孕晚期孕妇肠道菌群与孕期体重增长的相关性

【背景】孕妇体重过度增长在全球范围内呈现上升趋势,对母亲和子代健康均会造成不良影响。肠道菌群与人体众多疾病相关,其有可能作为重要的调节因素影响母婴健康。【目的】研究孕晚期孕妇肠道菌群的多样性和群落组成,探讨孕期体重增长对肠道菌群的影响。【方法】收集62位孕晚期(36.82±2.19孕周)孕妇粪便样本,利用MiSeq高通量测序技术对样品中16SrRNA基因V3-V4区序列进行测序,分析不同孕期体重增长水平的孕妇肠道菌群的多样性、群落结构和物种丰度,探讨孕期体重增长对孕妇肠道菌群的影响。【结果】与正常孕妇相比,孕期体重增长过度孕妇肠道菌群多样性显著降低,群落结构变化不大;在菌群组成上,筛选出5个与孕期体重增长最为相关的菌群,分别为Alistipes spp.、Eubacterium-nodatum group spp.、Oxalobacter spp.、Raoultella spp.和Odoribacter spp.,其中Alistipesspp.不仅是相关程度最高也是丰度最高的菌群,与孕期体重增长密切相关。【结论】孕期体重增长对孕晚期孕妇肠道菌群群落结构影响显著,在孕期保持肠道菌群稳态能够促进母婴健康。     

孕期增重过多对孕妇肠道菌群及妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨孕期增重过多对孕妇肠道菌群及妊娠结局的影响。方法选取2016年10月至2017年7月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九六七医院行产前检查并住院分娩的孕妇及其新生儿配对,共69对,根据孕期体质量增长情况,分为孕期体质量增长正常组和孕期体质量增长过多组,收集孕妇孕晚期粪便样本,分析孕妇粪便菌群的变化;比较两组孕妇妊娠期并发症、空腹血糖水平、血脂指标[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]、新生儿出生体质量和新生儿并发症等数据。结果 (1)与孕期增重正常组相比,增重过多组孕妇肠道内肠杆菌、酵母高于增重正常组,而双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、拟杆菌低于增重正常组(Ps0.05);(2)增重过多组血清TC、TG和LDL-C水平明显增高,HDL-C水平降低(Ps0.05);(3)增重过多组妊娠期并发症发生率增加(P0.05);(4)增重过多组新生儿体质量明显增加,导致巨大儿发生率明显升高,高胆红素血症的发生率也增加(P0.05)。结论孕期增重过多孕妇肠道内菌群出现异常改变,导致母亲及子代并发症发生率增加,尽早进行干预治疗可能为降低发病率提供契机。     

三种跳虫肠道菌群的多样性分析及功能预测

【目的】跳虫在土壤生态系统中发挥着重要的作用。本研究旨在调查Sinella(Coecobrya)oligoseta,Proisotoma minuta和Tomocerus missus 3种跳虫肠道菌群的结构和多样性以及潜在功能。【方法】采用16S rDNA扩增子测序法对以上3种跳虫成虫肠道内容物中的菌群进行分析和比较;应用Tax4Fun法对其肠道菌群基因进行功能预测。【结果】3种跳虫中成虫肠道菌群多样性最高的是T.missus,最低的是S.(C.)oligoseta。在门水平上3种跳虫成虫肠道中最主要的菌群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),放线菌门(Actinobacteria)也具有较高的丰度;在属水平上S.(C.)oligoseta肠道中假单胞菌属Pseudomonas的丰度(16.21%)明显高于P.minuta和T.missus肠道中的丰度(分别为0.87%和1.37%);P.minuta肠道中弧菌属Vibrio的丰度(25.81%)明显高于S.(C.)oligoseta和T.missus肠道中的丰度(分别为3.35%和0.004%)。另外,KEGG pathway注释预测出3种跳虫成虫肠道菌群基因功能涉及碳水化合物和氨基酸代谢、传染性疾病和耐药性。【结论】S.(C.)oligoseta,P.minuta和T.missus这3种跳虫肠道菌群在门水平上的核心菌群相同,而在属水平上的优势菌属丰度存在较大差异,其影响因素应该包括物种自身遗传特点及栖息地环境中微生物种类和数量的不同。在这3种跳虫肠道内发现放线菌,有利于新型放线菌的开发及其代谢产物的利用,并且它们的肠道内很可能存在耐药性和致病性菌株,这为跳虫肠道菌群的功能研究指引了新方向。     

