干旱荒漠区人工植物群落演替模式及其生态学机制研究

以我国干旱荒漠区包兰铁路沙坡头地段人工植被防护林体系作为研究对象,研究了区域植被建立与发展过程中,优势植物种的种群动态和人工植物群落的演替模式,探讨了植物群落演替的内在动因和生态学机制．结果表明,该区人工植被经过40余年的演变,其植物种组成发生了很大的变化,已由原来的灌木、半灌木人工植物群落演变为一年生草本植物占优势的人工-天然荒漠植物群落．在此演替过程中,人工栽植的灌木种如柠条、花棒等的重要值不断减少,逐渐从人工植物群落中退出;而天然繁衍的一年生草本植物如小画眉草、雾冰藜、刺蓬、虎尾草等相继侵入,并逐渐成为该区的优势植物种;油蒿由于具有天然下种自行更新能力,在群落中始终占有重要地位．这种物种替代模式与该地区降水资源严重匮乏以及沙地表面结皮的增厚,致使沙子下层含水量降低。深根系的灌木及多年生草本的繁衍受到限制密不可分．     

黑河上游高寒退化草地狼毒种群小尺度点格局分析

植被斑块化是自然界的一种普遍现象, 斑块的形成和变化对植物种群格局的形成和变化具有重要影响。在黑河上游祁连山北坡高寒退化草地, 采用点格局分析方法, 研究了小尺度上狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群的种群密度、组成格局以及分布格局。结果表明: 随着狼毒种群分盖度的增大, 种群密度、领地密度和组成格局呈现规律性的变化, 斑块内部狼毒种群的数量出现增减交替变化趋势, 组成格局规律明显; 狼毒种群的分布格局表现出与尺度关联的变化趋势, 在31%-40%分盖度下, 狼毒种群在所有尺度上表现为随机分布, 在41%-50%、51%-60%、61%-70%、71%-80%分盖度下随着尺度增大, 分布格局的基本模式为: 随机—聚集—随机或均匀—随机—聚集—随机分布, 在聚集状态下, 聚集强度不同。以成株为核心的斑块内部种群表现为随机分布或均匀分布, 相对于外部表现为聚集分布, 随着成株个体数量的逐渐增多, 种群竞争关系由种间竞争转化为种内竞争, 促进了斑块扩张与合并、斑块增多与吞并, 从而实现了种群扩散。     

鄂尔多斯高原沙地植被和两种优势克隆半灌木的空间格局

群落优势种重要值的变化可以表征植被的演替状况。研究了鄂尔多斯高原飞播后不同演替阶段的沙地植被 ,以及两种优势克隆植物羊柴 (H edysarum laeve)和油蒿 (Artemisia ordosica)种群的空间格局。结果表明 :在调查的尺度内 ,群落水平上 ,演替前期和演替中期的植被盖度空间自相关发生的尺度远小于演替后期。随着植被的演替和发育 ,小于抽样尺度 (<1m)的随机变异逐渐增加。暗示着植被盖度空间格局的变化与羊柴种群和油蒿种群在群落中的地位的变化有关。种群水平上 ,小尺度的空间自相关控制着羊柴种群在 3个演替阶段的空间格局 ;处于前 2个演替阶段的油蒿种群 ,空间格局受更大尺度的过程控制 ,并在自身为建群种的群落随机分布。对于 3个演替阶段的油蒿种群而言 ,发生在小于抽样尺度 (<1m)的随机变异都高于相应的羊柴种群。这两种克隆半灌木的种群空间格局的差异可能与二者克隆构型和克隆性的不同有关。本文还根据这两种植物的生物学特性探讨了二者对鄂尔多斯高原沙地植被恢复的不同作用     

