨酸硫酸盐对斑点叉尾鲖的生长性能改善作用不显著(P0.05), 而补充微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐则能显著提高斑点叉尾鲖增重率, 降低饲料系数。     

饲料蛋氨酸对斜带石斑鱼生长性能、抗氧化及糖异生相关酶活性的影响

实验通过评价斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、血清指标和相关酶活性的变化, 探讨斜带石斑鱼获得最大生长的饲料蛋氨酸(Met)水平与Met代谢关键酶活性和氧化损伤的关系。添加DL-Met使实验饲料中Met的含量分别为0.71%、0.98%、1.26%、1.57%、1.86%和2.18%(Diet1-Diet6), 配制6组等氮等脂的饲料。选择健康实验鱼初重(9.750.05) g随机分为6组, 每天分别于8: 00和17: 00投喂实验饲料, 养殖8周。结果表明, Diet3组鱼体增重率和特定生长率显著高于Diet1和Diet6组(P0.05); Diet4斜带石斑鱼幼鱼的肥满度显著高于Diet1、Diet5和Diet6 (P0.05); Diet2和Diet3组血清总蛋白含量显著高于Diet5组(P0.05), Diet3组幼鱼血糖含量显著低于Diet1组和Diet2组(P0.05), 血清总胆固醇含量在Diet3组逐渐降低, Diet46组显著低于Diet2组(P0.05); Diet3组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最高, 显著高于其他各组(P0.05), Diet 4组肝脏磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)活性与Diet 3相比差异不显著, 但是显著低于其余各组(P0.05)。综合以上结果, 以特定生长率为判据, 经二次曲线模型拟合可得斜带石斑鱼幼鱼若获得最大特定生长率, 其饲料中Met的最适含量为1.42%(占饲料蛋白3.16%)。在该水平下, 鱼体血糖、血清总胆固醇含量和PEPCK活性较低, 有利于改善鱼体对能量的利用; SOD和CAT活性升高有利于改善鱼体的氧化损伤。       

团头鲂幼鱼吡哆醇适宜需求量的研究

试验采用单因素试验设计, 以饲料中吡哆醇浓度为影响因素, 研究了团头鲂幼鱼的适宜吡哆醇需求量。试验共配置了7组等氮等能的半纯化饲料, 其吡哆醇的实际含量分别为0、1.04、1.99、4.07、5.91、7.96和9.22 mg/kg。选用840尾均重:(6.810.17) g团头鲂幼鱼, 随机分为7组, 每组4重复, 每重复30尾鱼, 日投饵3次, 养殖期为8周。结果表明, 当饲料中吡哆醇含量由0升高至5.91 mg/kg时, 团头鲂的增重率、特定生长率、饲料利用率、成活率、蛋白效率比和氮保留率均得到显著改善(P0.05); 当吡哆醇含量进一步升高至9.22 mg/kg时, 蛋白效率比和氮保留率均显著下降(P0.05), 而其他指标则无显著变化(P0.05)。饲料中的吡哆醇含量显著影响团头鲂的肝体比(P0.05)且以5.91 mg/kg组为最低, 但对肥满度和胴体率均无显著影响(P0.05)。当饲料吡哆醇含量由0升高至5.91 mg/kg时, 肝脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性以及吡哆醇含量均显著升高(P0.05); 当吡哆醇含量进一步升高至9.22 mg/kg时, 三者均无显著变化(P0.05)。以肝脏中的谷丙和谷草转氨酶活性以及吡哆醇含量为评价指标, 拟合折线模型得到团头鲂幼鱼的适宜吡哆醇的需求量为4.175.02 mg/kg。       

饲料中棉粕替代鱼粉蛋白对草鱼的生长、血液生理指标和鱼体组成的影响

以初始体重（100.00.29） g的草鱼为研究对象,通过8周的生长实验,研究饲料中棉粕替代鱼粉蛋白对草鱼的生长、饲料利用,血液生理指标和鱼体生化组成的影响。实验设置7种等氮等能饲料,对照组（C）以鱼粉为唯一蛋白源,其余6组分别以棉粕替代饲料中鱼粉蛋白的20% （R20）、40% （R40）、60% （R60）、80% （R80）、90% （R90）、100% （R100）。研究结果表明:随着饲料中棉粕含量的升高,草鱼特定生长率呈下降的趋势,当替代比例达到60%,显著低于对照组（P0.05）;饲料效率、蛋白质贮积率和能量贮积率随着饲料中棉粕含量升高而显著降低（P0.05）。通过折线法分析,在实验条件下,棉粕可以替代鱼粉蛋白的43.3%而不影响草鱼的生长。各组草鱼之间血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和甘油三酯含量无显著差异（P0.05）;总胆固醇、高密脂蛋白胆固醇和低密胆固醇呈现下降趋势,当替代水平达到40%显著低于对照组（P0.05）。棉粕替代鱼粉蛋白显著影响鱼体的水分含量（P0.05）,当替代比例达到80%,鱼体的水分含量显著高于对照组（P0.05）;各组之间鱼体的蛋白质和灰分含量无显著性差异（P0.05）。R20组的鱼体脂肪和能量含量显著高于对照组（P0.05）,R100组的鱼体脂肪和能量含量显著低于对照组（P0.05）,其他各组之间和对照组无显著性差异（P0.05）。       