肥胖人群肠道菌群特征分析及机器学习模型

【背景】肠道菌群与人体健康之间的关系吸引了越来越多的关注,成为目前热门的研究热点。【目的】基于美国肠道计划公开数据库,对肥胖和健康人群肠道菌群进行比较分析,解析肥胖人群肠道菌群特征,并基于肠道菌群建立机器学习模型预测人群肥胖的状态,为基于肠道菌群干预肥胖提供理论基础。【方法】从公开数据库中获取美国肠道计划中的肠道菌数据,经过筛选得到1 655个健康(18.530)成年人的肠道菌群数据。针对α多样性,进行了Wilcox秩和检验分析并通过logsitic回归判定α多样性与肥胖之间的关系;对Unweighted Unifrac、Weighted Unifrac和Bray-Curtis三种β多样性距离进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA),探索肥胖与健康人群在肠道菌群组成上的差异;对于物种差异,进行Wilcox秩和检验探索差异菌属;通过PICRUSt分析预测可能的代谢通路,同时与肠道菌群进行相关性分析。利用Scikit-Learn软件包基于属水平的肠道菌群数据建立肥胖分类机器学习模型,并进行网络搜索确定最佳模型参数。【结果】经过Wilcox秩和检验,发现肥胖人群的α多样性都较健康人群显著下降,logistic回归表明α多样性与人体肥胖状态有相关性。经过基于Weighted unifrac、Unweighted unifrac和Bray-curtis三种距离的PCA,肥胖和健康人群的肠道菌群结构上无明显差异;在门水平上,肥胖人群中的Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes比值较低,在属水平上共发现57个在两组之间具有显著性差异的属,其中肥胖人群中的Ruminococcus相对丰度较高,而Prevotella、Akkermansia和Methanobacteriales的相对丰度较低;PICRUSt预测的代谢通路有63个代谢通路在两组之间具有显著差异;梯度提升回归树对于基于肠道菌群预测肥胖人群效果最好,受试曲线下与坐标轴围成的面积(area under curve,AUC)值可以达到0.769,测试集精度可以达到0.725。【结论】基于大规模的肠道菌群数据揭示了肥胖人群肠道菌群的特征,将机器学习运用到肥胖预测上面,为精准膳食、精准医疗提供新的研究思路和理论基础。     

首发抑郁症患者肠道菌群多样性与抑郁症状的相关性分析

【背景】脑-肠轴理论提示着肠道菌群和抑郁症之间存在着潜在的联系,但目前的研究争议较多,具体联系尚无定论。【目的】研究首发抑郁症患者肠道菌群多样性与抑郁症状的相关性,分析肠道菌群多样性及脱硫弧菌等菌群与抑郁症之间的潜在关系,为后续的纵向研究提供一定的理论支持。【方法】对抑郁组(n=23)和对照组(n=31)粪便中16S rRNA基因V4-V5区域片段进行测序,使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表对两组研究对象进行评估。使用α多样性检验、β多样性检验、t检验、皮尔逊相关性检验及斯皮尔曼相关性检验进行统计分析。【结果】抑郁组与对照组的肠道菌群多样性无明显差异(P>0.05)。两组肠道菌群在结构组成上有差异,属水平和种水平上,分别有28个菌属和40个菌种的相对丰度呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。抑郁组肠道菌群多样性(Shannon、Chao1指数)与抑郁症状间存在显著的正相关(P<0.05)。属水平和种水平上菌群相对丰度和抑郁症状的相关性检验中,脱硫弧菌等与抑郁症状存在显著相关性(P<0.05)。【结论】首发抑郁症患者与健康人群肠道菌群在菌群结构组成上存在差异。抑郁组肠道菌群多样性与抑郁...     

