祁连山北坡高寒草地狼毒种群格局

在祁连山北坡高寒退化草地,采用空间序列代替时间序列与点格局相结合的分析方法,研究了小尺度上狼毒种群的组成特征和分布格局.结果表明:伴随狼毒分盖度的增加,狼毒植株数总体上呈现先增大后减小的分布规律;幼株分布格局由随机分布向聚集分布过渡,聚集强度表现出先增强后减弱的规律,成株分布格局基本表现为随机分布;狼毒分盖度较低时,不同大小级狼毒种群在0～100 cm尺度上均表现为随机分布,狼毒分盖度较高时,随着种群的发育,分布格局由聚集分布向随机分布过渡.种群的分布格局与种群的扩散阶段存在密切的关系,狼毒种群通过斑块合并、斑块吞并以及竞争作用和协同作用的相互转化实现种群的扩散.     

高寒退化草地不同海拔梯度狼毒种群分布格局及空间关联性

在石羊河上游高寒退化草地,应用点格局分析方法,按狼毒个体分枝数设置Ⅰ级株丛(1—10枝)、Ⅱ级株丛(11—20枝)、Ⅲ级株丛(21—30枝)、Ⅳ级株丛(30以上)4个株级,研究了不同海拔高度各株级狼毒的空间分布格局及关联性,并统计了狼毒种群的大小组成。结果表明:随海拔升高Ⅰ、Ⅱ级狼毒株丛个体数减少,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级狼毒株丛个体数增多;Ⅲ、Ⅳ级狼毒株丛在各海拔梯度上主要以随机分布为主,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级狼毒株丛在低海拔地区小尺度上表现为聚集分布,随海拔升高聚集强度增强,聚集尺度减小,在较大尺度上表现为随机分布;Ⅰ级狼毒株丛与Ⅲ、Ⅳ级狼毒株丛、Ⅱ级狼毒株丛与Ⅳ级狼毒株丛小尺度上表现为正关联关系,随海拔升高正关联关系发生的尺度减小。狼毒种群对环境变化具有明显的响应机制,可通过相互之间的庇护作用、减少繁殖、减弱种内竞争以及提高聚集强度实现生存繁殖。     

不同高寒退化草地阿尔泰针茅种群的小尺度点格局

种群空间格局是种群自身特性、种间相互关系及环境条件综合作用的结果。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡选择未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化等4种高寒草地,分析了阿尔泰针茅(Stipa krylovii)种群斑块特征、株丛结构和点格局特征。结果表明:阿尔泰针茅在衰退过程中种群密度和种群领地面积减小,空斑面积增大,领地密度先增大后减小,小株丛(株丛径0.1-1.0 cm)比例增加,大株丛(株丛径2.1-7.0 cm)比例减小;不同草地梯度中阿尔泰针茅种群的空间格局存在明显差异:未退化草地中阿尔泰针茅种群在0-64 cm尺度上为均匀分布,64-100 cm尺度上为随机分布;中度退化草地中阿尔泰针茅种群在0-70 cm尺度上为随机分布,而在70-100 cm尺度上为聚集分布;轻度退化和重度退化草地中阿尔泰针茅种群在0-100 cm尺度上均为随机分布。在放牧干扰和种间竞争作用下,阿尔泰针茅种群斑块从中心开始破碎,并逐渐向四周辐散,引起小尺度上种群斑块间分布格局出现"随机分布-聚集分布-随机分布"转变,促使原有斑块被分割为多个直径较小的"岛"状小斑块并进一步分化,最终种群斑块完全破碎、草毡层逐步消失,从而造成阿尔泰针茅种群的衰退。     

典型草原退化群落不同恢复演替阶段羊草种群空间格局的比较

羊草(Leymus chinensis)为典型草原群落的主要建群种之一, 在群落中扮演着重要角色。应用摄影定位法测定处于不同恢复演替阶段的羊草种群空间格局, 通过点格局、种群空斑、种群领地及种群领地密度等方法分析发现, 羊草种群在恢复演替过程中经历了种群增长和种群衰退的过程。在此过程中, 羊草种群数量出现最高点, 此点之前, 种群拓殖大于自疏, 种群整体增长; 此点之后, 种间竞争及种内竞争致使种群衰退, 而种间竞争占主导地位, 种内竞争相对较弱。羊草种群的增衰导致种群空斑发生变化, 从而引起种群格局类型发生相应的变化, 表现为在恢复21 a的群落中, 羊草种群在10 m×10 m的取样范围内表现出两种格局分布类型: 在0~4.85 m之间呈现聚集分布, 当尺度大于4.85 m时, 则表现为随机分布; 在恢复8 a的群落中, 羊草种群在10 m×10 m的取样范围内出现3种格局分布类型: 在0~3.01 m之间呈聚集分布, 在3.01~3.37 m之间为随机分布, 当尺度大于3.37 m时则表现为均匀分布; 在严重退化群落中, 羊草种群在整个10 m×10 m测定尺度上呈现聚集分布。由此可见, 羊草种群格局在恢复演替过程中是变化的, 这种变化主要由群落剩余资源驱动下的种群拓殖及种内种间竞争所致。     

