基于树叶凋落物分解速率的溪流生态系统健康评价——以广东横石水河为例

用Gessner等提出的树叶凋落物分解模式对横石水河的功能完整性和生态系统健康进行评价,对比了藜蒴和荷木2个树种的树叶凋落物在横石水河各污染样点和未受污染样点的分解速率.结果表明：藜蒴和荷木树叶凋落物在研究区污染样点的分解速率均显著低于清洁样点（P<0.05）;根据Gessner模式,各污染样点的环境得分均为0,而各清洁样点的环境得分均为2,表明横石水河污染河段的健康状态已受到严重破坏.研究区生态系统健康的生物学评价与水质分析结果一致,表明树叶凋落物分解模式是一个合适的评价河流状态的指数.     

我国中东部不同气候带成熟林凋落物生产和分解及其与环境因子的关系

在大尺度气候梯度上研究森林凋落物生产分解与气候因子的关系,对于了解森林生态系统碳循环有着重要的作用.在寒温带的黑龙江呼中、温带的吉林长白山、暖温带的北京东灵山、北亚热带的湖北神农架、中亚热带的四川都江堰和浙江古田山,选择典型地带性成熟林,设置72个样地.观测和研究各地点森林凋落物的产量、凋落动态和分解速率,分析三者与环境因子之间的关系,结果表明:不同气候带森林生态系统凋落物年产量为亚热带森林＞暖温带森林＞温带森林＞寒温带森林.随纬度的增加,凋落物产量逐渐减少,凋落物产量与森林类型极显著相关,与年均温显著相关,而与年均降水关系不显著.凋落物生产动态表现为亚热带地区3个类型森林生态系统为双峰型,暖温带、温带、寒温带3个类型森林生态系统为单峰型.凋落物分解速率k表现出了与凋落物产量相似的变化趋势,即随着纬度的增加,分解速率k值逐渐降低,分解速率与年均温极显著相关,与年均降水显著相关.     

三峡地区香溪河流域叶片凋落物分解过程中N、P含量动态研究

在香溪河流域1160、930、658ITI3个海拔梯度,利用凋落物分解袋法,研究黄栌（Cotinus coggygria var．pubescens）、五裂槭（Acer oliverianum）和扇叶槭（Acer flabellatum）3个物种叶片凋落物的分解速率和主要营养元素N、P含量动态。结果表明,凋落物分解过程中干物质流失动态符合指数衰减方程;叶片初始N含量对分解速率没有显著影响,初始P含量与分解速率呈显著负相关;N、P含量动态在不同属物种间存在显著差异;海拔梯度的差异对N、P含量变化没有显著影响;凋落物在河岸陆地分解比较稳定,分解速度慢于同海拔河流;叶片分解N含量动态在河流与陆地中没有显著差异,而P含量变化差异显著。     

三峡地区香溪河流域不同树种叶片凋落物的分解

在香溪河流域1160m、930m、658m 3个海拔梯度,利用网袋法,研究黄栌（Cotinus coggygria var.pubescens）、五裂槭（Acer oliverianum）、扇叶槭（Acer flabellatum）3个树种叶片凋落物在河流中和河岸陆地的分解速度和分解动态.结果表明,分解进行90d,叶片凋落物干重流失率为13﹪～74﹪.凋落物的干物质重量流失速度符合指数衰减方程（p＜0.05）.叶片凋落物分解前3d干物质迅速淋洗,在河流中,凋落物干重淋洗率为9﹪～18﹪,河岸陆地为4﹪～9﹪.叶片凋落物在河流中分解30d后,分解速度趋于稳定.叶片凋落物在河岸陆地分解90d的过程中,分解速度呈现一定的波动性.黄栌叶片的分解为中速（分解系数k值为0.0043～0.0079d^-1）,显著慢于五裂槭和扇叶槭.五裂槭和扇叶槭作为同属物种,叶片的分解速度之间没有显著差异,在海拔1160m和930m河流中为快速分解（分解系数k值为0.0101～0.0140d^-1）,在海拔658m河流中为中速分解（分解系数k值分别为0.0084d^-1、0.0078d^-1）.扇叶槭在河岸陆地的分解速度在3个海拔间差异较小,干物质流失均缓慢,分解速度（分解系数k为0.0027～0.0036d^-1）显著低于河流.方差分析结果表明,海拔梯度与叶片凋落物的分解速度之间没有显著相关性（p＞0.05）.河流中叶片凋落物在春夏季节的快速分解对底栖生物群落和下游养分循环有重要作用.     

热带尖峰岭和亚热带千岛湖六种凋落叶的分解特征

选取亚热带6个树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla)、水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)、木荷(Schima superba)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和苏铁(Cycas revoluta)的凋落物,在亚热带的千岛湖和热带的尖峰岭进行凋落物分解实验,研究不同气候带下凋落物的分解特征。两样地的年均气温和降水为主要差异,年均温差达3.0℃。结果表明:两个样地凋落物的分解速率顺序为:毛竹﹥木荷﹥青冈﹥马尾松﹥水杉﹥苏铁,尖峰岭样地6个树种95%分解所需的时间集中在3.22-8.81a,千岛湖样地95%分解所需的时间为4.61-14.27a。6种凋落物叶的分解速率尖峰岭显著大于千岛湖(P0.05)。用尖峰岭的气候条件来模拟千岛湖气候变暖后的状况,凋落物分解的分解速率将提高43.08%-95.65%,凋落物的95%分解时间将缩短30.15%-48.85%。凋落物分解的表观Q10在3.30-9.35之间。在千岛湖样地凋落物的分解速率(k值)与初始氮含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),与木质素含量呈显著负相关(P0.05);在尖峰岭样地,凋落物的分解速率与凋落物基质质量的各因子相关性均不显著。氮含量和木质素含量在中亚热带地区是预测凋落物分解和失重的良好指标,在热带地区气候因子对凋落物分解的控制作用较强于凋落物初始基质质量的控制作用。     