取食聚苯乙烯塑料对黄粉虫幼虫肠道微生物群落的影响北大核心

随着塑料在人类社会中的普及,越来越多的废弃塑料及其前体物质被遗留在环境中,且其在自然环境中的降解速度十分缓慢,为此寻找有效的降解途径成为亟待解决的科学问题。【目的】探究利用黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)幼虫取食聚苯乙烯对其肠道微生物种群及其代谢路径的响应,以期通过食物诱导寻找一条生物降解和利用聚苯乙烯的有效途径。【方法】以聚苯乙烯为唯一食物来源喂饲黄粉虫幼虫,通过测量幼虫存活率和个体的体重来测定其生长发育情况;通过对其肠道内容物进行16S rRNA基因测序,分析其肠道菌群结构的变化;采用京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)分析法来预测相关功能基因。【结果】取食聚苯乙烯黄粉虫幼虫存活率和体重均下降,聚苯乙烯塑料明显减少;取食聚苯乙烯的黄粉虫幼虫肠道菌群丰度与多样性明显减少,在门水平,取食聚苯乙烯的黄粉虫幼虫肠道的优势菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、软壁菌门(Tenericutes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes);在属水平,取食聚苯乙烯的黄粉虫幼虫肠道优势菌为螺旋体菌属(Spiroplasma)、肠杆菌(Enterobacillus)和大肠埃氏-志贺氏菌(Escherichia-Shigella);通过KEGG功能预测,找到与芳香类和烷烃降解功能相关的基因共18种,取食聚苯乙烯组黄粉虫幼虫肠道菌群降解聚苯乙烯相关通路丰度升高,相关基因表达增强。【结论】聚苯乙烯可以为黄粉虫幼虫生长发育提供一定的物质和能量,且能够使其完成一个世代过程;幼虫长时间取食单一食物后,其肠道菌群结构会发生目标性变化,利用KEGG预测能够找到与聚苯乙烯代谢相关的基因,为后续研究工作提供了有价值的依据。     

利福平对红裸须摇蚊幼虫肠道微生物群落结构及功能的潜在影响北大核心

【目的】摇蚊是水生生态系统中重要的昆虫种类之一,其肠道微生物与个体生长发育、环境适应等过程密切相关,本研究旨在探究抗生素处理对摇蚊幼虫肠道微生物群落结构及功能的潜在影响。【方法】利用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序技术对利福平处理的红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)幼虫肠道内容物中的菌群进行分析和比较,应用Tax4Fun法对其肠道菌群功能进行预测。【结果】利福平处理能够改变红裸须摇蚊幼虫肠道群落结构和多样性,宿主肠道菌群中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)(P<0.05)以及脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacterota)(P<0.001)的相对丰度显著上升,而变形菌门(Proteobacteria)与厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度有所下降。在属水平上,利福平处理使耶尔森菌属(Yersinia)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)的相对丰度有所降低,其中脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)显著降低。与此同时,共线性网络分析表明利福平处理后细菌群落稳定性大幅下降,菌种之间关联性显著减弱。通过京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路注释预测出红裸须摇蚊幼虫肠道菌群基因与基因信息处理、新陈代谢、人类疾病等功能相关,利福平处理可以使肠道菌群基因的抗药性功能显著上升,而内分泌和代谢疾病功能显著下降。【结论】研究结果揭示了抗生素利福平对红裸须摇蚊幼虫肠道细菌群落结构及功能的潜在影响,为进一步探索摇蚊肠道菌群发挥的必要作用奠定理论基础。     

适量饮酒对大鼠肠道菌群与血脂水平的影响及二者相关性

目的 探究适量饮酒对大鼠肠道菌群和血脂水平的影响以及肠道菌群与血脂水平相关性。方法 28只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组：对照组、乙醇组、低剂量白酒1组及低剂量白酒2组。分别灌胃生理盐水、酒精（1.83 g/kg）、白酒（1.83 g/kg和3.66 g/kg两个剂量）,连续灌胃30 d。检测大鼠血清高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、三酰甘油（TG）和总胆固醇（TC）水平,采用16S rDNA测序分析各组肠道菌群差异菌种并分析肠道菌群与血脂水平相关性。结果 实验表明适量饮用白酒组较乙醇组可降低大鼠血清TG和TC水平。16S r DNA测序分析显示适量饮酒组较乙醇组可增加肠道脱硫弧菌属（Desulfovibrio）、瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcaceae＿UCG-005）、罗氏菌属（Roseburia）、别样棒菌属（Allobaculum）及粪杆菌属（Faecalibaculum）相对丰度。其中Desulfovibrio与TG和TC水平呈负相关,Ruminococcaceae＿UCG-005和Allobaculum与TC水平呈负相关,Roseburia与HDL水平呈负相关,Faecalibaculu...     