荒漠地区柠条种实害虫对寄主斑块质量与格局的反应

以宁夏中东部荒漠区为景观背景,选择人工固沙次生林地、流动风积沙地和沙壤土质丘陵地3种生境类型共18块天然或人工种植的柠条林斑块,研究了柠条豆象、豆荚螟和柠条种子小蜂3种柠条种实害虫对寄主植物斑块质量、斑块面积和空间格局的反应.结果显示:3种柠条种实害虫对寄主植物的为害率与斑块质量、斑块格局和昆虫自身迁移能力有关.对斑块质量的反应受到斑块尺度大小的影响,在不同的生境类型间,种实害虫的为害率差异显著(P<0.05),以人工固沙次生林地的为害率最高,其次为沙壤土质丘陵地,流动风积沙地相对较低.在小斑块格局中,柠条种实害虫数量的发生与寄主植物斑块的面积、破碎化程度存在一定的相关性,斑块面积减少、生境破碎化程度增加能够降低移动能力较强的豆荚螟(r=0.365)的为害率,而对移动能力较弱的柠条豆象(r=0.160)、柠条种子小蜂(r=0.193)则没有明显影响.斑块边缘效应强度和景观斑块周边资源互补对种群密度具有正相关的影响.     

古尔班通古特沙漠固定沙丘上白梭梭和梭梭的空间分布及种间关联性

为了探讨沙漠中固沙灌木种群共存和演替机制, 本文基于古尔班通古特沙漠东南缘固定沙丘上白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)和梭梭(H. ammodendron)种群的地理位置和生长发育阶段信息(幼株、营养株、生殖株和死株), 采用点格局分析方法(g(r)函数)及Monte-Carlo随机模拟检验和零模型选取的方法, 分析了固沙灌木白梭梭和梭梭种群不同生长发育阶段在0-20 m尺度内的空间分布格局及种间关联性。结果表明: (1)两个种群在研究尺度范围内呈聚集分布, 随着尺度的增大, 其聚集强度逐渐减弱; (2)两个种群整体上呈负关联关系, 尺度越大负关联关系越显著; (3)白梭梭种群生长发育阶段相差越大, 个体间正关联关系越显著; 梭梭种群生长发育阶段越接近, 个体间正关联关系越显著; (4)两个种群中龄级较大的个体(如营养株、生殖株和死株)会对对方种群中龄级较小的幼株产生一定的抑制作用; 同时, 随着两个种群中个体的成长, 双方受到的抑制作用逐渐减弱, 主要表现为正关联和无关联。总体而言, 古尔班通古特沙漠固定沙丘白梭梭和梭梭种群的分布格局整体上为聚集分布, 随龄级增加聚集性减弱, 受生境异质性和扩散限制的影响明显。种间关系多为负相关, 种内不同生长发育阶段之间均为正关联关系。     

关帝山次生杨桦林种群结构与立木的空间点格局

选择关帝山典型天然次生杨桦林样地进行种群结构分析,并运用空间点格局分析方法O-ring统计系统分析了次生杨桦林群落内不同尺度下种群空间分布格局及种间关联性.结果表明,在个体组成上,演替先锋树种白桦(Betula platyphylla)、红桦(B.albo-sinensis)和山杨(Populus davidiana)是目前次生杨桦林样地的优势种.但从种群径级结构看,白桦、红桦和山杨天然更新不良,而云杉(Picea spp.)和华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)幼苗呈现良好的更新状态.随着演替的进行,云杉、落叶松将逐渐进入林冠层并取代白桦、红桦和山杨成为该森林的优势种;从种群空间分布格局来看,红桦、白桦表现为小尺度上明显聚集,华北落叶松、皂柳(Salix wallichiana)表现为小尺度上强聚集性分布格局.种群空间分布格局受空间尺度、群落结构及种群径级结构综合作用的影响;空间关联性分析表明,红桦与华北落叶松、红桦与皂柳、皂柳与华北落叶松在小尺度上正相关,其它树种间没有表现出明显关联性.     

