天津湿地蛾类丰富度和多样性及其环境评价

天津海拔较低,在华北属湿地资源比较丰富的地区之一,是亚太地区鸟类迁徙路线的一个重要环节,也是白枕鹤、丹顶鹤等濒危鸟类迁徙过程中的一个重要的停歇地.为了研究清楚天津湿地昆虫的种类及其动态规律,为湿地的研究和保护利用服务,选取了鸭淀、团泊洼、北大港水库、七里海和独流减河大港段为样地以诱集夜间活动的昆虫为主,对天津湿地蛾类的群落生态学进行了研究,取得如下进展:(1)首次全面系统地研究了天津湿地蛾类的多样性,确定天津湿地有蛾类22科186属259种.其中以夜蛾科最多(58属85种),草螟科次之(39属60种),卷蛾科(16属28种)、螟蛾科(20属23种)、尺蛾科(14属15种)的种类也较多,生物多样性丰富.(2)所诱集的蛾类种类及个体数,以微软的Excel列表、计算及作图,进行蛾类群落的种-多度曲线、多样性指数、均匀度与多样性指数的关系以及蛾类群落的聚类(群落系数、欧氏距离)和排序(极点排序、主分量分析)等研究分析,结果表明:鸭淀和七里海的种-多度曲线表现为对数正态分布模型,而团泊洼、北大港水库和独流减河大港段的种-多度曲线多变,但总的趋势比较接近于对数级数模型,即生态位优先占领假说.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、种间相遇机率(PIE)、物种丰富度(lnS)均为七里海＞团泊洼＞鸭淀＞北大港水库＞独流减河大港段,而均匀度(E)则为七里海＞鸭淀＞团泊洼＞北大港水库＞独流减河大港段.群落的聚类和排序表明蛾类群落的相似性依次为"七里海-团泊洼-鸭淀-北大港水库-独流减河大港段".通过研究分析得出七里海与鸭淀的湿地环境质量较好,但有退化的趋势.团泊洼、北大港水库、独流减河大港段的湿地环境不稳定,退化严重.并分析了造成这些结果的原因,提出了合理的保护和利用的建议.     

功能、谱系多样性在机场鸟类群落研究中的应用——以扬州泰州国际机场为例

随着航空业的发展,野生动物与飞机之间的冲突愈发密集,机场鸟类群落多样性研究引起了大量关注。研究鸟类群落对生境类型的使用状况,可以掌握生境类型与鸟击风险的潜在关系,为机场环境改造提供理论依据。本研究于2019年7月至2021年11月,采用样点法对扬州泰州机场及周边8 km范围内的农田、湿地、林地和城镇4种生境中30个样点的鸟类群落进行调查。利用鸟类群落多样性指数,包括丰富度、多度、香农威纳多样性指数、辛普森多样性指数以及均匀度指数来表征群落的物种多样性,以及功能和谱系多样性,阐明机场周边4种生境的鸟类群落多样性差异。同时,基于多度加权的平均成对功能距离（MFD）和平均成对谱系距离（MPD）来表征群落的功能和谱系结构,探究群落构建机制,量化各多样性指标间的相关性。研究共记录扬州泰州国际机场鸟类88种,分别隶属于14目36科,目、科中数量最多的为雀形目（Passeriformes）和鹬科（Scolopacidae）。谱系和功能多样性在生境间差异显著,功能分散度在农田最高,城镇最低;谱系多样性指数在城镇最高,湿地最低。标准化效应值分析表明,随机生态过程影响了湿地鸟类群落功能和谱系的构建过程,农...     

