退化草地阿尔泰针茅种群个体空间格局及关联性

植物的空间格局及关联性是自身特性和环境因素综合作用的结果。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡阿尔泰针茅草原,根据株丛径大小将阿尔泰针茅(Stipa krylovii)分为3个大小等级:A级(1.1-7.0 cm)、B级(1.1-7.0 cm) 和C级(株丛径7.1 cm以上),分析了阿尔泰针茅种群的大小结构和不同大小等级个体的空间格局及关联性。结果表明:随天然草地退化过程延续,阿尔泰针茅种群个体空间格局由聚集分布转变为非聚集分布,个体间的关联性由正相关为主转化为不相关和负相关;不同大小等级个体的空间格局存在差异,C级个体仅在中度退化草地表现出聚集格局,A级和B级个体以聚集和随机格局为主,且在未退化和轻度退化草地由随机转向聚集格局;不同等级个体间的空间关联性与形体大小差异不存在相关性,A级与B级、C级个体间正关联尺度明显增大,B级与C级个体间则以不相关和负相关为主且负相关尺度增大。物种大小结构和个体间的竞争关系变化,是种群不同大小等级空间格局及关联性转换的关键因素,反映了退化草地植物应对干扰的更新途径。     

退化草地阿尔泰针茅生殖株丛与非生殖株丛的空间格局

生殖株丛与非生殖株丛的空间格局是株丛自身特性和植物种内、种间关系综合作用的结果。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡高寒退化草地设置4个退化梯度,每个梯度内随机设置3个2 m×2 m的样方,分析了0-100cm空间尺度上阿尔泰针茅(Stipa krylovii)种群生殖与非生殖株丛的生物量、高度和空间格局。结果表明:未退化草地中,阿尔泰针茅生殖与非生殖株丛均出现聚集格局,且分布于不同的尺度区间;草地退化过程中,生殖与非生殖株丛聚集格局出现重叠且重叠的空间尺度发生转换,从18-19 cm、54-68 cm转换为45-78 cm;生殖株丛空间格局以聚集分布为主,聚集格局尺度随生物量和株高增加而增大;非生殖株丛以聚集和均匀分布为主,聚集格局尺度随生物量和株高下降而减小,均匀格局尺度增大。在干扰活动影响下,生物量分配和株高的转变是种群空间格局发生尺度转换的关键因素,反映了退化草地植物种群繁殖与更新的适应性途径。     

高寒草地狼毒与阴山扁蓿豆种群的空间格局

不同的格局类型和空间关联性可以反映出干扰状态下天然草地植物种群的资源环境适应对策.采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,分析了祁连山北坡高寒草地优势种群更替过程中狼毒和阴山扁蓿豆种群的空间格局及其种间关联关系.结果表明:随着草地退化程度加剧,狼毒种群地上生物量、密度、植株高度持续增加,空间分布类型由聚集分布转变为非聚集分布,阴山扁蓿豆种群高度逐渐降低,种群密度和地上生物量先增大后减小,空间分布类型由均匀或聚集分布转为随机分布;狼毒和阴山扁蓿豆的空间关联性由显著正关联区间不断增大转为关联性不显著.草地退化过程中群落上层禾草西北针茅种群的衰退以及狼毒和阴山扁蓿豆的植株高度差异,导致了植物对光资源的非对称性竞争,使二者的资源分配策略发生了调整,并影响了空间分布格局和种间关联性.     

