盐胁迫对冬小麦幼苗干物质分配和生理生态特性的影响

以冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种周麦18(Zhoumai18)和豫麦49(Yumai49)为材料,采用盆栽培养,研究100、250、350 mmol/L和450 mmol/L NaCl 浓度胁迫下,小麦幼苗干物质分配、根系特征、叶绿素含量、游离脯氨酸含量和根系活力变化规律.结果表明,随着盐分浓度的增加,两个品种小麦的叶面积、地上干重以及根的长度显著减小;根系干重、根直径、根表面积、根体积、根系活力以及叶绿素含量呈先上升后下降趋势,在250 mmol/L NaCl处理下达最大.叶绿素a/b随NaCl浓度升高而上升.随盐分浓度变化周麦18叶片游离脯氨酸含量高而变化幅度大,450mmol/L处理组的含量高于对照组1.5倍.供试品种冬小麦耐盐阈值为250～350 mmol/L.     

硝酸镧浸种对NaCl胁迫下柳枝稷种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

为探讨镧对NaCl胁迫下柳枝稷种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响,该研究以柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum L.)种子为研究材料,通过不同浓度(0、0.05、0.1、0.5和1.0mmol/L)La(NO3)3溶液浸种24h处理后,添加100mmol/L NaCl溶液,以蒸馏水为对照,在种子发芽箱中培养并观察柳枝稷种子萌发和幼苗生长,测定幼苗叶片相对电导率、丙二醛、脯氨酸和叶绿素的含量。结果显示:(1)0.05mmol/L La(NO3)3浸种处理可缓解100mmol/L NaCl对种子发芽的影响。(2)不同处理对幼苗苗长无显著影响,0.1mmol/L La(NO3)3浸种显著增加了幼苗的鲜重和叶面积,当浓度≥0.5mmol/L时根长、根冠比、鲜重和叶面积受到抑制。(3)幼苗叶片相对电导率和脯氨酸含量随La(NO3)3浓度的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,其中0.05和0.1mmol/L La(NO3)3浸种处理下效果较好,丙二醛含量随La(NO3)3浓度的增加持续降低,但各浓度处理间差异不显著,叶绿素含量在0.05mmol/L La(NO3)3浸种处理下较NaCl处理显著增加,当浓度≥0.5mmol/L随着浸种浓度的增加呈下降趋势。(4)不同指标间发芽势与发芽率、根长和叶绿素含量间呈极显著正相关关系,与根冠比、电导率和脯氨酸含量均呈极显著负相关关系,而与苗长不相关。研究表明,低浓度(0.05mmol/L)La(NO3)3可缓解NaCl胁迫对柳枝稷种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,而高浓度(1.0mmol/L)的La(NO3)3则会加重NaCl的胁迫危害。     

濒危植物长叶红砂适应盐胁迫的生理生化机制研究

以濒危盐生植物长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl溶液(0、100、200、300和400mmol/L)处理30d对其生长和生理生化指标的影响,以分析长叶红砂的耐盐生理机制。结果表明:(1)100和200mmol/L NaCl处理时,长叶红砂鲜重和干重均显著增加,但随着盐浓度继续增加,长叶红砂幼苗生长受到抑制,且地上部受到的抑制大于根部,显示长叶红砂适宜生长的NaCl浓度是200mmol/L。(2)随NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,长叶红砂的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈下降趋势,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈上升趋势,说明光合速率的下降使利用CO2的能力下降,胞间积累了大量的CO2,且盐处理浓度越高量越大。(3)随NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,长叶红砂幼苗Na+、Cl-含量增加,可溶性糖、脯氨酸、游离氨基酸及可溶性蛋白等有机渗透调节物质的合成增加。研究认为,长叶红砂是通过调节叶片Na+、Cl-以及有机渗透调节物质含量来提高其耐盐能力。     