N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对罗非鱼幼鱼生长、血液氨基酸组成及脂肪沉积的影响

为研究精氨酸对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的生物学效应, 采用精氨酸内源合成途径的必需辅助因子N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)代替精氨酸, 研究不同剂量包被NCG制剂(实际NCG含量为80%)对尼罗罗非鱼生长及脂肪沉积的影响。实验共设6个制剂添加组, 分别为0.025%、0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.5%及对照组。结果显示, 罗非鱼血液中所有NCG添加组(0.025%0.5%)和对照组相比, 赖氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸等必需氨基酸含量无显著性差异(P0.05), 而当NCG添加量为0.4%时, 精氨酸含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05), 且约为对照组的4倍, 继续提高NCG添加量至0.5%时, 精氨酸含量无显著提高(P0.05); 所有NCG添加组的末均重、特定生长率、饲料系数、内脏比和肥满度等指标与对照组相比均无显著性差异(P0.05), 当NCG添加量为0.2%时, 增重率和蛋白质效率均显著高于其他组(P0.05), 除了0.1%NCG添加组, 其他各组全鱼蛋白质含量均高于对照组; 脂肪沉积方面, 所有NCG添加组均显示肝体比显著低于对照组(P0.05), 全鱼干物质中脂肪含量显著高于对照组 (P0.05), 脂肪有从肝转移至肌肉的倾向。饲料中添加0.4%NCG, 对于血液中精氨酸含量的提高有较好的促进作用, 而且不影响其他氨基酸的吸收; 饲料中添加0.025%0.5% NCG有利于减少肝脏脂肪沉积而增加了肌肉中的脂肪沉积, 研究结果为进一步开展精氨酸影响鱼体脂肪沉积的机理研究提供了科学依据。       

异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中赖氨酸的利用及需要量研究

以添加晶体氨基酸的半精制饲料饲喂异育银鲫幼鱼,通过69d的生长实验来确定其赖氨酸需要量。饲料以白鱼粉为主要蛋白源,饲料中的总赖氨酸含量分别为1.82%、2.32%、2.82%、3.32%3、.82%、4.32%和4.82%7个水平。实验在室内循环水养殖系统中进行,每种饲料随机3个重复。实验结果表明,异育银鲫能够利用饲料中的晶体赖氨酸、蛋氨酸。在投喂后3h,其血浆中的游离赖氨酸、蛋氨酸含量最高。当饲料中赖氨酸含量为3.32%时,异育银鲫的终末尾均重、特定生长率和鱼空壳占体重的百分比最高,肝体指数最低。当饲料中赖氨酸含量为3.82%时,异育银鲫的干物质表观消化率显著高于其他组(PPP>0.05)。血红蛋白含量以赖氨酸含量为2.82%的饲料组最高,4.82%组最低;随着饲料中赖氨酸含量的升高,异育银鲫红细胞数下降,血清脲氮含量升高,且血清脲氮含量具有组间显著性差异(P<0.05)。根据折线法,由异育银鲫的特定生长率同饲料中赖氨酸水平的相关性得出其赖氨酸需要量为3.27%,占饲料蛋白的8.52%。       

