NaCl胁迫对灰绿藜中保护酶活性及MDA含量的影响

目的：研究NaCl胁迫对灰绿藜（Chenopodium glaucum L.）各部位中保护酶活性及MDA含量的影响。方法：对灰绿藜进行控制条件下的NaCl胁迫实验,测定分析不同NaCl浓度下（0、100、200、300、400和500mmol/L）各部位中3种保护性酶活性及MDA含量变化。结果：随着NaCl浓度的增大,灰绿藜根茎叶中的保护酶活性均在一定范围内随着盐浓度的升高而增加;根、茎、叶中的MDA含量均迅速升高;随着NaCl胁迫时间的延长,叶中酶活性的趋势较为平缓或者下降;而根和茎中的酶活性则随着时间的延长逐渐上升;根中MDA的含量与胁迫初期相比,没有较明显的变化;而茎和叶中的MDA含量则有明显下降的趋势。结论：随着NaCl浓度的增大,细胞膜的膜脂过氧化程度得到加强;而随着NaCl胁迫时间的延长,细胞膜的受损程度可得到一定缓解。     

盐分和水分胁迫对盐生植物灰绿藜种子萌发的影响

研究了不同浓度的NaCl和复合盐及等渗溶液(PEG-6000)处理下盐生植物灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum L.)种子的萌发状况.结果表明:灰绿藜种子的萌发率与处理溶液的浓度或渗透势之间有显著的负相关关系;在低浓度盐溶液(2.9 g*L-1)中灰绿藜种子的萌发率高于对照(蒸馏水);NaCl溶液对灰绿藜种子萌发的抑制作用大于复合盐溶液.渗透势为-0.2和-0.5 mPa 时,PEG-6000溶液对灰绿藜种子萌发的抑制作用小于等渗NaCl溶液,而在较高渗透势溶液中则正好相反.用渗透势≤-1.8 mPa 的PEG-6000溶液及所有浓度的NaCl和复合盐溶液处理的种子复水后相对萌发率都达到了90%以上,说明一定程度的盐分和水分胁迫对灰绿藜种子萌发潜力并没有很大的影响,并且萌发恢复率随处理盐浓度或PEG-6000溶液渗透势(≤-1.4 mPa)的增加而增加.     

不同浓度NaCl处理对灰绿藜种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响

灰绿藜是广泛分布于中低度盐碱地的一年生经济盐生植物。通过系统研究不同浓度NaCl处理对灰绿藜种子萌发、幼苗生长发育以及根、茎和叶中Na^+浓度的影响,初步阐明灰绿藜对不同浓度NaCl处理的响应机制。结果表明,与对照相比,随着NaCl浓度的增大,灰绿藜的种子萌发率和单位时间内种子萌发数量均呈下降趋势,种子的萌发时间也会相应延长,种子在500mmol·L^-1NaCl处理下基本不萌发。最适合灰绿藜幼苗生长的浓度是50mmol·L^-1,其次是0和100mmol·L^-1。高浓度(大于200mmol·L^-1)NaCl处理过的灰绿藜植株的开花(结果)早于未处理或低浓度(50^-150mmol·L^-1)NaCl处理。随着基质中NaCl浓度的升高,植株的Na^+泌出量也呈上升趋势,其中叶片泌出量的增加最为明显,在处理浓度升高至200mmol·L^-1时达到最高值。     

NaCl胁迫对藜麦幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以国内首个藜麦自育品种"陇藜1号"为材料,采用温室盆栽法,以蒸馏水处理作为共同对照(CK),分别用100、200、300、400和500mmol/L NaCl水溶液处理藜麦种子和盆栽幼苗,通过测定种子萌发指标及处理后第5、10、15天藜麦幼苗叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、MDA含量及抗氧化酶活性,分析NaCl胁迫对藜麦生长发育及其生理特性的影响,探讨藜麦的耐盐生理机制。结果表明:(1)随NaCl浓度的升高,藜麦种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数先升高后下降,且在200 mmol/L NaCl处理下种子各发芽指标均达到最高,比CK分别升高了6.40%、28.18%、20.77%和30.91%。(2)随NaCl浓度的升高,藜麦幼苗根部和茎部生长均受到抑制,且茎部生长受到抑制程度大于根部。(3)随NaCl浓度的升高和处理时间的延长,藜麦幼苗叶片叶绿素含量先升高后下降,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和MDA含量逐渐升高,SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性增强。研究发现,低浓度盐胁迫处理可增加藜麦幼苗叶片内渗透调节物质含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,清除多余活性氧,从而促进幼苗根系生长,提高幼苗耐旱性;初步推断藜麦耐盐阈值为200~300mmol/L NaCl。     