雅鲁藏布江中游河岸带几种主要沙生植物种群点格局分析

以雅鲁藏布江中游河岸带几种主要沙生植物为研究对象, 采用相邻格子法分别在不同生境条件下的藏沙蒿(Artemisia wellbyi)、藏白蒿(Artemisia younghusbandii)和砂生槐(Sophora moorcroftiana)种群设立4个20 m × 30 m的样方, 运用点格局分析方法, 研究了这几种沙生植物的种群结构、空间分布、空间关联及其影响因素, 以期为西藏高寒河谷风沙化土地植被恢复提供依据。结果表明: 1)藏沙蒿种群结构呈增长型, 藏白蒿和砂生槐种群结构呈衰退型。藏沙蒿和藏白蒿种群在所有尺度上均呈集群分布, 砂生槐种群随着尺度增大表现为集群→随机→集群→随机分布。沙生植物种群分布格局主要是由较小的大小级决定的, 而较大的大小级是造成种群分布格局波动的主要因素。2)这几种沙生植物种间正关联往往存在于一定的尺度范围内, 种间关联时常出现不同关联方式交替出现和摆动的现象。半裸露砂砾地和半固定沙地藏沙蒿-砂生槐种间关联均表现为无关联→正关联→无关联→正关联, 半裸露砂砾地藏沙蒿-毛瓣棘豆( Oxytropis sericopetala)种间关联表现为正关联→无关联→正关联→无关联→负关联, 藏白蒿-砂生槐种间关联表现为正关联→无关联。3)这几种沙生植物种群均随植株形体增大, 聚集强度减弱, 大小级较小时表现为集群分布, 随着大小级增大, 表现为随机分布或随机与集群分布交错出现。不同大小级的空间正关联随着植株形体大小差异的增大而减弱, 甚至会转变为负关联, 各大小级在较小的空间尺度上易表现为正或无空间关联。     

高寒退化草地狼毒与赖草种群空间格局及竞争关系

种群空间格局的尺度转换效应反映了植物种内、种间竞争关系的变化过程。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡阿尔泰针茅草原,分析了干扰状态下狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)和赖草(Aneurolepidium dasystachys)种群的空间格局及竞争关系。结果表明:随着草地退化过程加剧,狼毒种群空间格局由聚集分布转变为非聚集分布,反映了协作转向竞争的种内个体间关系;赖草种群以聚集格局为主,体现了种内相互协作的个体间关系;二者空间关联性存在正相关、不相关和负相关的转换过程,正相关尺度逐渐缩小,负相关仅在重度退化草地出现,种群间关系表现为由协作转向竞争且竞争强度逐渐增大。干扰状态下,种群空间格局的尺度转换效应影响植物种内、种间的竞争关系及强度,反映了退化草地物种应对干扰的更新途径。     

三种类型草地植物种间关联的测定与比较

植物种间关联的研究,对于进一步确定植物种间关系、揭示群落演替过程中植物种间替代关系的机制、草场退化和人工草地产量下降的原因都有重要意义。本文之所以选取三种类型的草地进行研究主要是考虑到由于一个群落从初期阶段到顶极阶段的演替需要十几年甚至几十年的时间,这样对于演替不同阶段植物种间关联的观测是困难的。故在本文中我们采用     

桂林岩溶石山檵木种群空间格局及其关联性

种群的空间分布格局及其关联性反映了种群演替方式和对环境因子的适应策略,对植被的恢复与重建、生物多样性保护等具有重要的意义和价值.为了解桂林岩溶石山檵木种群的空间分布格局及其关联性,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,采用点格局方法,以Ripley K函数为基础,运用其衍生的成对相关函数和Ripley L函数对檵木种群的空间分布格局以及不同径级之间关联性进行分析.结果表明:檵木种群的径级结构呈倒“J”型分布,小径级个体占较大比例,种群自然更新状况良好,属增长型种群;檵木种群3个径级的个体在小尺度上呈聚集分布,但随着空间尺度的增大,聚集强度逐渐减弱,趋向随机分布;檵木种群3个不同径级的个体间在小尺度下均呈现无关联,随着尺度增大,不同径级个体的空间关联性呈现正关联或负关联;檵木种群个体间径级差异越大,它们的空间关联性越弱,甚至可能逐渐转变为负关联.本研究结果有助于了解桂林岩溶石山檵木种群在生长发育过程中的生态策略和物种共存的尺度依赖性特征及其形成机制,从而为岩溶石山森林植被的恢复与重建、保护和经营管理提供参考.     

