布鲁氏菌BP26基因标记疫苗株的构建及鉴别PCR方法的建立

[目的]由于现有的减毒活疫苗仍存在较强的毒力,因抗原与毒株的差异不大而很难区分疫苗免疫和自然感染等缺点,限制了现有布鲁氏菌减毒活疫苗的广泛应用.本文拟对布鲁氏菌的减毒活疫苗株M5进行遗传改造,克服这些缺点.[方法]本研究利用同源重组的方法,用卡那抗性基因替换了布鲁氏菌减毒疫苗株M5的BP26基因,得到了新的标记疫苗株M5△BP26.分别用标记疫苗株和野生株侵染巨噬细胞和感染小鼠,比较分析标记株在细胞内和小鼠体内的存活能力.根据种特异性保守基因dnaK和缺失的BP26基因设计引物,建立双重PCR,用于区分标记株与野生株.[结果]成功构建了.BP26基因标记疫苗株,细胞实验和动物实验结果表明,标记株仍能在胞内和小鼠内存活,具备作为减毒活疫苗的特性.小鼠实验结果显示,感染后两周野生株的细菌数为1022.9 ,而突变株为101.1 (P<0.01),至第3周野生株的细菌数为102.2 ,而突变株未能检出,表明与原疫苗株相比,标记株的感染力进一步减弱.根据DNA序列的差异,建立了能够区分标记疫苗株与野生株的双重PCR方法,标记株因只能扩增出一条带而能与野生株和毒株相区分,从而可以区分自然感染和疫苗免疫.[结论]基因标记疫苗株的构建及鉴别PCR方法的建立,为布鲁氏菌疫苗的进一步研发奠定了基础.     

omp25c基因对马耳他布鲁菌疫苗株M5的毒力及免疫保护性的影响

目的：初步评价马耳他布鲁菌M5疫苗株omp25c基因对其毒力及免疫保护性的影响。方法：利用同源重组的方法,用卡那霉素抗性基因替换M5的omp25c（BMEI1829）基因,得到缺失突变株M5Δomp25c;分别用M5Δomp25c和M5免疫小鼠,在免疫后不同时间点处死小鼠,通过脾脏细菌计数分析缺失突变株在小鼠体内的毒力,通过检测IgG和IFN-γ的水平分析缺失突变株在小鼠体内诱导的体液和细胞免疫应答能力,通过攻毒实验评价突变株的免疫保护效果。结果：与M5株相比,M5Δomp25c在小鼠脾脏内的存活时间较短,在第4周时未能检出;M5Δomp25c免疫小鼠诱导产生的IgG水平在第4周达到最高,第6周开始下降;M5Δomp25c免疫小鼠诱导分泌的IFN-γ水平在第4周达到最高为790pg/mL,第6周时浓度降至530pg/mL,整体趋势显著低于阳性对照组;接种了M5Δomp25c的小鼠用布鲁菌强毒株16M攻毒后,免疫保护效果也下降。结论：缺失omp25c的突变株毒力减弱,诱导的体液和细胞免疫水平及免疫保护效果下降,说明omp25c基因是马耳他布鲁菌M5疫苗株的毒力相关基因,对疫苗株M5的免疫应答和免疫保护效果有一定的影响。     

抑制剂LY294002调控胞内布鲁氏菌的存活

[目的]检测PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制剂LY294002(LY)对巨噬细胞和小鼠体内羊种布鲁氏菌16M(16M)存活的影响。[方法]将抑制剂LY(20μmol/L)与细胞共同孵育1 h,并将其腹腔注射小鼠(20 mg/kg/day),然后16M感染巨噬细胞和小鼠,细菌菌落计数法计算细胞内和小鼠体内的细菌数量,MTT法检测抑制剂LY对细胞活性的影响,酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测抑制剂LY对TNF-α分泌的影响。[结果]抑制剂LY在20μmol/L浓度时不影响细胞活性,抑制剂LY显著抑制了布鲁氏菌在巨噬细胞和小鼠体内的存活(P0.05),抑制剂LY显著提高了布鲁氏菌介导的TNF-α水平(P0.01)。[结论]研究表明,PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制剂LY可调控巨噬细胞和小鼠体内羊种布鲁氏菌16M的存活,为布鲁氏菌致病机制提供科学依据。     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在巨噬细胞中与存活有关的基因位点

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在巨噬细胞中与存活有关的基因位点以前曾报道过一批在小鼠巨噬细胞内可减弱存活力及在小鼠体内可减弱毒力的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Ｔｎ１０突变株。现对其中的３０株进行了鉴定并确定了其中２３株Ｔｎ１０插人体的基因图谱位置。另外，还克隆了转座子侧翼ＤＮＡ的...     