灰绿藜液泡膜焦磷酸酶基因的克隆及表达分析

采用同源克隆的方法,获得盐生植物灰绿藜的液泡膜焦磷酸酶基因(VP1)全长cDNA,命名为CgVP1。生物信息学预测分析表明,CgVP1基因包含一个2 292bp的开放阅读框,编码763个氨基酸。CgVP1不仅具有与植物液泡膜焦磷酸酶共有的氨基酸序列DVGADLVGKVE,而且CgVP1与其它植物的VP1相似性达86%。跨膜结构域预测显示,CgVP1氨基酸序列含有12个跨膜螺旋区,可能定位于细胞膜系统上。RT-PCR检测表明,200mmol/L NaCl条件下萌发生长的灰绿藜,再进行800mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理24h后,CgVP1基因表达显著增强。不同浓度KCl、CaCl2、MgCl2分别处理24h,KCl和MgCl2浓度增高,CgVP1基因表达下降,CaCl2则不影响CgVP1基因表达。研究结果表明,灰绿藜CgVP1基因表达对不同种类盐胁迫响应不同,NaCl胁迫可以上调CgVP1基因表达。该研究结果有助于阐明盐胁迫对盐生植物灰绿藜CgVP1基因表达的调控作用。     

新疆荒漠地区盐生植物灰绿藜种子的萌发特性及其对生境的适应性

研究新疆地区广泛分布的一年生盐生植物灰绿藜种子的萌发特性及其对生境适应性的结果表明：（1）灰绿藜种子萌发的温度范围较广,在15-45℃范围内均有50％以上的种子可以正常萌发,其对高温的耐受力较强,对光不敏感;（2）在一定浓度的聚乙二醇（PEG6000）范围内（≤25％）,PEG引起的渗透胁迫对灰绿藜种子萌发的抑制作用较小,但随着PEG浓度的加大其戍苗率逐渐下降;（3）灰绿藜种子在萌发时有较高的耐盐性,NaCl和KCl浓度达到400mmol．L^-1时种子的萌发率仍在90％以上;盐对灰绿藜种子萌发的抑制作用主要表现为种子萌发时间的延迟：低浓度的NaCl和KCl对灰绿藜幼苗生长均有促进作用,子叶生长状态明显改善,胚轴的生长也受到促进。     

盐胁迫对冬小麦幼苗干物质分配和生理生态特性的影响

以冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种周麦18(Zhoumai18)和豫麦49(Yumai49)为材料,采用盆栽培养,研究100、250、350 mmol/L和450 mmol/L NaCl 浓度胁迫下,小麦幼苗干物质分配、根系特征、叶绿素含量、游离脯氨酸含量和根系活力变化规律.结果表明,随着盐分浓度的增加,两个品种小麦的叶面积、地上干重以及根的长度显著减小;根系干重、根直径、根表面积、根体积、根系活力以及叶绿素含量呈先上升后下降趋势,在250 mmol/L NaCl处理下达最大.叶绿素a/b随NaCl浓度升高而上升.随盐分浓度变化周麦18叶片游离脯氨酸含量高而变化幅度大,450mmol/L处理组的含量高于对照组1.5倍.供试品种冬小麦耐盐阈值为250～350 mmol/L.     