内蒙古退化草原狼毒种子的种群分布格局与散布机制

狼毒 (Stellera chamaejasme)为瑞香科多年生草本植物 ,是主要的草地有毒植物种类之一。采用邻接格子样方法和分布指数 (DI)以及平均拥挤度 (m* )指标 ,研究了内蒙古西辽河平原北部典型草原区内的狼毒 (Stellera chamaejasme)种子种群分布格局强度、类型与规模 ;根据顺序远离母株的取样调查 ,定量地分析了狼毒种子在 8个方向上的散布格局。结果表明 ,狼毒种子在落种期之前为随机分布 ,而在落种期结束后为聚集分布 ,种子种群斑块大小平均为 0 .0 8m2 。狼毒种子在 8个方向上的散布表现为不同的散布格局模式。在不同方向随着累积面积增加狼毒种子散布数量变化符合 L ogistic曲线增长。各方向种子散布数量与顺风风向频率显著正相关。狼毒种群具有“近母株散布”的种子散布机制 ,基本散布半径为 0～ 5 0 cm。狼毒种群通过种子散布扩展其分布空间的能力是很有限的     

高寒退化草地狼毒与赖草种群空间格局及竞争关系

种群空间格局的尺度转换效应反映了植物种内、种间竞争关系的变化过程。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡阿尔泰针茅草原,分析了干扰状态下狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)和赖草(Aneurolepidium dasystachys)种群的空间格局及竞争关系。结果表明:随着草地退化过程加剧,狼毒种群空间格局由聚集分布转变为非聚集分布,反映了协作转向竞争的种内个体间关系;赖草种群以聚集格局为主,体现了种内相互协作的个体间关系;二者空间关联性存在正相关、不相关和负相关的转换过程,正相关尺度逐渐缩小,负相关仅在重度退化草地出现,种群间关系表现为由协作转向竞争且竞争强度逐渐增大。干扰状态下,种群空间格局的尺度转换效应影响植物种内、种间的竞争关系及强度,反映了退化草地物种应对干扰的更新途径。     

高寒退化草地甘肃棘豆小尺度点格局

植物种群的空间格局是植物与环境协同适应的结果,体现了植物种群的生活史对策。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡选择未退化(Ⅰ)、轻度退化(Ⅱ)、中度退化(Ⅲ)和重度退化(Ⅳ)4种高寒草地,研究了甘肃棘豆(Oxytropis kansuensis)种群小尺度格局的空间异质性。结果表明:随着天然草地退化程度的加剧,甘肃棘豆种群高度、盖度、地上生物量和密度增大,小株丛(一级)比例逐渐减小,大株丛(二、三级)比例逐渐增大;甘肃棘豆的分布格局表现出与尺度关联的变化趋势,在未退化(梯度Ⅰ)和轻度退化(梯度Ⅱ)草地,甘肃棘豆种群在较小尺度上表现为聚集分布,较大尺度上表现为随机分布;在中度(梯度Ⅲ)和重度(梯度Ⅳ)退化草地,种群空间分布格局则表现出相异的格局特征。随着草地退化程度加剧,甘肃棘豆种群的聚集分布格局由小尺度转向较大尺度,体现了植物种群的扩散和更新策略。     

四川卧龙自然保护区珙桐种群的空间分布格局

采用扩散系数的t检验、Poisson分布的x^2拟合检验及Morisita指数的F检验来研究珙桐种群的空间分布格局类型,用负二项参数（K）、Green指数（GI）和Lloyd的平均拥挤度（m^＊）与聚块性指标（PAI）来研究珙桐的聚集强度。同时利用上述指数研究取样尺度、海拔及克隆繁殖对珙桐种群分布格局和聚集强度的影响。结果表明,总体上珙桐种群的分布格局类型为集群分布,具一定的聚集强度。取样尺度、海拔对其分布格局和聚集强度均有不同程度的影响。基株种群和分株种群的分布格局和聚集强度在不同取样尺度和海拔下出现不同的变化。最后对珙桐种群格局在各种因素影响下的变化原因进行了讨论,认为珙桐种群格局呈集群分布的最主要原因是由其本身的繁殖特性决定的。     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林主要种群及林隙形成木的空间格局