黑河上游高寒退化草地狼毒种群小尺度点格局分析

植被斑块化是自然界的一种普遍现象, 斑块的形成和变化对植物种群格局的形成和变化具有重要影响。在黑河上游祁连山北坡高寒退化草地, 采用点格局分析方法, 研究了小尺度上狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群的种群密度、组成格局以及分布格局。结果表明: 随着狼毒种群分盖度的增大, 种群密度、领地密度和组成格局呈现规律性的变化, 斑块内部狼毒种群的数量出现增减交替变化趋势, 组成格局规律明显; 狼毒种群的分布格局表现出与尺度关联的变化趋势, 在31%-40%分盖度下, 狼毒种群在所有尺度上表现为随机分布, 在41%-50%、51%-60%、61%-70%、71%-80%分盖度下随着尺度增大, 分布格局的基本模式为: 随机—聚集—随机或均匀—随机—聚集—随机分布, 在聚集状态下, 聚集强度不同。以成株为核心的斑块内部种群表现为随机分布或均匀分布, 相对于外部表现为聚集分布, 随着成株个体数量的逐渐增多, 种群竞争关系由种间竞争转化为种内竞争, 促进了斑块扩张与合并、斑块增多与吞并, 从而实现了种群扩散。     

退化草地阿尔泰针茅与狼毒种群的小尺度种间空间关联

采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡选择4种退化高寒草地群落,分析了阿尔泰针茅(Stipa krylovii)与狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群的大小结构、斑块特征和种间关联关系。结果表明:随天然草地退化过程延续,阿尔泰针茅由大株丛结构演变为小株丛结构,种群密度和领地面积减小、空斑面积增大、领地密度先增大后减小,狼毒种群的株丛结构和斑块特征发生了相反的变化趋势;不同退化草地阿尔泰针茅和狼毒种群的空间关联呈现负关联、正关联和不关联规律;在未退化草地和轻度退化草地、中度退化草地,阿尔泰针茅与狼毒的关联性分别由0-14 cm、0-51 cm尺度上的负相关和0-85 cm尺度上的不相关,转变为14-100 cm、51-100 cm尺度上的不相关和86-100 cm尺度上的正相关。物种个体大小结构变化,以及狼毒种群的斑块吞并、合并和阿尔泰针茅种群的斑块破碎、被分割过程,既是物种关联性发生尺度转换的先决条件,又是引起草地群落中物种地位与作用改变的关键因素。     

退化草地甘肃臭草和冷蒿种群空间格局及关联性

空间格局和空间关联性是研究种群扩散、群落演替及生物与环境间相互作用的重要手段.在石羊河上游高寒退化草地,运用点格局分析法,对不同演替阶段甘肃臭草和冷蒿的地上生物量、高度、空间格局及关联性进行了研究.结果表明:甘肃臭草在斑块没有形成阶段(CK)和斑块形成阶段(A),所有尺度上为聚集分布,在斑块扩散(B)、稳定(C)和衰退阶段(D),从聚集向随机过渡,随着聚集尺度减少、聚集强度下降,植株高度和地上生物量先增加后减少;冷蒿在各阶段均从聚集分布向随机分布过渡,随着聚集尺度增加,聚集强度增强,植株高度和地上生物量先减少后增加.CK、A、D阶段甘肃臭草和冷蒿之间表现为显著正关联,在B阶段从显著负关联过渡到关联性不显著.在放牧干扰影响下,地上生物量和高度的变化与种群空间格局及关联尺度转换的对应关系反映了退化草地植物种群竞争与生态适应性策略.     

高寒退化草地不同海拔梯度狼毒种群分布格局及空间关联性

在石羊河上游高寒退化草地,应用点格局分析方法,按狼毒个体分枝数设置Ⅰ级株丛(1—10枝)、Ⅱ级株丛(11—20枝)、Ⅲ级株丛(21—30枝)、Ⅳ级株丛(30以上)4个株级,研究了不同海拔高度各株级狼毒的空间分布格局及关联性,并统计了狼毒种群的大小组成。结果表明:随海拔升高Ⅰ、Ⅱ级狼毒株丛个体数减少,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级狼毒株丛个体数增多;Ⅲ、Ⅳ级狼毒株丛在各海拔梯度上主要以随机分布为主,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级狼毒株丛在低海拔地区小尺度上表现为聚集分布,随海拔升高聚集强度增强,聚集尺度减小,在较大尺度上表现为随机分布;Ⅰ级狼毒株丛与Ⅲ、Ⅳ级狼毒株丛、Ⅱ级狼毒株丛与Ⅳ级狼毒株丛小尺度上表现为正关联关系,随海拔升高正关联关系发生的尺度减小。狼毒种群对环境变化具有明显的响应机制,可通过相互之间的庇护作用、减少繁殖、减弱种内竞争以及提高聚集强度实现生存繁殖。     