NaCl胁迫对西瓜幼苗生长和光合气体交换参数的影响

以早春红玉品种为材料,采用营养液水培法,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对西瓜幼苗生长、叶片光合气体交换参数、质膜透性和脯氨酸含量的影响.结果表明:25 mmol·L-1NaCl处理9 d后对西瓜幼苗生长有促进作用,>75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理则显著抑制幼苗生长;NaCl处理显著提高了叶片光合色素含量,并在100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下达到最大;叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均随NaCl浓度提高而显著降低;胞间CO2浓度随NaCl浓度提高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下降到最小;气孔限制值随NaCl浓度提高而增加,在75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下达到最大值后趋于稳定;水分利用率随NaCl浓度提高呈先增加后降低的趋势,在75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下达到最大;叶片质膜透性和脯氨酸含量均随NaCl浓度提高而显著增加.结果说明:NaCl胁迫显著抑制了西瓜叶片光合作用,且低浓度处理下光合速率降低的主要原因是气孔因素限制,高浓度胁迫下则转变为非气孔因素限制.     

盐胁迫对盆栽滁菊生理特性的影响

以滁菊扦插苗为材料,采用不同盐浓度进行盆栽实验,研究了在不同 NaCl 浓度(0、100、200、300、400、500 mmol·L-1)下,滁菊的形态及叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、MDA 含量、叶片伤害率和根系活力等生理指标的变化情况。结果表明：叶绿素含量、根系活力随盐胁迫强度的增强而下降;可溶性糖和MDA 含量随盐胁迫强度的增强呈先升后降趋势;叶片伤害率、脯氨酸含量随盐胁迫强度的增强而增加。研究发现滁菊扦插苗能耐受较低浓度的盐胁迫,当盐浓度较高时,其生长受到较大抑制。     

盐胁迫下灰绿藜中三种成份含量的变化

目的:研究盐胁迫下对灰绿藜各部位中水分、粗蛋白、脯氨酸含量的变化.方法:通过NaCl胁迫盆栽试验,测定分析不同浓度盐胁迫(0 mmol/L～500 mmol/L)下灰绿藜各部位水分、粗蛋白和脯氨酸含量变化.结果:灰绿藜根中水分含量的变化趋势呈先升高后下降的趋势,在300 mmol/L胁迫下其含水量达到最高67.82%;在茎、叶、全草中呈先下降后升高又下降的趋势.粗蛋白含量在根中两降两升,在茎、叶、全草中呈先升高后下降又升高的趋势,在Nacl浓度为200mmol/L时均达到最大值,分别为3.4738%、2.3791%、3.9132%和3.0968%;各部位中脯氨酸含量变化均呈先升高后下降又升高的趋势,且在NaCl浓度为500mmol/L时均达到最高值,分别为254.33μg/g、180.83ug/g、197.27μg/g、222.71μg/g.结论:得出灰绿藜在盐胁迫下三种成分的变化.     

不同浓度NaCl处理对灰绿藜种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响

灰绿藜是广泛分布于中低度盐碱地的一年生经济盐生植物。通过系统研究不同浓度NaCl处理对灰绿藜种子萌发、幼苗生长发育以及根、茎和叶中Na^+浓度的影响,初步阐明灰绿藜对不同浓度NaCl处理的响应机制。结果表明,与对照相比,随着NaCl浓度的增大,灰绿藜的种子萌发率和单位时间内种子萌发数量均呈下降趋势,种子的萌发时间也会相应延长,种子在500mmol·L^-1NaCl处理下基本不萌发。最适合灰绿藜幼苗生长的浓度是50mmol·L^-1,其次是0和100mmol·L^-1。高浓度(大于200mmol·L^-1)NaCl处理过的灰绿藜植株的开花(结果)早于未处理或低浓度(50^-150mmol·L^-1)NaCl处理。随着基质中NaCl浓度的升高,植株的Na^+泌出量也呈上升趋势,其中叶片泌出量的增加最为明显,在处理浓度升高至200mmol·L^-1时达到最高值。     