河北衡水湖国家级自然保护区水鸟群落特征及其季节性变化

2020年5月—2021年4月,对河北衡水湖国家级自然保护区进行了水鸟调查,共记录水鸟82种,隶属于7目14科。其中,鹬科、鹭科和鸭科鸟类共同组成了该区域水鸟群落的优势类群,涉禽种类多、种群规模小,游禽种类少、种群规模大。豆雁、苍鹭、灰翅浮鸥等为自然保护区内水鸟群落的优势种。不同月份水鸟群落的物种丰富度、种群数量、物种多样性指数差异较大,其最大值分别出现在3—4、1和5月。总体上,衡水湖自然保护区水鸟物种丰富度维持较高水平,迁徙期水鸟物种丰富度和Shannon多样性指数更高,越冬期水鸟种群数量更大,7月水鸟物种丰富度最低、Pielou均匀度指数最高。迁徙期的水鸟群落相似度普遍较高,春季迁徙期鸻鹬类种数占比高,秋季迁徙期和越冬期雁鸭类种数占比高、种群数量大。此外,本次调查共记录国家重点保护水鸟18种,集中出现在越冬期及早春和晚秋。     

冀西北坝上地区灯下蛾类群落结构特征

对冀西北坝上地区蛾类进行了逐日灯诱监测,以微软系统的Excel列表、作图,进行蛾类群落的种-多度曲线作图及群落多样性(H')、均匀度(J')、物种丰富度(S)和个体数(N)的时间和空间分布的处理,并做了多样性分析。结果表明:该区蛾类已知16科173属247种,夜蛾科是该区蛾类的优势类群,旋幽夜蛾、网锥蛾野螟(草地螟)和小菜蛾为当地优势种。从5月到9月蛾类多样性指数、物种丰富度和个体数基本呈上升趋势,多样性指数与均匀度(r=0.9477)、物种数(r=0.7785)、个体数(r=0.9704)相一致。不同月份间的蛾类相似程度差异较大,种-多度关系符合对数正态分布模型,研究认为坝上地区蛾类赖以生存的生态环境稳定,生态环境条件保持较好。     

山西蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区蛾类多样性

选择山西蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区针阔叶混交林、阔叶落叶林、杂木林和灌木林4种植被类型为调查样地来初步了解蛾类群落结构及多样性。共采集蛾类标本4709只,隶属24科184种,其中螟蛾科种类和个体数量最多。在4种植被类型中,灌木林的蛾类种数最多,有20科132种,灌木林中螟蛾科为优势科;阔叶落叶林中最少,14科74种,尺蛾科为优势科;针阔叶混交林和杂木林居中,其中前者优势科不明显,后者以草螟科占优势。对4种植被类型中蛾类物种丰富度、多度、多样性和均匀度指数进行了计算和分析,结果表明:蛾类的多度指数在阔叶落叶林中显著低于其余3种植被类型;蛾类的丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数在灌木林中均最高,在针阔叶混交林和杂木林中则相近。蛾类种-多度曲线在针阔叶混交林、杂木林和灌木林中符合对数正态分布模型,而在阔叶落叶林中不符合对数正态分布模型。     

漯河地区农田灯下蛾类群落结构和优势蛾生态位分析

为明确农田生境灯下蛾类群落结构和优势蛾的生态位特点,2017-2021年在漯河市郊区农田利用虫情测报灯对蛾类进行了逐日监测分析。结果表明,5年共诱集蛾类昆虫11科121种150 861头,统计得到个体数量（N)、物种丰富度(S)、群落多样性指数(H)、相似性系数(Cs)、生态位宽度（Bi）和生态位重叠(Cij)等相关群落数据参数。3-11月农田灯下蛾类个体数量、物种丰富度和群落多样性指数,均随时间呈先增加后减小的趋势;不同月份间的群落相似性指数差异较大。年度优势蛾为东方黏虫M. separata、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua 3种。月度优势蛾共9种,其中亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis和棉铃虫的生态位宽度最大0.4434和0.4002,东方黏虫最小（0.1811）;棉铃虫和甜菜叶螟Hymenia recurvalis与其余8种优势蛾的生态位重叠指数均较大,而东方黏虫和其余优势蛾的生态位重叠指数均较小。研究结果为开展蛾类监测预警和有效防治提供参考数据。     