盐（NaCl）与碱（Na2CO3）对星星草胁迫作用的差异

对生长在蛭石中8周龄的星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora(Criseb.)Scribn.et Merr.)用 12.5—800mmol/L 的中性盐 NaCl或碱性盐 Na_2CO_3进行胁迫处理,测定植物日相对生长率等胁变指标。结果表明星星草的抗盐性高于抗碱性,可耐受的最高浓度分别为:中性盐NaCl 600 mmol/L、碱性盐 Na_2CO_3 200mmol/L_o NaCl胁迫下,随胁强增高,脯氨酸明显积累,柠檬酸含量则逐渐下降;Na_2CO_3胁迫下,脯氨酸仅稍有积累而柠檬酸含量却急剧升高。两种胁迫下都表现出:随胁强增大,Na~ 含量明显上升,K~ 含量下降。但是,NaCl胁迫对K~ 含量影响不大,而Na_2CO_3胁迫则导致根及茎叶中的K~ 含量明显下降。诸胁变指标中唯有叶片电解质外渗率对两种胁迫来说变化特点相似。     

NaCl胁迫对唐古特白刺愈伤组织的生理效应

以唐古特白刺(Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.)愈伤组织为材料,研究低(75 mmol/L)、中(150 mmol/L)、高(300 mmol/L)浓度NaCl处理下其膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶活性及渗透性调节物含量的变化,试图从细胞水平揭示唐古特白刺适应盐环境的生理机制。结果显示:(1)唐古特白刺愈伤组织中MDA含量在低浓度NaCl处理下与对照无显著性差异,而在中高浓度下显著升高。(2)白刺愈伤组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在各浓度NaCl胁迫下均比对照显著升高,且此效应无浓度依赖性;其过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随胁迫浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在中低浓度下比对照显著增加,高浓度下显著降低为对照的64%;其过氧化物酶(POD)活性在低浓度下无显著性变化,在中高浓度显著下降为对照的55%和29%。(3)随NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,白刺愈伤组织中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且除高浓度下可溶性蛋白含量约降为对照的87%外,其余NaCl胁迫处理的3种渗透调节物含量均高于对照。研究发现,白刺愈伤组织在低浓度的盐胁迫下具有较强的抗氧化酶活性和渗透性调节作用,因而表现出较强的抗氧化作用,但高浓度NaCl胁迫对白刺愈伤组织造成了显著的氧化损害。     

紫花地丁对盐胁迫的生理反应

为研究盐分胁迫下紫花地丁生理反应,本文以紫花地丁幼苗为试验材料,对不同浓度NaCl处理中的幼苗叶片,进行光合色素、蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸的测定。结果表明,盐胁迫下紫花地丁叶片光合色素含量降低、蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量呈先升高后下降的趋势,当处理浓度高于NaCl2%时,各指标与对照之间差异显著。紫花地丁幼苗能够正常生长的抗盐阈值为NaCl2%,可耐低盐胁迫。渗透调节物质是紫花地丁的主要耐盐性指标。     

The Dreams of Blind Men and Women: A Replication and Extension of Previous Findings

Drawing on a sample of 372 dreams from 15 blind adults, we present two separate analyses that replicate and extend findings from previous studies. The first analysis employed DreamSearch, a software program designed for use with dream narratives, to examine the appearance of the five sensory modalities. It revealed that those blind since birth or very early childhood had (1) no visual imagery and (2) a very high percentage of gustatory, olfactory, and tactual sensory references. The second analysis found that both male and female participants differed from their sighted counterparts in the same ways on several Hall and Van de Castle (1966) coding categories, including a high percentage of locomotion/transportation dreams that contained at least one dreamer-involved misfortune. The findings on sensory references and dreamer-involved misfortunes in locomotion/transportation dreams are interpreted as evidence for the continuity between dream content and waking cognition.     

河南省花生地方资源蛋白质和脂肪含量分析及其育种利用策略

对233份河南省地方花生资源进行了蛋白质含量、含油量、油酸和亚油酸含量的全面测定,并与省外和国外资源的相关性状进行了比较分析。在河南地方品种资源中,蛋白质含量中等,平均含油量和油酸含量相对较高,但缺乏蛋白质含量超过30%或含油量超过56%、油酸含量超过70%的突出材料。河南省目前高油品种选育有明显进展,育成了一批高油花生品种,但育成品种蛋白质含量普遍偏低。提出了充分利用现有地方品种资源,积极采用远缘杂交、诱变、分子标记辅助选择技术及现代基因工程技术创制优良种质,选育优质专用品种的育种策略。     

The Most Recent Dreams of 12–13 Year-Old Boys and Girls: A Methodological Contribution to the Study of Dream Content in Teenagers