四翅滨藜生理生化特征对盐胁迫的响应

采用温室盆栽试验研究四翅滨藜(Atriplex canescens)幼苗株高、地径、生物量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量对不同浓度NaCl和Na_2SO_4(0、100、200、300和400mmol·L~(-1))胁迫的响应,以探讨四翅滨藜对不同种类及不同浓度盐渍环境的适应机制及其耐盐机理。结果显示:(1)随着盐分浓度的升高,四翅滨藜幼苗的株高、地径及生物量增量呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,低盐浓度下2种盐均促进幼苗生长,盐浓度超过400mmol·L~(-1)时,NaCl对幼苗生长具有明显抑制作用。(2)2种盐处理下,四翅滨藜幼苗净光合速率(Pn)和叶绿素含量(Chl)随盐浓度增大而升高,即2种盐均对幼苗Pn和Chl含量具有促进作用,且Na_2SO_4的促进效果大于NaCl;而幼苗蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)随盐浓度升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,且Na_2SO_4的促进作用强于NaCl。(3)与对照相比,四翅滨藜幼苗的丙二醛、SOD、POD酶活性在NaCl和Na_2SO_42种盐处理下,随着盐浓度的升高均呈现出不同程度的增大,且增大幅度总体表现为NaClNa_2SO_4。研究表明,四翅滨藜在NaCl和Na_2SO_4胁迫下,叶绿素的分解速率以及发挥作用的渗透调节物质均有差异,使得幼苗叶片健康程度不同,导致叶片光合能力大小的差异,最终表现为植株的生长差异;四翅滨藜具有较强的耐盐能力,而且对Na_2SO_4的适应能力强于NaCl。     

NaCl胁迫对流苏幼苗生长、钠钾离子分布及渗透调节物质的影响

以2年生的流苏播种苗为材料,采用不同浓度(50、100、200、300 mmol·L^-1)NaCl溶液进行胁迫处理,研究盐胁迫对流苏的生长、Na^+和K^+分布格局、渗透调节物质的影响,以明确其耐盐阈值。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,流苏幼苗生长量逐渐降低,盐害指数升高、存活率下降;幼苗耐盐阈值为98.693 mmol·L^-1(0.577%W/V)。(2)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,流苏幼苗各器官中的Na^+含量持续增加,并在浓度为50 mmol·L^-1时表现为根>叶>茎,在其余各处理组表现为叶>根>茎;幼苗根、叶中的K^+含量表现为先增后减的变化趋势,茎中K^+含量总体表现为下降趋势,且器官中K^+含量表现为根>叶>茎;幼苗根部到茎部和茎部到叶部的离子选择性运输能力、各器官中的K^+/Na^+比值均呈下降趋势。(3)随着NaCl浓度的增加,流苏幼苗叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量总体呈上升趋势,其脯氨酸含量呈先上升后下降的趋势。研究发现,流苏幼苗根系可通过对Na^+的吸收和累积来阻止其向地上部运输进而避免盐害发生;叶片和茎中通过提高对K^+的选择性吸收和累积,从而增大K^+/Na^+比值以减缓盐分对其生理代谢的伤害。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对NaCl胁迫下黑果枸杞幼苗生理及生长的影响

5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)是植物血红素、叶绿素等四吡咯化合物的关键生物合成前体,对植物适应非生物胁迫至关重要。为验证外源ALA对黑果枸杞幼苗生理生长的影响,该研究用300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl和不同浓度(0、5、10、15、20、25 mg·L^-1)的ALA共同处理黑果枸杞幼苗,并测定其相关的生理指标和生长指标,综合评价各处理幼苗的耐盐性。结果表明：(1)NaCl胁迫使黑果枸杞幼苗总生物量和叶片总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖含量以及过氧化物酶(POD)活性较CK分别显著降低了33.39%、19.06%、24.38%、39.57%和47.91%(P<0.05),使黑果枸杞幼苗脯氨酸和丙二醛的含量较CK分别显著增加了165.74%和49.16%。(2)当外源ALA和NaCl同时处理时,黑果枸杞幼苗叶片类胡萝卜素和丙二醛含量、POD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及株高、总生物量均恢复至对照水平,叶片总叶绿素和脯氨酸含量以及SOD活性较CK显著增加。(3)黑果枸杞幼苗叶片叶绿素和脯氨酸含量以及抗氧化酶活性、生物量等指标随ALA浓度增加均呈先...     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.