基于功能性状的毛乌素沙地不同演替阶段适生植物筛选

沙地生态系统修复是恢复生态学研究的热点问题,适生植物筛选是修复的关键。植物功能性状反映了植物在不同环境中的生存策略,探究沙地植物功能性状及其与环境之间的关系,有助于筛选用于植被恢复的物种,为保护沙地生态系统提供理论依据。以毛乌素沙地为研究区,分析了1983-2015年间沙地典型飞播样地群落演替特征及其对环境因子的响应,建立基于10个植物功能性状的毛乌素沙地潜在种库,进一步筛选飞播恢复下沙地不同演替阶段的适生植物。研究表明:(1)飞播恢复下的毛乌素沙地植物群落分为三个演替阶段:固沙先锋物种群落、沙生植物为主的杂类草群落、中生植物为主的杂类草群落。(2)土壤因子是群落演替的主要驱动力,其中土壤全氮、土壤总有机碳、土壤硝态氮是影响群落演替的关键因素。(3)基于功能性状筛选出29种适生物种用于植被恢复,演替第一阶段可用雾冰藜、猪毛菜等,演替第二阶段可用拂子茅、无芒隐子草等,演替第三阶段可用草地风毛菊、猪毛蒿等。通过物种功能性状特征可以快速选择适合沙地退化生态系统修复的候选物种,为植被恢复提供了一定的理论支持。     

喀斯特次生林幼树更新空间分布格局及种间关联性

本研究以贵州省喀斯特典型区域紫云苗族布依族自治县撂荒30余年后自然恢复形成的次生林为对象,设置140 m×120 m固定样地,系统调查样地内幼树更新,并采用空间点格局分析方法分析幼树更新优势种群在不同空间尺度下的分布格局和种间关联性。结果表明: 调查样地中幼树共计1291株,包括39个树种,其中光皮桦、化香、马尾松、枫香和山杨5个树种的幼树个体数量总和达83.7%,重要值总和达77.8%,为幼树更新的优势树种。光皮桦、化香和枫香3个幼树优势种群的空间分布格局在0～60 m空间尺度上均呈现较强的聚集分布;马尾松和山杨2个幼树优势种群在小尺度上呈现聚集分布,大尺度上则随机分布。幼树优势种群空间关联性多呈现正关联,仅马尾松与枫香和山杨在小尺度呈现正关联,大尺度呈现不相关。调查样地5个幼树优势种群空间分布格局及种间关联性差别较大,可能与树种的生物学特性、生境及空间资源的利用密切相关。目前,林分多以先锋树种为主,群落结构不稳定;以马尾松和光皮桦为优势种群的松-桦混交林可能成为下一阶段演替方向,建议通过森林经营措施加快植被恢复进程。     

Vegetation development on deposit soils starting at different seasons

Permanent plots were created in different seasons (autumn and spring) and filled with two substrates: nutrient-rich topsoil and nutrient-poor ruderal soil (n = 5 for each treatment). My objectives were to assess the influence of starting season on initial species composition, whether differences at the start cause divergent or convergent pathways of succession and which mechanisms are operating during vegetation development. Mean species richness (number of species per plot) and mean total cover of herb layer differed significantly between substrates and changed significantly during 10 year succession, but there were no significant differences with respect to starting season. However, seasonal as well as substrate effects were evident for particular dominant species and for the pattern of successional sequences. When succession on topsoil plots started in spring, first summer annuals dominated, then monocarpic and polycarpic perennial herbs, then herbaceous perennials together with woody perennials, and at the end of the decade woody perennials. When succession started in autumn, polycarpic perennial herbs dominated from the beginning, and then were replaced by woody perennials in the second half of the decade. On ruderal soil, there was a less rapid but continuous increase of polycarpic perennial herbs and woody species, both on spring and on autumn plots, whereas short-lived plants were more abundant in the first years and then decreased. Species turnover was very high from the first to the second year for all treatments (except topsoil plots starting in autumn), but slowed down during succession. Priority effects due to starting season caused high dissimilarity at the start on the nutrient-rich substrate, but convergent succession towards the end of the first decade. The main mechanisms during early succession on the nutrient-rich topsoil were tolerance based on different life-history traits and inhibition due to reduced light availability. There was no evidence for obligate facilitation. However, an indirect facilitative effect by annuals, which slowed the development of herbaceous perennials down, and thus facilitated growth of woody species, could be seen on topsoil when succession started in spring.     