表达绿色荧光蛋白的布鲁氏菌16M和M5侵染小鼠巨噬细胞过程的差异分析

通过布鲁氏菌(Brucella)16M(强毒株)和M5(弱毒株)进入小鼠巨噬细胞后产生的荧光强度,结合布鲁氏菌胞内生存能力分析二者侵染小鼠巨噬细胞过程的差异,为布鲁氏菌在细胞内的生存繁殖及其分子机制研究提供理论依据。将绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)布鲁氏菌16M(强毒株)和M5(弱毒株)分不同时间段侵染小鼠巨噬细胞(感染复数为100∶1),通过胞内生存实验、激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪观察和检测布鲁氏菌侵入RAW 264.7过程的差异。结果表明,布鲁氏菌16M和M5和GFP的16M和M5侵染RAW264.7的能力不受影响,通过流式细胞仪可以鉴别GFP布鲁氏菌,但是不能确定细菌的存活状态。结合布鲁氏菌16M和M5胞内生存能力分析发现GFP+细胞的增加与活菌培养计数法(colony forming unit,CFU)数量的减少存在一一对应的关系,并且在侵染初期(5²5 min)16M与M5的荧光强度并没有显著差异。结果提示,布鲁氏菌16M和M5在侵染进入宿主细胞的初期即侵袭能力并没有明显差异,认为造成毒力差异的主要原因是两者的繁殖能力。     

布鲁氏菌ery操纵子突变株生物学特性分析

布鲁氏菌ery操纵子参与赤藓醇代谢. 赤藓醇能够促进布鲁氏菌的生长.为进一步研究布鲁氏菌引发宿主流产的分子机制,采用基因重组技术构建布鲁氏菌ery操纵子启动子缺失株（△ery）,通过体内外实验探讨布鲁氏菌ery操纵子的生物学功能. 研究结果显示,获得了布鲁氏菌ery操纵子缺失株;布鲁氏菌ery操纵子缺失株侵染胚 胎滋养层细胞脱落较亲本株明显下降;巨噬细胞CFU计数缺失株作用组和亲本株作用组差异显著（P<0.05）.试管凝集和虎红平板实验结果显示均出现凝集现象;检测血清中细胞因子IL-10和TNF-α的表达水平,△ery诱导机体产生的IL-10和TNF-α明显低于亲本株（P<0.05）.小鼠脾脏细菌CFU计数结果显示,△ery较亲本株毒力明显下降.本研究表明,布鲁氏菌ery操纵子启动子缺失株毒力较亲本株明显下降,为进 一步揭示布鲁氏菌引起流产的致病机制提供了一定的理论依据.     

2型猪链球菌SSU0448基因敲除突变株的构建及其毒力分析

【目的】 通过构建2型猪链球菌(SS2)强毒株05ZYH33的SSU0448基因缺失突变株Δ0448和互补株CΔ0448,探索SSU0448基因缺失对细菌基本生物学特性和细菌毒力的影响。【方法】用同源重组基因敲除方法构建筛选强毒株05ZYH33中N-乙酰半乳糖胺和半乳糖胺代谢途径相关转录调节因子SSU0448基因的缺失突变株,比较分析突变株Δ0448与野生株05ZYH33、互补株CΔ0448的基本生物学特性,小鼠毒力实验分析SSU0448基因缺失对细菌毒力的影响。【结果】PCR检测分析显示,SSU0448基因在转化重组体中被壮观霉素抗性基因所替代,表明基因敲除突变株构建成功;同时构建了基因功能互补株CΔ0448。生物学特性实验表明突变株Δ0448在成链能力上较野生株明显减弱,对数生长期稍短,快速到达平台期;而菌落形态、革兰氏染色和溶血活性方面无明显差异;小鼠毒力实验发现,突变株毒力并无显著改变。【结论】SSU0448基因的敲除能够改变2型猪链球菌的成链能力;不影响其侵袭致病能力,可能延缓2型猪链球菌的发病过程,此研究为2型猪链球菌致病感染奠定了基础。     