不同高寒退化草地阿尔泰针茅种群的小尺度点格局

种群空间格局是种群自身特性、种间相互关系及环境条件综合作用的结果。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡选择未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化等4种高寒草地,分析了阿尔泰针茅(Stipa krylovii)种群斑块特征、株丛结构和点格局特征。结果表明:阿尔泰针茅在衰退过程中种群密度和种群领地面积减小,空斑面积增大,领地密度先增大后减小,小株丛(株丛径0.1-1.0 cm)比例增加,大株丛(株丛径2.1-7.0 cm)比例减小;不同草地梯度中阿尔泰针茅种群的空间格局存在明显差异:未退化草地中阿尔泰针茅种群在0-64 cm尺度上为均匀分布,64-100 cm尺度上为随机分布;中度退化草地中阿尔泰针茅种群在0-70 cm尺度上为随机分布,而在70-100 cm尺度上为聚集分布;轻度退化和重度退化草地中阿尔泰针茅种群在0-100 cm尺度上均为随机分布。在放牧干扰和种间竞争作用下,阿尔泰针茅种群斑块从中心开始破碎,并逐渐向四周辐散,引起小尺度上种群斑块间分布格局出现"随机分布-聚集分布-随机分布"转变,促使原有斑块被分割为多个直径较小的"岛"状小斑块并进一步分化,最终种群斑块完全破碎、草毡层逐步消失,从而造成阿尔泰针茅种群的衰退。     

祁连山北坡高寒草地狼毒种群格局

在祁连山北坡高寒退化草地,采用空间序列代替时间序列与点格局相结合的分析方法,研究了小尺度上狼毒种群的组成特征和分布格局.结果表明:伴随狼毒分盖度的增加,狼毒植株数总体上呈现先增大后减小的分布规律;幼株分布格局由随机分布向聚集分布过渡,聚集强度表现出先增强后减弱的规律,成株分布格局基本表现为随机分布;狼毒分盖度较低时,不同大小级狼毒种群在0～100 cm尺度上均表现为随机分布,狼毒分盖度较高时,随着种群的发育,分布格局由聚集分布向随机分布过渡.种群的分布格局与种群的扩散阶段存在密切的关系,狼毒种群通过斑块合并、斑块吞并以及竞争作用和协同作用的相互转化实现种群的扩散.     

山西灵空山刺五加种群空间分布格局及种间空间关联性

以山西灵空山自然保护区刺五加(Acanthopanax senticosus(Rupr.Maxim.)Harms)种群为对象,采用空间点格局方法中的Ripley’s K函数,对刺五加种群不同龄级的空间分布格局及其与主要灌木物种间的空间关联性进行研究,并对种群空间分布格局进行可视化解析。结果显示,刺五加种群中幼年个体数量多,径级结构呈金字塔型,为增长型种群,能够实现持续更新;刺五加种群的径级Ⅰ在小尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度增大出现随机分布;径级Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ在全尺度上呈聚集分布,径级Ⅴ、Ⅵ在小尺度上为聚集分布,随着龄级和空间尺度的增大,刺五加种群聚集强度渐弱,呈现随机分布;刺五加种内关联在全尺度上呈正相关,但与群落中主要灌木在小尺度上呈不相关或负相关,在大尺度上呈负相关。研究表明刺五加的生长条件较为适宜,并可以通过相互之间的庇护作用,减弱种内竞争,但与其他树种间存在强烈竞争,生存现状较差,在群落中处于劣势。     

RPB2 sequences reveal a close phylogenetic relationship between tetraploid Hordelymus and diploid Hordeum species in Triticeae (Poaceae)