调查了小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林1.5 hm²(100 m×150 m)固定样地内的物种组成和径级结构,用点格局方法分析样地内主要种群的空间格局和空间关联性以及林隙形成木的空间格局.结果表明： 样地内胸径≥2 cm的乔木有13种,种群密度差异大,重要值在前4位的为臭冷杉、红皮云杉、白桦和花楷槭.种群的径级结构近似倒“J”形.臭冷杉和红皮云杉空间分布相似,随空间尺度的变化趋势为聚集 随机 均匀分布.白桦在≤40 m尺度为聚集分布,>40 m尺度变为随机分布,而花楷槭在整个研究尺度上均为聚集分布.除白桦和花楷槭两者间在整个研究尺度上均为负相关以外,其余种群间均为小尺度上正相关、大尺度上负相关.臭冷杉和白桦种群间正相关的显著性强,其他种群间正相关性普遍较弱.样地内林隙形成木的空间格局表现为中小尺度聚集分布,随尺度增大趋于随机分布.掘根形成的林隙形成木的空间点格局呈单峰型分布,随机、聚集和均匀3种分布均有出现.折干形成的林隙形成木的空间点格局分布整体波动不大,小尺度上在随机和聚集分布间交替出现,到大尺度则归于随机分布.两者间的空间关联性分析表明,≤32 m尺度为显著正相关,>32 m尺度为不显著的负相关.     

岷江柏四个地理种群分布格局比较研究

岷江柏是我国特有珍稀树种,其种群分布格局一直缺乏必要的研究。采用Greig-Smith的相邻格子样方调查法,调查了四川西部四个岷江柏地理种群,用方差/均值比率法和聚集度指标法分析了种群空间并进行了比较。结果表明,岷江柏种群分布格局与取样尺度有关。在2m×2m、4m×4m、6m×6m、8m×8m四个取样尺度下,小金种群均表现为集群分布,马尔康种群均表现为随机分布,金川种群和理县种群却随着取样尺度的增大,表现出聚集分布→均匀分布→随机分布的变化趋势。四个取样尺度中以2m×2m取样尺度来分析岷江柏种群空间分布格局时效果最好。方差/均值比率法运用统计方法确定T值的显著性,数学推导严密,运算简单,在分布格局分析中是一种较可靠的方法。     

Patch occupancy, population density and dynamics in a fragmented red squirrel Sciurusvulgaris population

We studied population dynamics of red squirrels in a group of small forest fragments, that cover only 6.5% of the total study area (4664 ha) and where distances to the nearest source population were up to 2.2 km. We tested effects of patch size, quality and isolation and supplementary feeding on patch occupation during 1995–99. Larger patches and patches with supplementary feeding had a higher probability of being occupied. No patch <3.5 ha was ever occupied. No effects of isolation were found, suggesting that the forest habitat in the study area is not sufficiently fragmented to influence red squirrel distribution across patches. For medium sized patches (3.7–21 ha), that were occupied some years, there was an increase in patch occupation over the years, even though overall population size tended to decrease. These patches had a high turnover, especially of males. Patches in which the squirrel population went extinct were recolonized within a year. For patches that were at least some years occupied, squirrel density depended on patch quality only. No effects of patch size, isolation and winter temperature on population density were found. These data suggest that in our study area habitat fragmentation has no effect on local squirrel density and that the random sample hypothesis explains the distribution pattern across patches.     

秦岭华山松种群分布格局及动态研究

基于相邻格子样方的野外取样方法,运用统计生态学的样方方差法、Ｇｒｅｉｇ－Ｓｍｉｔｈ格局分析法和Ｋｅｒｓｈａｗ格局强度分析法对秦岭林区不同年龄阶段华山松种群的空间分布格局、格局规模、格局强度进行了研究。     

外来杂草薇甘菊种群分布格局研究

在3个群落中设置样方,采用方差/均值比率法测定了薇甘菊种群的分布格局类型。结果表明,薇甘菊种群的分布格局主要受自身的生物学特征和微环境的影响,呈随机或集群分布。随机分布的种群其聚集强度指标扩散型指数、丛生指数、聚块性指标和平均拥挤度多对1.0没有显著的偏离,负二项参数则较大;而聚集分布的种群其聚集强度指标则符合聚集特征。     

山西七里峪茶条槭的种群结构与空间分布格局

从生命表特征、径级结构、存活曲线及不同海拔种群和不同龄级个体空间分布格局等方面研究了山西七里峪茶条槭的种群结构和空间分布规律.结果显示:(1)七里峪茶条槭种群径级结构呈现幼苗比例大,幼树、小树比例次之的规律,为增长型种群;(2)不同海拔种群中,1 300～1 600m为增长型种群,随着海拔的升高,种群结构逐渐趋于稳定成熟;(3)茶条槭种群的存活曲线接近于Deevey-Ⅲ,除1 400m和1 700m种群外,其它海拔种群存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅱ型;茶条槭种群不同径级的个体呈现出集群分布或随机分布,其空间分布格局随龄级增加而发生改变;(4)不同海拔高度种群的分布格局表现出从集群分布趋向随机分布的规律.研究表明,七里峪茶条槭种群的生活史特征与空间分布具有较为明显的特性,其幼苗储备丰富、自身的生物学特性及种群依存的微环境因素是导致这种现象的主要原因.     