低氧暴露对大鼠肠道微生物群落的影响

【背景】低氧暴露时机体会对物质的吸收和代谢作出调整,以维持自身的能量需求。肠道微生物参与了宿主众多生理过程,尤其在宿主消化、代谢、免疫等多方面发挥了重要作用。而目前对于低氧暴露过程中宿主肠道微生物群落结构和功能的动态变化,以及这些变化与宿主习服低氧之间的关系则少有报道。【目的】研究大鼠暴露于低氧环境后其肠道微生物群落的结构和多样性,探讨低氧暴露对宿主肠道微生物群落的影响,以及肠道微生物群落的变化与宿主代谢之间可能存在的关系。【方法】分别收集低氧暴露1、7、14、21和28 d的实验组(模拟海拔4 500 m)和对照组(43.5 m)的SD大鼠粪便样品,通过IlluminaHiSeq测序平台对样品进行16SrRNAV3-V4区测序,利用Uparse、Qiime、LEfSe和PICRUSt软件分析肠道微生物群落结构、丰度、多样性、组间差异,并利用KEGG数据库对肠道微生物的功能进行预测。【结果】不同低氧暴露时间组和对照组SD大鼠肠道微生物群落特征具有明显差异。低氧暴露组SD大鼠的肠道微生物群落中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、拟杆菌科(Bacteroidaceae)、普氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)、普氏菌属(Prevotella)和普氏菌种(copri)的相对丰度较高且具有统计学意义。相应时间的对照组SD大鼠肠道微生物群落中瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)、梭菌纲(Clostridia)和梭菌目(Clostridiales)等相对丰度较高且具有统计学意义。功能预测发现遗传信息处理和代谢相关通路在低氧暴露组SD大鼠肠道微生物中明显富集。【结论】低氧暴露过程中SD大鼠肠道微生物群落结构和多样性呈动态变化,碳水化合物代谢相关菌群(普氏菌和拟杆菌)明显增加,可能参与了宿主能量代谢调整,有利于机体对低氧环境的习服。     

孕期BMI变化与新生儿胎便菌群和免疫状况的关系研究CSCD

目的探究妊娠妇女孕期BMI变化对新生儿肠道菌群定植和免疫发育的影响。方法选取孕期BMI增幅<6 kg/m^(2)的12人为Am组,孕期BMI增幅≥6 kg/m^(2)的12人为Bm组。Am组妊娠妇女对应的新生儿为Af组,Bm组妊娠妇女对应的新生儿为Bf组。收集妊娠妇女孕晚期血清、新生儿脐带血清、孕晚期粪便以及新生儿出生第一个24 h胎便。对妊娠妇女的粪便及对应新生儿胎便进行DNA提取,采用16S rRNA基因测序方法分析菌群变化。利用生物信息学方法分析妊娠妇女及对应新生儿不同分组菌群结构变化。利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测妊娠妇女孕晚期血清、脐带血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)水平,比较组间变化。结果BMI增幅≥6 kg/m^(2)(Bm组)的妊娠妇女与BMI增幅<6 kg/m^(2)(Am组)的相比,肠道菌群alpha多样性存在降低趋势,beta多样性存在差异。Bm组妊娠妇女粪便样本中脱硫弧菌属显著降低,拟杆菌门、纲、目、科、属以及韦荣球菌科、属显著升高。Bf组与Af组相比,胎便菌群alpha多样性同样存在降低趋势,beta多样性同样存在差异。Bf组变形菌门、γ-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲显著升高,拟杆菌门等显著降低。Bm组较Am组血清中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)存在差异,TNF-α、IL-6水平有升高趋势。在对应的新生儿的脐带血清中Bf组TNF-α、IL-6水平显著升高。结论孕期BMI增幅≥6 kg/m^(2)的妊娠妇女肠道菌群和新生儿胎便菌群存在紊乱。孕期BMI增幅≥6 kg/m^(2)的妊娠妇女孕晚期血清中和新生儿脐带血清中炎症因子增高。妊娠妇女孕期BMI增幅与拟杆菌门及拟杆菌属的增加相关,能够影响妊娠妇女和新生儿的肠道菌群与免疫。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.