后记

<正>内蒙古二连盆地在我国古近纪与新近纪地层及哺乳动物研究中占有举足轻重的地位,因为这里不仅有发育良好、富含哺乳动物化石的沉积地层,而且研究历史已有90余年,更为重要的是二连盆地古近纪与新近纪地层和哺乳动物化石已经成为我国以及东亚地区相关研究的对比依据,对于认识亚洲乃至全球新生代哺乳动物演化历史都具有重要意义。     

渤海海域东南部新近纪湖盆萎缩期古生物特征及古环境意义

渤海海域新近纪普遍发育河流相沉积,近年大量探井揭示渤海海域东南部地区新近系发育湖相、浅水三角洲相以及河流相几种沉积类型。本文对东南部地区新近纪古生物特征展开系统研究,在此基础之上结合丰富的岩心资料总结了渤海海域新近纪湖盆萎缩期河湖过渡带各种典型沉积相类型的古生物分布特征。研究表明:湖相地层古生物门类丰富,发现了藻类,孢粉以及无脊椎动物等类型,化石丰度高,尤其是藻类化石占有重要比重,局部含量达90%以上。三角洲前缘化石门类多,但是丰度较滨浅湖低。三角洲平原相,孢粉较藻类化石含量具有明显优势,尤其是草本植物类型含量高,并且植物碎屑,根系,碳屑常见。河流相化石相对贫乏。在此基础上对渤海海域东南部新近系古环境演化开展研究,结果表明新近纪湖盆萎缩整体呈先扩张再衰退的变化过程,馆陶组中晚期以后湖盆逐渐扩张,到明化镇组下段沉积时期古湖盆最为发育,明化镇组上段时期古湖盆逐渐收缩。     

南海北部含油气盆地渐新世—上新世沟鞭藻化石研究综述

珠江口、琼东南、莺歌海和北部湾盆地是我国南海北部重要的新生代含油气盆地,微体古生物在各盆地生物地层框架建立中发挥了重要的作用。本文根据上述盆地已发表的渐新世—上新世沟鞭藻化石有关文献,简要评述了沟鞭藻化石的研究现状,并探讨了存在的问题及今后研究方向。     

垣曲盆地 ——4000万前世纪曙猿等高等灵长类的摇篮

<正>垣曲盆地是中条山脉中的新近纪小型沉积盆地,面积约350平方公里。黄河横贯,将盆地分为两部分,北部隶属山西省垣曲县,南部新近纪地层仅在任村南的上河一带才有出露,归河南省渑池县管辖。1916年,安特生首次在寨上(寨里)附近找到始新世化石;1921年、1923年、1930年斯丹斯基又在任村南的上河采到一批哺乳类化石;新中国成立后,李悦年(1936)、周明镇等     

南海莺琼盆地渐新世—上新世孢粉组合序列及其古环境意义

本文对莺琼盆地新生代的孢粉资料进行了综合梳理,划分出6个特征明显的孢粉组合。根据孢粉组合的特征及具有时代意义的化石分子对地层的时代进行划分,探讨了各个时代的植被类型、气候条件及沉积环境。孢粉组合显示,莺琼盆地陵水组/三亚组出现的孢粉组合差异大,气候条件发生了较大突变,由偏凉干向偏暖湿变化,是古近纪/新近纪的界线。     

陕南秦岭东段地区的几种海相早三迭世瓣鳃类化石

前言秦岭山地的地层与构造很早即经研究。因为岩层遭受了不同程度的变质,保存的生物遗迹大都被破坏,所以本区地层系统的划分与对比,过去仍有不少问题未能获得解决。其中海相三迭系在秦岭的发育与分布,便是地质界一向注意的问题。本文记述了新近在陕南秦岭东段采得的一些三迭纪海相化石,并综合前人的资料,对秦岭褶皱带的海相三迭系分布地点及其古地理意义作一简短的介绍,供今后研究秦岭地区三迭纪地层者参考。     

欧亚之间

正地中海新近纪地层会议有悠久的历史,第1届于1958年在法国普罗旺斯的艾克斯召开。中国的新近纪地层发育,哺乳动物化石丰富,研究程度很高,因此是陆相生物地层学领域最早走向世界的研究方向之一。当1979年第7届地中海新近纪会议在希腊的雅典召开时,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所就派团参加了。近年来中国的新近纪研究取得了更大的进展,因此我受邀带着一名博士研究生参加2013年9月在土耳其伊     