异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中缬氨酸需求量的研究

通过65d的生长实验, 探讨饲料中不同缬氨酸水平对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)幼鱼平均体重(3.17±0.01)g/尾生长性能、饲料利用和蛋白利用的影响, 确定异育银鲫对饲料中缬氨酸的需要量。实验设计由酪蛋白、明胶和晶体氨基酸为蛋白源的8种等氮(蛋白含量:38%)等能(总能:17.0 kJ/g)的半精制饲料, 其缬氨酸水平等梯度逐步升高(0.54、0.79、1.04、1.29、1.54、1.79、2.04、2.29%饲料干物质)。各实验饲料中缬氨酸的实测值分别为:0.66、0.85、1.07、1.22、1.46、1.70、1.86和2.12%饲料干物质。饲料中其他必需氨基酸含量参照异育银鲫肌肉氨基酸模式。每种饲料饲喂3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,养殖于塑料方箱中(70 cm×55 cm×50 cm;水体容积:150 L), 养殖系统为室内流水系统(500 mL/min流速), 每天两次饱食连续投喂(9:00和16:00)。实验结果表明,饲料中适量的缬氨酸显著提高了异育银鲫的特定生长率、饲料转化效率和蛋白沉积率(P0.05), 但显著影响了血清谷氨酰胺的浓度(P0.05), 但不同的缬氨酸水平显著影响了鱼体灰分含量(P<0.05)。对各处理组异育银鲫特定生长率的结果进行二次回归分析, 结果表明满足异育银鲫最大生长的缬氨酸需求量为饲料干物质的1.72%, 即占饲料蛋白的4.53%。       

Effect of diet composition and lysine supply on growth and body composition in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima)

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of feeding level and dietary lysine concentration on growth, protein and lysine retention, and body composition in juvenile turbot. Maintenance requirement for lysine and the efficiency of lysine utilisation were determined as well. Two experimental diets were formulated based on fishmeal or wheat gluten as main protein sources, containing 6.4 g (Diet A, control) and 4.5 g lysine per 100 g CP (Diet B), respectively. Diets were fed once daily at six feeding levels (per day 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5% of body weight [BW] and ad libitum) to a total of 432 fish of 48 g initial BW. No differences in the growth parameters were observed between diets at the same feeding level, except a lower feed to gain ratio (p < 0.05) at the highest feeding level at Diet B. Whole-body composition was not affected by diet, whereas muscle protein concentration was significantly lower for fish fed Diet B. Amino acid concentration in whole-body protein was affected by dietary treatment and fish fed Diet B showed lower concentrations of all essential amino acids. In fish muscle protein, lysine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine concentrations were significantly lower in Diet B. Efficiency of lysine utilisation for growth (k_lys) was determined by linear regression analysis and amounted for 0.69 for Diet B. The maintenance lysine requirement defined at zero lysine retention was 6.5 mg · kg^?0.8 · d^?1. Lysine intakes at zero protein retention were 13.0 mg and 12.9 mg · kg^?0.8 · d^?1 for Diet A and B, respectively. Growth and nutrient retention were similar for both diets and, therefore, a lysine deficiency in Diet B did not occur. In conclusion, a proportion of 330 g wheat gluten per kg feed did not influence growth performance and maintenance requirement for lysine in juvenile turbot. However, the effect of diet composition on the amino acid profile of body protein might be relevant for the derivation of the amino acid requirement from protein retention.     

异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料苯丙氨酸需求的研究

通过55d的生长实验确定异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料苯丙氨酸的适宜需求。实验结果表明,饲料苯丙氨酸含量为1.09%时,异育银鲫幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率均到达最大值,分别为194.50%、1.96%/d、37.74%,而摄食率为最小值4.76%/d。饲料添加适宜水平的苯丙氨酸也显著提高其蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率和能量沉积率,均以1.09%处理组显著高于其他各处理组(P0.05)。根据异育银鲫幼鱼特定生长率与饲料苯丙氨酸水平的剂量效应关系,通过非线性回归可以得出饲料酪氨酸为1.04%时异育银鲫幼鱼的苯丙氨酸最适需求量占饲料1.09%,占饲料蛋白的3.02%。       

Ileal and total tract digestibility and nitrogen utilisation in blue fox (Vulpes lagopus) fed low-protein diets supplemented with DL-methionine and L-histidine