The present study shows that the Most Recent Dream Method developed for the efficient and economical collection of dream reports from adults can be extended to suburban Caucasian 12–13 year-old boys and girls. A content analysis of 162 Most Recent Dreams from girls and 110 Most Recent Dreams from boys using the Hall and Van de Castle (1996) coding system revealed the same general pattern of gender similarities and differences found in the dream content of young adults. A comparison of the present results with those from participants between the ages of 11–13 and with a similar social background in two longitudinal studies showed several similarities in dream content. The overall findings thus suggest that the Most Recent Dream Method may provide a reasonably representative sample of dream reports from teenagers if at least 100 to 125 Most Recent Dreams are collected for each age group, making cross-sectional developmental studies of teenagers' dreams feasible if the cooperation of a school system can be enlisted. Suggestions for other kinds of studies using Most Recent Dreams from teenagers are also discussed.     

Effect of PEG-6000 imposed drought stress on RNA content,relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll content in peanut leaves and roots

Drought, one of the environmental stresses, plays crucial role in reduction in plant production on majority of agricultural fields of world, In order to evaluate drought stress on RNA content Relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll content, Water deficit was induced by Polyethylene glycol (PEG) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea), accession number ICGV 91114. In this current study we evaluate RNA content and Relative water content (RWC) both in leaves and roots and chlorophyll content in leaf. The present study was undertaken with the aim to investigate the effect of water deficit imposed by PEG-6000, 40 old day seedlings were treated with varying concentrations of polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000; w/v-5%, 10%, 15% & 20%) for 24 h. The results showed that RNA content and Relative water content (RWC) content was significantly reduced in both leaves and roots with increased concentration of PEG, In leaves, a concentration dependent decline in chlorophyll content with increasing concentration of polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). Reduction in chlorophyll ‘a’ level was to a greater extent than the chlorophyll ‘b’. Thus, this attributes can be used as screening tool for drought tolerance in peanut.     

油菜油分、蛋白质和硫苷含量相关性分析及QTL定位

为定位与油分、蛋白质和硫苷含量等品质性状相关的数量性状位点（QTL）,以2个含油量较高的甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus）品系8908B和R1为研究材料,配置正反交组合。在正反交F2代群体中,含油量和蛋白质含量都存在极显著的负相关,相关系数分别为-0．68和-0．81,含油量和硫苷含量相关性不显著：蛋白质含量和硫苷含量在正交群体中相关性不显著,但在反交群体中存在显著负相关（相关系数r=-0．45）。利用正交F2代群体中的118个单株,构建了包含121个标记的遗传连锁图谱,图谱长1298．7cM,有21个连锁群（LGs）。采用复合区间作图法,在连锁图上定位了2个与含油量有关的QTL,分别位于LG8和LG10,其贡献率分别为4．8％和13．7％,增效基因都来源于R1;定位了2个与蛋白质含量有关的QTL：pr01和pr02,分别位于LG1和LG3,其贡献率分别为15．2％和14．1％,位点pr07由8908B提供增效基因,pro2则由R1提供增效基因：定位了4个与硫苷含量有关的QTL,其中LG20上有2个,LG4和LG8上各1个,它们的贡献率在1．9％-25．4％之间,除LG20上glu7的增效基因来自R1外,其余3个QTL位点均由8908B提供增效基因。     

Growth and internal ion concentrations in seedlings of winter wheat are affected by 1 pM tentoxin

The long-term effect of tentoxin on K^+;, Ca²⁺ and total phosphorus (P) concentrations in the roots and shoots of 7- and 14-day-old seedlings of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Martonvásári-8) was studied. Growth (dry weight) and shoot to root ratios (dry weight and mineral concentrations) were also estimated. One p M tentoxin increased the shoot to root ratio for dry weight after a 14-day period of application. The concentration of Ca²⁺ slightly increased in the shoot. In roots, tentoxin caused a 30% higher accumulation of Ca²⁺ after 7 days, which did not change with treatment during the following 7 days. The accumulation of Ca²⁺ was enhanced by increasing concentrations of tentoxin. K⁺ and total P levels increased in roots but decreased in shoots after 7 days. However, they were redistributed between root and shoot during days 8–14 of tentoxin treatment. The effect of tentoxin is explained as a stimulation of ion transport mainly into the vacuoles of the immature metaxylem elements. It is suggested that tentoxin and other microbial products effective at very low concentrations may have a general significance in promoting plant infection or symbiosis via the modification of physiological or biochemical processes.     