亚洲新近纪陆生哺乳动物生物地层和年代学专辑:序言

<正>本专辑起因于2009年6月在北京召开的"亚洲新近纪陆生哺乳动物生物地层和年代学"研讨会。作为第一个也是目前最大的一个研究亚洲的古哺乳动物学家和地层学家的聚会(图1),这次会议还同时庆贺了中国地质调查所新生代研究室(即中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所的前身)成立80周年。作为对目前亚洲新近纪哺乳动物年代学的一     

长江三角洲东缘晚新近纪沉积的孢粉与古环境研究

作者对长江三角洲东缘地区的南汇鹤鸣孔(Hm)、东海1井、高桥G2孔3口钻井晚新近纪地层的孢粉作了研究和对比,划分出了6个孢粉组合带和3个亚带,恢复了本地区植被演替、气候波动的6个阶段:第1阶段为稀疏的针叶、落叶阔叶混交林,反映气候凉冷稍湿;第2阶段为针叶阔叶混交林草地,反映气候温凉略湿;第3阶段为含常绿阔叶树的针叶阔叶混交林,反映气候温和略干;第4阶段为以常绿栎类、栲属、杨梅等为主的常绿阔叶林,反映气候热暖潮湿;第5阶段是以栎、松、禾本科为主的针叶、阔叶混交林,反映气候温暖略干;第6阶段是以落叶栎类、常绿栎类、松为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶、针叶混交林草地,反映气候温暖湿润。这种气候波动与世界性气候变化相一致,为本地区的地层年代划分和对比提供了新的证据,为晚新近纪古植被、古气候、古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。     

南海北部莺琼盆地浮游有孔虫年代地层研究

南海北部莺琼盆地记录了渐新世以来数千至上万米的海相地层,作者依据研究区钻井中获得的丰富的浮游有孑L虫等微体古生物资料,结合ODP184航次、2004年国际地质年代表等国内外几十年以来的研究成果,重新厘定莺琼盆地24个浮游有孔虫分带,讨论了渐新世以来崖城组、陵水组、三亚组、梅山组、莺歌海组和乐东组的时代归属.     

Benthic foraminifera of a Miocene canyon and fan

We present benthic foraminiferal assemblage data from an exhumed Miocene canyon and fan system from the Tabernas Basin (SE Spain). The presence of good indicator taxa and unique assemblages occupying specific environments allows the distinction of slope, canyon and fan environments within the Tabernas Basin by foraminiferal assemblages alone. Five assemblages are defined on the basis of the occurrence of the indicator taxa. Primary control on the distribution of these assemblages is consistent with trends of physical disturbance and consequent defaunation. Barren samples, which are predominantly found in high-energy parts of the proximal canyon, are recognized as representing recently defaunated substrates (i.e. early successional assemblages). High diversity assemblages containing a high abundance of agglutinated taxa are recognised in the undisturbed slope sequences as being the regional equilibrium (“climax”) fauna. Intermediate between these end-members are assemblages with low diversity, dominated by calcareous taxa typically found in the relatively low-energy canyon and fan environments, which are recognized as representing the middle phases of the ecological succession. Two further assemblages, a low diversity assemblage typified by Cassidulina laevigata and Bulimina costata and a very low diversity assemblage dominated (> 10% of all benthic tests) by Globobulimina spp., are restricted to low-energy parts of the canyon and fan, and are absent from the proximal canyon and slope. The composition of these assemblages indicate that nutrient supply/oxygenation is a secondary control on the palaeoecology of the canyon system. A conceptual model for the recolonisation of defaunated substrates in El Buho Canyon is proposed, in which either an oligotrophic climax assemblage or a eutrophic climax assemblage can be achieved at the completion of recolonisation of defaunated substrates, depending on environmental conditions.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF BEAKED WHALE (ZIPHIIDAE) AND SPERM WHALE (PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS) SUMMER HABITAT IN SHELF-EDGE AND DEEPER WATERS OFF THE NORTHEAST U. S.

Sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus ) and beaked whales ( Mesoplodon spp. and Ziphius cavirostris ) are deep-diving cetaceans that frequent shelf-edge and Gulf Stream waters off the northeast U. S. coast. Sighting data collected during seven summer (1990, 1991, 1993, and 1995–1998) shipboard surveys were analyzed using a geographic information system to determine habitat use based on bathymetric and oceanographic features. Although sighting rates were lower for beaked whales, both taxa occupied similar habitats. Beaked whales were concentrated at the colder shelf edge, whereas sperm whales were associated with warmer off-shelf water. Mean sighting rates for both taxa were higher in canyon features, but only beaked whale sighting rates were significantly different between canyon and non-canyon habitat (Wilcoxon signed rank test P = 0.007). Within the shared habitat, the two taxa were separated at fine-scale based on oceanographic features.     

珠江口盆地西部渐新世以来钙质超微化石年代地层研究

珠江口盆地西部保存记录了渐新世以来较为丰富的钙质超微化石,为生物地层学的系统研究奠定了基础。笔者以5口钻井为依托,根据经典钙质超微化石分带、国际年代地层表(2012,2015)以及ODP184航次等建立的西太平洋最佳深海地层剖面和微体古生物分析成果,识别出NP24—NN16共14个钙质超微化石带,重新厘定了研究区的生物事件年龄,建立了珠江口盆地西部渐新世以来钙质超微化石年代地层格架。并讨论了岩石地层单位的时代归属问题,将Sphenolithus ciperoensis,Zygrhablithus bijugatus,Reticulofenestra bisecta的末现面以及Helicosphaera carteri,Cyclicargolithus abisectus的初现面作为古近系与新近系界线的标志生物化石。     

中国白垩纪被子植物花粉的宏演化

根据中国白垩纪被子植物花粉产出记录与形态构造分析以及与世界其它地区产出顺序比较,假设中国白垩纪被子植物花粉的宏演化序列,共划分为１０个发育阶段,归于７个形态演化期：１）欧特里夫期至早巴列姆期的无口器类演化期（含：１：１网纹无口器粉发育阶段）;２）晚巴列姆至晚阿普梯期的单沟类演化期（含：２：１。棒纹粉发育阶段;２．２,星粉－棒纹粉发育阶段）;３）早,中阿尔必期的三沟类演化期（含：３．１,三沟粉类－星     

湄公河流域土壤侵蚀空间特征及其优先治理区确定

湄公河流域拥有丰富的自然生态系统,为沿岸居民提供了食物、交通等众多方面支持,在东南亚地区具有极其重要的地位。土壤侵蚀是该流域主要环境问题,易引发土地退化和河流泥沙淤积。基于气候、土壤、遥感等区域数据产品,使用通用土壤流失方程(USLE,Universal Soil Loss Equation),对湄公河流域土壤侵蚀状况及空间分布特征进行探究,并通过联合信息熵方法,确定该流域土壤侵蚀的主导因素。结果表明,湄公河流域平均土壤侵蚀模数为1.98×10~3 t km~(-2) a~(-1),属轻度侵蚀;流域内近40%区域存在不同强度的土壤侵蚀,侵蚀较严重的地区主要包括11个子流域(M4—M7、M9、T4—T6、T8、T10、T20),是未来土壤侵蚀重点治理区域。土地利用类型、坡度和海拔是该流域土壤侵蚀的主导因素,其中灌丛和裸地/稀疏植被分别为强烈和极强烈侵蚀,土壤侵蚀模数与坡度的关系为随坡度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,和土壤侵蚀模数与海拔的关系相同。流域内剧烈程度侵蚀发生区主要特点为:土地利用类型为裸地/稀疏植被和灌木,海拔在500—2000 m,坡度在8—25°。基于优先级理论,对湄公河子流域的优先治理次序进行排序和划分等级,共分为4个等级,达到第一级的共3个子流域。通过以上研究分析以期能为湄公河流域今后的水土保持规划和管理工作提供一定的科学参考依据。     

Protistan microbial observatory in the Cariaco Basin,Caribbean. I. Pyrosequencing vs Sanger insights into species richness