ABSTRACT

To formulate low-protein diets for blue foxes with sufficient amounts of amino acids (AA), AA digestibility and AA requirements of the animals are crucial information. Therefore, a digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance trial was conducted with 20 blue foxes to determine the macronutrient and AA digestibility and N utilisation in low-protein diets supplemented with DL-methionine (Met) and L-histidine (His). In addition, plasma urea and plasma AA were measured. The diets were designated as P24 (control), P20, P20M, P16M and P16MH and contained energy from digestible crude protein (DCP) at 24%, 20% or 16% of total dietary metabolisable energy (ME). The 20% protein level was fed with or without Met and the 16% protein level was fed with Met and with or without His. The apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein linearly decreased with decreasing dietary protein level. The ATTD of dry matter, organic matter and crude carbohydrates increased when wheat starch was added as a replacement for protein. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and ATTD methods were compared to determine the AA digestibility. The decreasing dietary protein supply decreased the ATTD of most of the AA: threonine, tryptophan (Trp), valine, alanine (Ala), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid, glycine (Gly), proline (Pro), serine (Ser) and total AA. The AID of the AA was constant between diets. Diverging AA showed higher or lower digestibility when determined in the AID or ATTD methods. Isoleucine, lysine, Met, Ala and tyrosine showed higher levels of AID. Arginine, His, cysteine (Cys), Trp, Asp, Gly, Pro and Ser showed higher levels of ATTD, which may reflect the net loss of these AA in the large intestine. Met and His supplementation improved the ATTD and AID of the AA in question, respectively, but did not affect the other variables examined. N retention did not differ between diets and renal N excretion decreased with decreasing protein level; thus N utilisation improved. It was concluded that the protein supply and AA composition in low-protein diets with supplemented Met were adequate for adult blue foxes, since the lower protein supply improved N utilisation and did not affect N retention. However, His supplementation failed to reach the designed level and therefore showed no clear results.     

饲料蛋白和脂肪水平对青鱼大规格鱼种生长和体组成的影响

设计5个饲料蛋白水平（30%、33%、36%、39%和42%）和2个脂肪水平（6%和9%）的52的因子试验,配制10种试验饲料,分别饲喂10组三重复平均体重为95.5 g的二龄青鱼70d,以探讨不同蛋白和脂肪水平对青鱼生长和体组成等的影响。结果表明: 鱼体增重随饲料蛋白水平从30%提高到39%不断增加（P0.05）,进一步提高饲料蛋白水平至42%时,鱼体增重则不再显著变化（P0.05）;饲料系数随饲料蛋白水平从30%提高到39%而不断降低（P0.05）,进一步提高饲料蛋白水平至42%时,也不再显著变化;蛋白质效率和蛋白保留率随饲料蛋白水平呈下降趋势;以鱼体增重为指标,经折线模型进行回归分析求得适宜的饲料蛋白水平为占干饲料的40%。饲料蛋白、脂肪水平及其交互作用对的试验鱼成活率均无显著差异（P0.05）。饲料脂肪水平、饲料蛋白与脂肪的交互作用对鱼体增重、饲料系数、摄食率和蛋白质效率也均无显著影响（P0.05）。摄食蛋白水平为30%和33%饲料的青鱼与摄食蛋白水平36%-42%饲料的青鱼相比,有较低的水分和较高全鱼脂肪（P0.05）。青鱼脏体比和肌肉粗脂肪含量均随着饲料中蛋白水平的提高呈降低的趋势。摄食脂肪水平为9%的饲料的青鱼较摄食脂肪水平为6%的饲料的青鱼,有较高脏体比、全鱼脂肪含量和肌肉粗脂肪含量（P0.05）。上述结果说明,青鱼摄食低蛋白和高脂肪的饲料造成过多的体脂积累。在试验条件下,青鱼大规格鱼种饲养阶段适宜的饲料蛋白和脂肪水平分别为占干饲料的40%和6%。       

饵料蛋白质水平对德国小蠊营养效应及氮代谢的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究饵料蛋白质水平对德国小蠊Blattella germanica营养利用及氮代谢的影响,为蟑螂毒饵的研发提供新思路。【方法】采用标准重量分析法评估了取食4种不同蛋白质水平(5%, 25%, 45%和65%)饵料的德国小蠊雄成虫营养效率指数和氮利用率;利用分光光度法测定了取食不同蛋白水平饵料的德国小蠊雄成虫体内黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase, XOD)、谷草转氨酶(glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(glutamic pyruvic transaminase, GPT)活性及尿酸含量。【结果】取食65%蛋白质饵料组的德国小蠊雄成虫的相对取食量最高,而取食45%蛋白质饵料组的雄成虫食物利用率、食物转化率及相对生长率均显著高于取食5%和65%蛋白质饵料组的雄成虫。且德国小蠊雄成虫体内氮、粪便氮、氮消耗速率、氮排泄率、氮生成率、氮同化效率、黄嘌呤氧化酶活性和尿酸含量均随饵料蛋白质水平的提高而提高,但65%蛋白质饵料组氮利用率最低,45%蛋白质饵料组谷草转氨酶活性最高,25%和45%蛋白质饵料组谷丙转氨酶活性显著高于5%和65%蛋白质饵料组。【结论】适量蛋白质饵料有利于德国小蠊对食物及氮的利用,而高蛋白质含量条件下德国小蠊谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性下降,说明高蛋白不利于德国小蠊利用食物,且增加其代谢负担。     