Local variation in rodent communities of Sitka spruce plantations: the interplay of successional stage and site-specific habitat parameters

Habitat associations of wood mouse Apodemus svlvaticus, bank vole Clethrionomvs glareolus and field vole Microtus agrestis were analysed during a chronosequence study of succession in Sitka spruce Picea stichensis plantations in Hamsterley Forest, northeast England In mature plantations (ca 40 yr after planting), A svlvaticus and C glareolus were both abundant, in clear-felled areas the former was usually dominant, in young plantations (5-8 yr after planting) either of the three species was dominant at different sites Pooling all sites, in young plantations rodent communities were most diverse, because of an inter-site component (β-diversity), although within sites, young plantations and mature plantations had similar diversities Clear-felled areas showed least rodent diversity Detrended Correspondence Analysis was used to describe the taxonomic and structural changes in vegetation during succession Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that in young plantations C glareolus was associated with dense ground cover, provided mostly by heather Microtus agrestis was most commonly associated with Deschampsia flexuosa, whereas A svlvaticus was not strongly associated with any plant species Spatial heterogeneity in soils explained much of the inter-site variation in vegetation winch in turn explained much of the β-diversity of rodent communities in young plantations     

Succession of bee communities on fallows

Wild bee communities were studied on one- to five-year-old set-aside fields with naturally developed vegetation (n = 20). and old orchard meadows (n = 4) to analyse effects of secondary succession on species diversity, resource use and associated life history traits. General theory predicts a steady increase of species richness with age of succession. In contrast, we found a first maximum in species richness of bees on two-year-old set-aside fields and a second on old meadows. Successional changes of bee communities were related to changes of vegetation. The transition from pioneer successional stages, dominated by annuals, to early successional stages, dominated by perennials, resulted in the highest species richness of flowering plants in the second year within the first five years of succession. Species richness of flowering plants was the best predictor variable for species richness of bees, whereas the cover of flowering plants correlated with the abundance of bees. Annual plants were visited more often and perennials less often than expected from their flower cover. Halictidae tended to prefer flowers of annuals, whereas Megachilidae. Apidae and Anthophoridae significantly preferred perennials. In departure from successional theory, body size, proportion of specialised bees and proportion of parasitic bees did not significantly increase with successional age, but number of generations and the proportion of soil-nesting bees decreased with successional age. Comparison of different management types showed that set-aside fields with naturally developed vegetation supported much more specialised and endangered bee species than set-aside fields sown with Phacelia tanacetifolia.     

Within‐stand spatial structure and relation of boreal canopy and understorey vegetation

Question: How do spatial patterns and associations of canopy and understorey vegetation vary with spatial scale along a gradient of canopy composition in boreal mixed‐wood forests, from younger Aspen stands dominated by Populus tremuloides and P. balsamifera to older Mixed and Conifer stands dominated by Picea glauca? Do canopy evergreen conifers and broad‐leaved deciduous trees differ in their spatial relationships with understorey vegetation? Location: EMEND experimental site, Alberta, Canada. Methods: Canopy and understorey vegetation were sampled in 28 transects of 100 contiguous 0.5 m × 0.5 m quadrats in three forest stand types. Vegetation spatial patterns and relationships were analysed using wavelets. Results: Boreal mixed‐wood canopy and understorey vegetation are patchily distributed at a range of small spatial scales. The scale of canopy and understorey spatial patterns generally increased with increasing conifer presence in the canopy. Associations between canopy and understorey were highly variable among stand types, transects and spatial scales. Understorey vascular plant cover was generally positively associated with canopy deciduous tree cover and negatively associated with canopy conifer tree cover at spatial scales from 5–15 m. Understorey non‐vascular plant cover and community composition were more variable in their relationships with canopy cover, showing both positive and negative associations at a range of spatial scales. Conclusions: The spatial structure and relation of boreal mixed‐wood canopy and understorey vegetation varied with spatial scale. Differences in understorey spatial structure among stand types were consistent with a nucleation model of patch dynamics during succession in boreal mixed‐wood forests.     