不同起源时间的植物叶凋落物在中亚热带的分解特性

选择9种起源时间不同的植物的凋落叶,采用分解袋法,在浙江千岛湖地区从2006年6月到2008年6月进行了分解试验,试图探索植物进化过程中凋落物分解特性的演变趋势.所选的9种植物分属于4个类群,按起源时间由早到晚依次为蕨类植物(芒萁和桫椤)、裸子植物(苏铁、水杉、杉木和马尾松)、双子叶植物(木荷和青冈)及单子叶植物(毛竹).每隔一个月取样,每种凋落物3次重复.结果表明:不同植物类群凋落物基质的氮(N)、木质素(Lignin)含量及Lignin/N比值与分解速率具有良好的相关性.起源时间越晚的植物凋落物的基质N含量越高,为单子叶植物>双子叶植物>裸子植物>蕨类植物.Lignin含量和Lignin/N比值的趋势一致,均为起源时间越晚而值越低,即蕨类植物>裸子植物>双子叶植物>单子叶植物.凋落物分解系数k值的范围在0.25～0.63之间,表现出毛竹>青冈>木荷>水杉>马尾松>杉木>苏铁>桫椤>芒萁的趋势.4个植物类群的凋落物分解速率的均值为单子叶植物>双子叶植物>裸子植物>蕨类植物.试验结果初步表明:植物凋落物分解的进化趋势是由分解缓慢逐渐演变为分解较快.     

亚热带3种树种凋落叶厚度对其分解速率及酶活性的影响

对中国亚热带树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)3个树种在不同凋落物厚度下凋落物分解速率和分解酶活性进行了探究.利用分解网袋法,根据浙江省的平均酸雨水平,在酸雨(pH4.0)条件下设置了凋落物40g、凋落物20g、凋落物10g 3个梯度.结果表明:凋落物分解速率随厚度的增加呈加快的趋势,杉木凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.24、0.27、0.34,香樟凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.25、0.3、0.32,银杏凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.42、0.5、0.58;脲酶活性表现为:凋落叶40g＞凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,纤维素酶活性表现为:凋落叶40g、凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,蔗糖酶活性表现为:后期凋落叶40g＞凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,凋落物分解过程是多种酶共同作用的结果.     

广东横石水河大型底栖动物群落与环境因子的关系

应用典范对应分析(CCA)对横石水河流域14个样点中的大型底栖动物与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,枯水期和丰水期的物种与环境因子的相关性均在90%以上,说明大型底栖动物在横石水河的分布很大程度上受到环境因子的影响。化学需氧量(COD)和pH值是影响枯水期大型底栖动物分布的两个主要因子,浊度和重金属Cu、Pb浓度对大型底栖动物分布也有一定程度的影响。在丰水期,重金属Cu、Pb浓度和pH值是影响大型底栖动物分布的关键因子。从种类水平看,耐污种类如蠓类、摇蚊和大蚊的丰富度与COD和重金属浓度的环境轴呈正相关,而敏感种类如腹足纲、毛翅目以及蜉蝣目昆虫与COD和重金属浓度的环境轴呈负相关。     

粤北地区溪流中的树叶分解及大型底栖动物功能摄食群

利用2种孔径(5mm的塑料网袋和0.1mm的布袋)的分解网袋对2种树叶在广东北部的横石水河的3级溪流中,进行了为期101d的树叶分解研究.结果表明:人面子树叶在网袋和布袋中的分解速率分别为0.0247d-1和0.0151d-1;而蒲桃树叶的分解速率则分别为0.0108d-1和0.0095d-1.说明2种树叶在布袋中的分解速率均比网袋慢,且人面子树叶的分解速率比蒲桃树叶快.定殖在2种树叶网袋中的功能摄食群以刮食者的比例最高(36%),其次是集食者(33%)和捕食者(25%),撕食者的比例最低(6%).在实验中后期,人面子树叶上的底栖动物个体总数、优势类群数和密度显著高于蒲桃树叶.说明在亚热带地区的中等级别的溪流中,由于撕食者种类减少,刮食者的类群数及密度对树叶分解速率具有显著影响.对微生物活动的抑制作用和对底栖动物取食的驱避作用使富含单宁成分的蒲桃树叶的分解速率下降.     

退化红壤丘陵区森林凋落物初始化学组成与分解速率的关系

通过小盆+凋落袋控制试验,研究了我国南方退化红壤丘陵区8种森林凋落物和4种混合凋落物初始化学组成与分解速率的关系.结果表明:阔叶凋落物中的氮、磷、钾、镁含量显著高于针叶凋落物,木质素、碳含量显著低于针叶凋落物;凋落物分解速率与凋落物初始氮、磷、钾、镁含量呈显著正相关,与凋落物初始碳、木质素含量以及木质素/氮、木质素/磷和碳/磷值呈显著负相关;木质素含量解释了凋落物分解速率变异的54.3%,是影响分解速率的最关键因子,凋落物碳、氮、磷含量也与分解速率密切相关,它们与木质素含量一起可解释分解速率变异的81.4%.在退化红壤丘陵区植被恢复过程中,低木质素含量、高氮磷含量的阔叶物种的引入有利于加速凋落物的分解速率和土壤肥力的恢复进程.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.