Dietary arginine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp,Labeo rohita (Hamilton) based on growth,nutrient retention efficiencies,RNA/DNA ratio and body composition

To quantify the optimum dietary arginine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (4.10 ± 0.04 cm; 0.62 ± 0.02 g), an 8‐week growth trial was conducted in eighteen 70‐L indoor circular aqua‐coloured troughs provided with a flow‐through system at 28 ± 1°C. Isonitrogenous (40 g 100 g^?1 crude protein) and isocaloric (4.28 kcal g^?1 gross energy) amino acid test diets containing casein and gelatin as intact protein sources with graded levels of arginine (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50 and 1.75 g 100 g^?1 dry diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish to apparent satiation at 07:00, 12:00 and 17:30 hours. Growth performance of fish fed the above diets was evaluated on the basis of absolute weight gain (AWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein retention efficiency (PRE) and energy retention efficiency (ERE). Maximum AWG (2.61), SGR (2.80), best FCR (1.35), highest PER (1.85), PRE (37%) and ERE (76%) were recorded at 1.25 g 100 g^?1 dietary arginine. Maximum body protein (18.88 g 100 g^?1) and RNA/DNA ratio (5.20) were also obtained in a 1.25 g 100 g^?1 arginine dry diet. Except for the reduced growth performance in fish fed arginine‐deficient diets, no other deficiency signs were apparent. Based on the broken‐line and second‐degree polynomial regression analysis of the AWG, SGR, FCR, PER, PRE and ERE data, the optimum arginine requirement for fingerling Labeo rohita was found to be in the range of 1.22–1.39 g 100 g^?1 of the dry diet, corresponding to 3.05–3.47 g 100 g^?1 of dietary protein.     

Dietary protein requirement of juvenile triangular bream Megalobrama terminalis (Richardson, 1846)

A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary protein requirement of juvenile triangular bream (Megalobrama terminalis). Five semi‐purified diets (white fishmeal as a protein source) were formulated with five crude protein (CP) levels (26.30%, 32.94%, 38.33%, 44.18% and 50.09%; diets P1–P5). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups (20 per fish replicate, initially weighing 1.30 ± 0.02 g). The following parameters were measured to evaluate the effects of different CP levels: weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), daily feed intake (DFI), viscerosomatic index (VSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF), lipid retention (LR), liver glycogen content and plasma triglyceride level. The results of the feeding trial showed that WG, SGR and FE were significantly enhanced by an increasing dietary protein level of up to 44.18%, but there were no significant differences in protein levels from 44.18% to 50.09%. The PER and DFI showed a decreasing trend with increasing dietary CP levels. The VSI and HSI were not significantly affected by the different treatments, whereas the IPF increased significantly with decreasing CP levels. The highest LR value, liver glycogen value and triglyceride level in plasma were observed in fish fed the lowest CP diet (P1). Based on the WG and FE, this study suggests an optimum dietary protein level for M. terminalis of 44.18%.     

Effects of dietary amino acid l‐lysine on survival,growth and haemato‐biochemical parameters in Indian catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1974), fingerlings

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted to estimate the dietary lysine requirement of fingerling Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (total length = 6.35 ± 1.10 cm; weight = 4.70 ± 0.65 g) by feeding six isonitrogenous (400 g/kg CP) and isocaloric diets (17.90 kJ/g) containing six supplemental lysine levels ranging from 11.0 to 23.5 g/kg (diets I to VI, in incremental steps of 2.5 g/kg). Triplicate groups with 20 fish each were stocked in 75‐L circular continuous flow‐through troughs and fed experimental diets at 4% BW/day twice daily (08:00 and 18:00 h). Maximum live weight gain (304%), best‐feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1.46) and protein efficiency ratio (PER, 1.71) were obtained at 18.5 g/kg dietary lysine, beyond which these values showed a slight declining tendency. Best values for somatic and hematological indices were also obtained at this level. Significantly (p < .05) higher body protein and low carcass moisture and intermediate fat contents were noted in fish fed diets containing 18.5 g/kg lysine. The quadratic regression analyses of live weight gain, FCR, PER and body protein deposition (BPD) data indicated lysine requirements at 19.3, 18.8, 18.6 and 18.6 g/kg of dry diet, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended that the H. fossilis diet should contain lysine at a level of 19.0 g/kg of dry diet, corresponding to 47.5 g/kg of dietary protein, for optimum growth and efficient feed utilization.