The origin of Hordelymus genome has been debated for years, and no consensus conclusion was reached. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the RPB2 (RNA polymerase subunit II) gene from Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Harz, and its potential diploid ancestor species those were suggested in previous studies. The focus of this study was to examine the phylogenetic relationship of Hordelymus genomes with its potential donor Hordeum, Psathyrostachys, and Taeniatherum species. Two distinguishable copies of sequences were obtained from H. europaeus. The obvious difference between the two copies of sequences is a 24 bp indel (insertion/deletion). Phylogenetic analysis showed a strong affinity between Hordeum genome and Hordelymus with 85% bootstrap support. These results suggested that one genome in tetraploid H. europaeus closely related to the genome in Hordeum species. Another genome in H. europaeus is sister to the genomes in Triticeae species examined here, which corresponds well with the recently published EF-G data. No obvious relationship was found between Hordelymus and either Ta genome donor, Taeniatherum caput-medusae or Ns genome donor, Psathyrostachys juncea. Our data does not support the presence of Ta and Ns genome in H. europaeus, and further confirms that H. europaeus is allopolyploid.     

Cyclical expression of the Notch/Wnt regulator Nrarp requires modulation by Dll3 in somitogenesis

Delta-like 3 (Dll3) is a divergent ligand and modulator of the Notch signaling pathway only identified so far in mammals. Null mutations of Dll3 disrupt cycling expression of Notch targets Hes1, Hes5, and Lfng, but not of Hes7. Compared with Dll1 or Notch1, the effects of Dll3 mutations are less severe for gene expression in the presomitic mesoderm, yet severe segmentation phenotypes and vertebral defects result in both human and mouse. Reasoning that Dll3 specifically disrupts key regulators of somite cycling, we carried out functional analysis to identify targets accounting for the segmental phenotype. Using microdissected embryonic tissue from somitic and presomitic mesodermal tissue, we identified new genes enriched in these tissues, including Limch1, Rhpn2, and A130022J15Rik. Surprisingly, we only identified a small number of genes disrupted by the Dll3 mutation. These include Uncx, a somite gene required for rib and vertebral patterning, and Nrarp, a regulator of Notch/Wnt signaling in zebrafish and a cycling gene in mouse. To determine the effects of Dll3 mutation on Nrarp, we characterized the cycling expression of this gene from early (8.5 dpc) to late (10.5 dpc) somitogenesis. Nrarp displays a distinct pattern of cycling phases when compared to Lfng and Axin2 (a Wnt pathway gene) at 9.5 dpc but appears to be in phase with Lfng by 10.5 dpc. Nrarp cycling appears to require Dll3 but not Lfng modulation. In Dll3 null embryos, Nrarp displayed static patterns. However, in Lfng null embryos, Nrarp appeared static at 8.5 dpc but resumed cycling expression by 9.5 and dynamic expression at 10.5 dpc stages. By contrast, in Wnt3a null embryos, Nrarp expression was completely absent in the presomitic mesoderm. Towards identifying the role of Dll3 in regulating somitogenesis, Nrarp emerges as a potentially important regulator that requires Dll3 but not Lfng for normal function.     

斑膜合垫盲蝽若虫在国槐上的空间分布型及抽样技术

斑膜合垫盲蝽Orthotylus(O.)sophorae Josifov是近年来临夏地区国槐Sophora japonica Linnaeus上严重发生的害虫之一。应用6种分布型指数法分析判定了斑膜合垫盲蝽若虫在国槐上的空间分布型,利用Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归方程分析聚集原因,结果表明,斑膜合垫盲蝽若虫在国槐上呈聚集分布,公共k c值为0.6169,且符合负二项分布;其种群聚集是由某些环境作用引起的。在此基础上,采用Iwao的方法确定了斑膜合垫盲蝽若虫的田间最适抽样数和序贯抽样表;并根据Gerrard的零频率模型建立了估计该种群平均密度的零频率公式:x=1.7457(-lnP0)1.1119。     