Species associations and nurse plant effects in patches of high-Andean vegetation

Abstract. In high-elevation communities of the southern Andes, plant cover is low due to severe environmental conditions and vegetation occurs mostly as isolated small (< 1 m²⁾ patches. Most patches are dominated by flat cushion plants. We evaluated patterns of plant species co-occurrence and species affinity for patches with and without cushion plants and different species richness. We mapped and recorded species composition of patches occurring within two 20 m × 20 m plots at the NE slope of Cerro Chall-Huaco, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. In these plots, we identified 32 and 24 plant species, and a maximum of 15 and 12 species per patch, respectively. The community was characterized by positive associations between species. Patches in which either of the common cushion plants Mulinum leptacanthum and Oreopolus glacialis occurred sustained richer communities than patches in which they were absent. Patches dominated by different cushion plants did not differ in species composition, but species differed in their affinities for patches with different numbers of species. Because richness increased with patch size and patch size with time, differential affinities of plant species suggest that successional changes take place in the patches. Some small herbaceous species appear to act as late colonizers, mostly restricted to species-rich patches. Flat cushion plants are considered ‘nurse plants’; they strongly modify micro-environmental conditions and allow establishment and survival of associated species.     

Past and present vegetation ecology of Laetoli, Tanzania

We are attempting to set up a new protocol for palaeoecological reconstruction in relation to the fossil hominin site Laetoli, Tanzania. This is based on the premise that habitat variability in the past was at least as great as at present; that this variability at the landscape level is a function of variations in geology, soils, and topography rather than climate; and that vegetation type at the landscape level can be reconstructed from these environmental variables. Measurable variation in climate in tropical Africa today occurs over distances of at least 100 km, so that ranges of habitat variation within the limited area of Laetoli today can be reconstructed in relation to soils and topography, and the effects of climate changes are then estimated in relation to these other factors. In order to document the modern vegetation, we have made voucher collections of plants in the Laetoli region, recorded distributions of plants by habitat, climate, soil, and topography, and mapped the vegetation distributions. Results show that areas of low relief have soils with impeded drainage and dense Acacia drepanolobium woodland, having low canopies when disturbed by human action, higher when not; shallow brown soils on volcanic lavas have four woodland associations, two dominated by Acacia species, two by Combretum-Albizia species; shallow volcanic soils to the east have a woodland association with Croton-Dombeya-Albizia species; elevated land to the east on volcanic soils has two associations of montane-edge species, one with Croton-Celtis-Lepidotrichilia, and the other with Acacia lahai; the eastern highlands above 2,750 m have montane forest; seasonal water channels flowing from east to west have three Acacia riverine woodland associations; three deep valleys to the north of the area have dense riverine woodland with Celtis, Albizia, Euclea, Combretum, Acacia spp.; emergence of springs at Endulen feed a perennial stream with closed gallery forest with Ficus-Croton-Lepidotrichilia; and, finally, recent ash falls have produced immature alkaline soils with calcrete formation and short grass vegetation. All of these vegetation associations have been modified by human disturbance to greater or lesser degrees, and we have attempted to allow for this both by basing the associations on the least modified areas and by predicting how the associations, or parts of associations, have been altered by human action. Past land forms at Laetoli have been based on the geology and geomorphology of the area. Past vegetation patterns were estimated by superimposing present distributions of plant associations on equivalent landforms in the past, assuming similar climate to the present. This indicates the overall pattern of vegetation at Laetoli to have been a mosaic of low and tall deciduous woodlands and with riverine woodland and forest associations along water courses. Low woodlands would have been dominated by Acacia species, and tall woodlands by Combretum-Albizia species, with increasing increments of montane species, such as Croton species, to the east of the area. Riverine woodlands would have been dominated by Acacia-Euclea species, with wetter associations (downriver or linked with spring activity) supporting gallery forest with Ficus, Celtis, and Croton species. These are all species associations common in the area today, and with landforms little changed in the past, and assuming similar climate, there is every reason to predict that they would have been present in the past. Moreover, Pliocene environments lack the human disturbance that has destroyed much of the present day vegetation. Presence of woodlands is supported by fossil wood attributed to several of the tree species present in the area today and by similarities in the mammalian community structure between past and present. Having established the pattern for Pliocene vegetation based on climatic variables existing today, we then predict the effects of past variations in climate.     