Microbial diversity and distribution are topics of intensive research. In two companion papers in this issue, we describe the results of the Cariaco Microbial Observatory (Caribbean Sea, Venezuela). The Basin contains the largest body of marine anoxic water, and presents an opportunity to study protistan communities across biogeochemical gradients. In the first paper, we survey 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence diversity using both Sanger- and pyrosequencing-based approaches, employing multiple PCR primers, and state-of-the-art statistical analyses to estimate microbial richness missed by the survey. Sampling the Basin at three stations, in two seasons, and at four depths with distinct biogeochemical regimes, we obtained the largest, and arguably the least biased collection of over 6000 nearly full-length protistan rRNA gene sequences from a given oceanographic regime to date, and over 80 000 pyrosequencing tags. These represent all major and many minor protistan taxa, at frequencies globally similar between the two sequence collections. This large data set provided, via the recently developed parametric modeling, the first statistically sound prediction of the total size of protistan richness in a large and varied environment, such as the Cariaco Basin: over 36 000 species, defined as almost full-length 18S rRNA gene sequence clusters sharing over 99% sequence homology. This richness is a small fraction of the grand total of known protists (over 100 000–500 000 species), suggesting a degree of protistan endemism.     

西北干旱荒漠区植物区系的特有现象分析

西北干旱荒漠区内中国特有属贫乏, 仅有6 属, 只占中国特有属的2.33%, 均属于新特有成分;中国特有种109 种, 隶属于49 属、18 科, 既有新特有种, 也有一些古老孑遗种;地理分布区类型, 以古地中海属和温带属占绝对优势, 均有18 属, 占总属数的36.73%;西北干旱荒漠区各地的中国特有种分别为:塔里木盆地38 种, 准噶尔盆地32 种, 河西走廊44 种, 阿拉善高原42 种, 柴达木盆地17 种。     

吉林延吉盆地早白垩世沟鞭藻类及其它藻类

本文研究吉林省延吉盆地下白垩统2个组中沟鞭藻类及其它藻类组合。其中铜佛寺组二段是延吉盆地下白垩统产沟鞭藻最丰富的层位。Vesperopsis cf．zhaodongensis-Vesperopsis tongfosiensis组合指示的地质时代可能为Hauterivian—Barremian期,代表了淡水-微咸水(偏淡水)的沉积环境,而Filisphaeridium-Sentusidinium组合的时代属于Barremian—Aptian早期,指示的水体环境为淡水-微咸水(偏微咸水)。文中描述了1新种,对Vesperopsis yanjiensis Mao,Wan et Qiao,1999进行了修订。     

The Pleistocene lake deposits of the NE Baza Basin (Spain): salinity variations and ostracod succession

The Guadix-Baza Basin in Spain covers an area of approximately 3000 km² and yields a sedimentary sequence ranging from Lower Miocene to Pleistocene. Twenty five meters of Lower Pleistocene lacustrine sediments have been located in the NE part of the Basin at about 1000 meters in altitude. This sequence which overlies dolomitic mud flat deposits consists of limestones, calcareous and dolomitic mudstones, dolostones, silty clays, sands and gravels. Salinity fluctuations and short dry episodes, related to lake level oscillations, have been recorded by textural, mineralogical and faunal changes throughout the sequence. Ostracods, which are the most commonly encountered fossils, permit to detect recurrent changes in water salinity and regime, and solute composition. The faunal changes indicate an alternation of slightly saline and bicarbonate-rich water (when ostracods and gastropods occur) with a saline NaCl-dominant water (in which ostracods, Cerastoderma bivalves and non-marine foraminifers are found).The frequent and recurrent hydrochemical changes in the Baza Basin in the Early Pleistocene point to a climate of high contrast like in the Mediterranean region today but with a greater availability of water within the system compared to the present situation in the area.     

海拉尔盆地介形类化石组合及其生物地层特征

本文简要概述了海拉尔盆地的沉积特征及其地层层序,深入分析了介形类化石纵、横向展布规律,建立了5个化石组合序列：1．Limnocypridea subscalara-Hailaeria dignata组合;2．Cypridea badalahuensis-Hailaeria cretacea组合;3．Ilyocyprimorpha hongqiensis-Rhinocypris rivulosus组合;4．Altanicypris obesa-Talicypridea triangulata组合;5．Chinocypridea augusta-T alicypridea qingyuangangensis组合。进而根据介形类组合及其分布特征,讨论了介形类化石的生物地层特征及其在地层划分对比中的重要意义。