Migration and Allee effects in the six-spot burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae

Abstract 1. Migration into local populations may increase the likelihood of persistence but emigration may decrease the persistence of small and isolated populations. The dispersal behaviour of a day-flying moth Zygaena filipendulae was examined to determine whether emigration is correlated positively or negatively with population size and host plant density.
2. A mark–release–recapture study showed that most moths moved small distances (< 40 m on average) and only 6% of movements were > 100 m.
3. Twenty-five individuals moved between populations, a measured exchange rate of 8%. Moths were more likely to move between patches that were close together and they moved to relatively large patches.
4. The fraction of residents increased with increasing population size in the patch and increasing host plant cover. Relatively high proportions of individuals left small patches with small moth populations.
5. Moths released in grassland lacking Lotus corniculatus (the host plant) tended to leave the area and biased their movement towards host plant areas, whereas those released within an area containing L. corniculatus tended to stay in that area.
6. Biased movement away from small populations and areas of low host plant density (normally with low population density) was found. This migration-mediated Allee effect is likely to decrease patch occupancy in metapopulations, the opposite of the rescue effect. The effects on metapopulation persistence are not known.     

The spatial pattern in a natural population of goldenrod (Solidago altissima L.), with particular reference to its change during the shoot growth

In a natural population of Solidago altissima L., the changes in the spatial pattern of shoots in the course of growth were studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows:

1. The spatial pattern changed from clumped to random distribution as plants grew. The change seemed to be resulted from some density-dependent process acting at a small spatial scale, probably the competition for space.
2. Large plants tended to distribute themselves more uniformly over the space than the small ones but at the mature stage of growth such a difference was not obviously recognized. The process of appearance of the small-sized plants during successive periods also seemed to be dependent on local density.
3. Large plants at the early stage of growth tended to survive better, and there was a positive correlation between initial size and the size at maturity.
4. From these results, it is inferred that the change of spatial pattern from clumped to random distribution is largely due to the elimination of small shoots as the result of competition for space among individual shoots.

     

黑河下游胡杨种群的点格局分析

采用空间点格局分析方法中的Ripley K函数,将宏观的地理环境与微观的点格局相结合,分析了不同尺度下黑河下游胡杨种群的空间分布格局.结果表明: 胡杨种群密度随离河距离增大而减小,且东河胡杨种群密度整体上高于西河;胡杨种群分布格局随空间尺度的变化而变化,主要在中尺度5～12 m呈聚集分布,在小尺度0～2 m和大尺度38～40 m呈随机分布,极少呈均匀分布;胡杨种群在不同离河距离主要呈聚集分布,且聚集强度随离河距离的增大呈增大趋势,而胡杨种群在离河距离较远的地段有扩散趋势,转为随机分布.表明胡杨种群内部的生态联系对空间尺度具有很强的依赖性,胡杨种群空间分布主要受表层土壤含水量和地下水埋深的影响.     

Population dynamics of a phytophagous lady-beetle,Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius), living in spatio-temporally heterogeneous habitats. III. Effects of habitat structure on population dynamics

Temporal changes in the population size of a phytophagous lady-beetle were analyzed to identify mechanisms affecting lady-beetle population dynamics at different spatial scales. The study area (15 ha) included 18 habitat patches. The major host plants were potato for first generation larvae and eggplant for second generation larvae. The habitat patches were classified into three groups according to the major host plants in each patch: P-E patches (both host plants available), P patches (potato only), and E patches (eggplant only). The winter disappearance of adults in the whole study area, and larval mortality in E patches were apparently the most important factors disturbing the overall population density. Density-dependent movement of females appeared to have the greatest stabilizing effect on the yearly fluctuation of population density. Rate of increase of female adults from the first to the second generation,R, was generally higher on eggplants in E patches than in P-E patches because the adult density of the first generation was much higher in P-E patches. The yearly fluctuation of adult density in each generation tended to be less in patches with all habitat components necessary for the full life cycle (P-E patches). However, such patches were not favorable for first generation females, as indicated by the lower rate of increase from the first to the second generation. The density and stability of lady-beetle populations is discussed in relation to habitat structure.