Septal pore complex morphology in the Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) with emphasis on the Cantharellales and Hymenochaetales

The ultrastructure of septa and septum-associated septal pore caps are important taxonomic markers in the Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota, Fungi). The septal pore caps covering the typical basidiomycetous dolipore septum are divided into three main phenotypically recognized morphotypes: vesicular-tubular (including the vesicular, sacculate, tubular, ampulliform, and globular morphotypes), imperforate, and perforate. Until recently, the septal pore cap-type reflected the higher-order relationships within the Agaricomycotina. However, the new classification of Fungi resulted in many changes including revision of existing and addition of new orders. Therefore, the septal pore cap ultrastructure of more than 325 species as reported in literature was related to this new classification. In addition, the septal pore cap ultrastructures of Rickenella fibula and Cantharellus formosus were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Both fungi have dolipore septa associated with perforate septal pore caps. These results combined with data from the literature show that the septal pore cap-type within orders of the Agaricomycotina is generally monomorphic, except for the Cantharellales and Hymenochaetales.It appears from the fungal phylogeny combined with the septal pore cap ultrastructure that the vesicular-tubular and the imperforate type both may have arisen from endoplasmic reticulum. Thereafter, the imperforate type eventually gave rise to the perforate septal pore cap-type.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: Towards a reclassification of the Phoma complex

The present generic concept of Phoma is broadly defined, with nine sections being recognised based on morphological characters. Teleomorph states of Phoma have been described in the genera Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, indicating that Phoma anamorphs represent a polyphyletic group. In an attempt to delineate generic boundaries, representative strains of the various Phoma sections and allied coelomycetous genera were included for study. Sequence data of the 18S nrDNA (SSU) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions of 18 Phoma strains included were compared with those of representative strains of 39 allied anamorph genera, including Ascochyta, Coniothyrium, Deuterophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Pleurophoma, Pyrenochaeta, and 11 teleomorph genera. The type species of the Phoma sections Phoma, Phyllostictoides, Sclerophomella, Macrospora and Peyronellaea grouped in a subclade in the Pleosporales with the type species of Ascochyta and Microsphaeropsis. The new family Didymellaceae is proposed to accommodate these Phoma sections and related anamorph genera. The present study demonstrated that Phoma radicina, the type species of Phoma sect. Paraphoma and Phoma heteromorphospora, the type species of Phoma sect. Heterospora can be assigned to the Phaeosphaeriaceae and Leptosphaeriaceae respectively.     

Phylogenetic reassessment of Hyaloscyphaceae sensu lato (Helotiales, Leotiomycetes) based on multigene analyses

Hyaloscyphaceae is the largest family in Helotiales, Leotiomycetes. It is mainly characterized by minute apothecia with well-differentiated hairs, but its taxonomic delimitation and infrafamilial classification remain ambiguous. This study performed molecular phylogenetic analyses using multiple genes including the ITS-5.8S rDNA, the D1–D2 region of large subunit of rDNA, RNA polymerase II subunit 2, and the mitochondrial small subunit. The primary objective was to evaluate the phylogenetic utility of morphological characters traditionally used in the taxonomy of Hyaloscyphaceae through reassessment of the monophyly of this family and its genera. The phylogenetic analyses inferred Hyaloscyphaceae as being a heterogeneous assemblage of a diverse group of fungi and not supported as monophyletic. Among the three tribes of Hyaloscyphaceae only Lachneae formed a monophyletic lineage. The presence of hairs is rejected as a synapomorphy, since morphologically diversified hairs have originated independently during the evolution of Helotiales. The true- and false-subiculum in Arachnopezizeae are hypothesized to have evolved through different evolutionary processes; the true-subiculum is likely the product of a single evolutionary origin, while the false-subiculum is hypothesized to have originated multiple times. Since Hyaloscyphaceae sensu lato was not resolved as monophyletic, Hyaloscyphaceae sensu stricto is redefined and only applied to the genus Hyaloscypha.