低覆盖度固沙林的乔木分布格局与防风效果

低覆盖度植被是我国干旱、半干旱区经过漫长的自然演替过程逐步发育形成且广泛分布的植被类型。前人研究认为,植被覆盖度达到40%为固定沙地,40%-20%为半固定-半流动沙地。但在实践观察中发现:在低密度(或覆盖度)时,灌丛的水平分布格局对固定流沙和阻止风沙流的作用差异显著。在干旱区、半干旱区,存在着大量天然的乔木疏林,其覆盖度均在低于40%,地表处于半流动状态,而配置成行带式后,即使覆盖度降低到20%时,地面也不会出现风蚀现象。因此,在内蒙古浑善达克沙地,针对覆盖度在20%左右的乔木疏林,同时测定了随机与行带式两种分布格局的防风阻沙效果。结果表明:(1)在不同的对照风速下,行带式配置的林内的相对风速均低于随机分布,其中在200 cm高度处行带式配置的平均相对风速比随机分布的低53.89%,在50 cm高度处低36.82%;(2)行带式林内的水平风速流场变化有一定规律,而随机分布林内风速流场变化主要受树冠在空间的分布影响,变化非常复杂;(3)随机分布的疏林内出现风速超过旷野对照的现象,在50 cm和200 cm的两个观测高度上分别有约27.45%和22.55%的风速测定值超过对照风速,说明出现明显的局部风速"抬升"现象,形成了强的涡流;(4)行带式配置林内的平均地表粗糙度达到1.01 cm,比随机分布的疏林内增大约5倍之多;(5)总体而论,行带式分布格局第1带降低风速的作用最显著,第2带及其以后各带间的风速均比第1带后的风速小,但逐带降低的叠加效益不明显;(6)由于乔木基本(枝下高)没有枝条对风的阻碍,乔木行带式固沙林在迎风面的第1林带的基部有一定的风力"抬升"作用,对林带基部地面产生较强的侵蚀作用,多数第1带树木的根系被侵蚀裸露,过境的风沙流只能在林带后树冠外侧堆积;(7)随机分布林内在许多位置出现了非常低的地表粗糙度,地表粗糙度低的位置基本与风速"抬升"区相吻合,这种"抬升"区形成的强的涡流是疏林内出现风蚀坑的重要因素,这也是浑善达克沙地出现榆树与风蚀坑相间分布的主要原因。     

An Analysis of Vegetation Restoration on Opencast Oil Shale Mines in Estonia

We compared four types of 30‐year‐old forest stands growing on spoil of opencast oil shale mines in Estonia. The stand types were: (1) natural stands formed by spontaneous succession, and plantations of (2) Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), (3) Betula pendula (silver birch), and (4) Alnus glutinosa (European black alder). In all stands we measured properties of the tree layer (species richness, stand density, and volume of growing stock), understory (density and species richness of shrubs and tree saplings), and ground vegetation (aboveground biomass, species richness, and species diversity). The tree layer was most diverse though sparse in the natural stands. Understory species richness per 100‐m² plot was highest in the natural stand, but total stand richness was equal in the natural and alder stands, which were higher than the birch and pine stands. The understory sapling density was lower than 50 saplings/100 m² in the plantations, while it varied between 50 and 180 saplings/100 m² in the natural stands. Growing stock volume was the least in natural stands and greatest in birch stands. The aboveground biomass of ground vegetation was highest in alder stands and lowest in the pine stands. We can conclude that spontaneous succession promotes establishment of diverse vegetation. In plantations the establishment of diverse ground vegetation depends on planted tree species.