后河国家级自然保护区蛾类昆虫的季节多样性

后河国家级自然保护区位于湖北省与湖南省交界处,属于武陵山脉,与湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区相邻。该保护区自然环境优越,为昆虫繁衍提供了良好条件。为了研究后河国家级自然保护区蛾类昆虫的季节动态变化,在春、夏、秋三季,选取茅坪、湾潭和独岭为样地,采用灯光诱集方法,对后河国家自然保护区的蛾类昆虫群落多样性及季节变化进行了调查。采用α-多样性测度方法,分析了物种丰富度(S)、多样性指数(科、属及种级)(H)、均匀度指数(J)和优势度指数(D)。结果表明:后河国家自然保护区的蛾类昆虫分属21科173属227种,其中夜蛾科的丰富度最高达到62。随后是,尺蛾科和螟蛾科昆虫,它们的物种丰富度指数分别为为58和25。从各科个体数来看,尺蛾科昆虫最多有423头,灯蛾科排第二,有351头,第三的是夜蛾科昆虫有336头。蛾类昆虫的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数随季节变化而变化。蛾类昆虫的物种丰富度指数以夏季最高,达到117;然后依次是秋季和春季。科级、属级和种级多样性指数也以夏季最高,分别为2.22、4.05和4.29。均匀度指数和优势度指数以春季最高,分为2.40和0.12。研究得出后河国家级自然保护区的生态环境好。     

陕西红碱淖湿地水鸟组成及多样性分析

2001年4月～2009年11月采用样线法和定点观察法对陕西红碱淖湿地鸟类进行了调查.共记录鸟类79种,隶属于8目14科,其中古北界56种,东洋界5种,广布种18种;在居留型上夏候鸟32种,旅鸟45种,迷鸟2种,无冬候鸟和留鸟.优势种以雁鸭类、鸥科、鸻鹬类为主.红碱淖湿地鸟类物种多样性指数为1.564,均匀度指数为0.361.在不同生境中,沼泽地鸟类群落多样性指数最高(1.561),均匀度指数为0.363,芦苇丛鸟类群落多样性最低(0.104),均匀度指数为0.050.分析了食物、生境和水位等因素对红碱淖湿地水鸟组成及多样性的影响.     

新疆甘家湖自然保护区春季鸟类群落多样性研究

2007年4～6月,对新疆甘家湖自然保护区4类生境(芦苇湿地、胡杨-柽柳混林、白梭梭-柽柳林及荒漠沙漠区)的鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类74种,分属隶属于15目、33科、50属.其中繁殖鸟(留鸟 夏候鸟)69种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟及性质不明鸟3种.区系组成:广布型13种,北方型28种,北广型的22种,中亚型11种. 结果表明:古北型鸟类是组成甘家湖自然保护区鸟类群落的主体(占记录总数的82.4%);芦苇湿地的鸟类群落物种多样性最高(Shannon-Wiener指数达1.3091),荒漠沙漠区最低,仅为0.7701;胡杨-柽柳混林的均匀度指数最高(0.8236);聚类分析显示:4类生境中的鸟类群落可归为两大类型,即湿地鸟类群落和荒漠林鸟类群落.     

井冈山自然保护区蛾类多样性及人为干扰的影响

对井冈山自然保护区蛾类群落的多样性及其受人为干扰的影响进行了研究。结果显示：（1）人为干扰导致井冈山自然保护区蛾类群落构成有较大差别,严重干扰导致蛾类科数明显降低;物种数和个体数呈现出随着人为干扰加强而降低的趋势;蛾类各优势科在不同人为干扰样点的相对多度存在差异。（2）人为干扰导致蛾类主要科的物种数和个体数变化不同：尺蛾科、夜蛾科、毒蛾科和舟蛾科的物种数和个体数在人为干扰下降低;轻度和中度干扰导致螟蛾科和天蛾科的物种数和个体数升高,重度干扰下物种数和个体数降低;人为干扰导致灯蛾科的物种数和苔蛾科的个体数升高。（3）人为干扰导致蛾类群落Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数降低,Berger-Parker优势度指数升高。（4）人为干扰对蛾类群落的物种数和个体数的时间动态影响较大,对Shannon指数和Pielou均匀度指数时间动态影响较小,导致Berger-Parker优势度指数时间波动幅度增大。（5）人为干扰导致样点间蛾类群落相似性较低。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

---

Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这