猪链球菌cAMP结合蛋白基因敲除株的构建及生物学特性

目的:构建猪链球菌2型强毒株05ZYH33 c AMP结合蛋白(CRP)编码基因敲除突变株及基因回复互补株,并探究CRP基因的缺失对细菌生物学特性及毒力的影响。方法:构建中间为壮观霉素抗性基因(Spcr)、两侧为CRP编码基因上下游同源序列的基因敲除质粒,通过同源重组筛选CRP编码基因敲除突变株ΔCRP;构建CRP编码基因的互补质粒,通过电转化敲除株ΔCRP,筛选CRP的基因回复互补株CΔCRP;比较分析突变株、野生株和回复互补株的基本生物学特征的差异,并以小鼠作为动物感染模型对突变株、互补株及野生株的毒力进行评估分析。结果:应用组合PCR和基因测序分析,证实构建了CRP的突变株ΔCRP,并筛选出CRP的回复互补株CΔCRP;逆转录PCR证实在突变株ΔCRP中CRP在转录水平缺失,而在回复互补株CΔCRP中其转录回复;在丰富营养情况下,突变株ΔCRP与野生株的溶血活性、生长速率及对小鼠的致病力均无显著性差异,但突变株的成链能力减弱。结论:CRP编码基因的缺失并未显著改变野毒株05ZYH33的基本生物学特性和毒力,提示CRP可能不是猪链球菌的关键毒力决定因子,其参与碳源代谢等功能有待进一步研究。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-3株ompH基因敲除突变株的构建及其生物学功能

[目的]探讨ompH基因在禽多杀性巴氏杆菌致病过程中的作用.[方法]利用同源重组原理构建中间为四环素抗性基因,两侧为ompH基因上下游同源序列同源的敲除载体pWSK29△ompH,将敲除载体电击转入C48-3株感受态细胞中,通过四环素抗性和菌落PCR筛选ompH基因的敲除突变株,并通过组合PCR、逆转录PCR和DNA测序对突变株进行验证.用生物学功能实验比较野生株、互补株和突变株在生长速率、荚膜结构、粘着能力和致病性等方面的差异.[结果]组合PCR、逆转录PCR和DNA测序结果证实ompH基因的敲除突变株C48-3△ompH构建成功,电镜观察结果证实ompH基因的缺陷影响细菌的荚膜合成能力,粘附实验结果显示与野生株C48-3和互补株C48-3C相比突变株C48-3△ompH对CEF细胞的粘附能力显著降低(P＜0.01),而小鼠毒力实验结果表明突变株C48-3△ompH的致病性相对减弱.[结论]本实验构建的突变株C48-3△ompH,为进一步研究多杀性巴氏杆菌的致病机理奠定基础.     

高致病性2型猪链球菌IV型样分泌系统virB1-89K基因的敲除及其对毒力的影响

摘要:【目的】构建高致病性2 型猪链球菌IV 型样分泌系统virB1-89K基因的敲除株和互补株,研究virB1-89K基因缺失对细菌毒力的影响。【方法】通过同源重组技术敲除virB1-89K基因,多重PCR筛选敲除株并测序鉴定。再将virB1-89K基因克隆到穿梭质粒pSET1后转入virB1-89K敲除株中,构建互补株。比较野生株05 ZYH33、突变株△virB1-89K和互补株CvirB1-89K三者基本生物学特性的差异,小鼠实验分析virB1-89K基因敲除后对细菌毒力的影响。【结果】成功构建突变株△virB1-89K和互补株CvirB1-89K,在基本生物学性状无明显改变的情况下,敲除株的毒性降低到野生株的30%,互补株可恢复其毒性。【结论】virB1-89K基因作为2型猪链球菌高致病性菌株05 ZYH33的IV样分泌 系统的重要组分,与其高致病性密切相关。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.