不同农业利用方式下土壤铜和锌的累积

通过对山东寿光表层农业土壤(0～20cm)铜和锌的调查研究,了解不同农业利用方式下土壤铜和锌含量的差异,揭示其空间分布规律及其累积特征.从研究区域采集来自设施菜地、露天菜地、小麦/玉米/棉花地和自然土壤等4类当地主要农业利用方式的土壤(n=127),样点覆盖寿光整个农业生产区域.结果表明,山东寿光农业土壤的铜含量均值为26.43mg · kg-1,极差69.11 mg · kg-1,锌含量均值为80.50mg · kg-1,极差210.8 mg · kg-1.不同农业利用方式的土壤铜锌含量从高至低的顺序均为:设施菜地>露天菜地>小麦/玉米/棉花地>自然土壤,不同农业土壤铜锌含量均出现了明显累积趋势,其中,以设施菜地的累积问题最为突出,其铜锌含量分别为33.91、124.2mg · kg-1,显著高于其它农业利用土壤类型, 但均未超过国家土壤环境质量II级标准;从研究区域铜锌含量的空间分布看,当地农业土壤铜锌含量均表现为北部、南部区域较低、中部地带较高的趋势;在集约化种植模式下,设施菜地铜锌含量随着设施年限的延长显著增加(p<0.05),其累积速率分别为1.49mg · kg-1 · a-1和2.59mg · kg-1 · a-1,这可能与铜锌含量相对较高的有机肥大量施用有关.     

中国大豆(Glycine max)品种及种质资源主要品质状况分析

对2003年中国19个主要大豆种植省(直辖市、自治区)的大豆品种与种质资源的蛋白、脂肪含量和部分大豆品种水溶性蛋白含量进行了分析.结果表明,大豆种质资源的蛋白含量和蛋脂总量总体上与品种持平.品种脂肪含量总体上明显高于种质资源脂肪含量,说明当前中国种植的大豆中高脂肪的品种已经占有一定的比例. 北方、黄淮海、南方三大生态区大豆品种和种质资源蛋白含量呈现自北向南递增的趋势,而脂肪含量呈现递减趋势.生态、气象因子对大豆蛋白含量的影响大于对脂肪含量的影响.大豆水溶性蛋白含量总体上较高,基本适合豆制食品加工业的需要.     

Base composition and nucleosome density in exonic and intronic regions in genes of the filamentous ascomycetes Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus oryzae

We sequenced nucleosomal DNA fragments of the filamentous ascomycetes Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus oryzae and then mapped those sequences on their genomes. We compared the GC content and nucleosome density in the exonic and intronic regions in the genes of A. nidulans and A. oryzae. Although the GC content and nucleosome density in the exonic regions tended to be higher than those in the intronic regions, the difference in the distribution of the GC content was more notable than that of the nucleosome density. Next, we compared the GC content and nucleosome density in the exonic regions of 9616 orthologous gene pairs. In both Aspergillus species, the GC content did not correlate with the nucleosome density. In addition, the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ = 0.51) between the GC content of the exonic regions of the 9616 orthologous gene pairs was higher than that (ρ = 0.31) of the nucleosome densities of A. nidulans and A. oryzae. These results strongly suggest that the GC content in the exons of the orthologous gene pairs has been conserved during evolution but the nucleosome density has varied throughout.     

Amelioration of Negative Effect of Water Stress in Cassia Angustifolia by Benzyladenine and/or Ascorbic Acid

The effect of benzyladenine (BA) and ascorbic acid (AA) on relative water content, proline accumulation, net photosynthetic rate (P_N), chlorophyll (Chl) content and nitrate reductase (NR) activity, under sufficient water supply and moisture stress was studied in senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) at seedling, vegetative, flowering and pod formation stages. AA treatment resulted in a higher accumulation of proline at all the stages of growth. Both BA and AA enhanced P_N, Chl content and NR activity, and ameliorate the negative effect of water stress.