中国短象蜡蝉属一新种记述(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,象蜡蝉科)

记述采自中国海南、贵州、广东的短象蜡蝉属Dictyopharina Melichar(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,象蜡蝉科,象蜡蝉亚科)1新种,即六突短象蜡蝉D.hexasaca sp.nov.。编制了短象蜡蝉属分种检索表,提供了新种的鉴别特征图。新种模式标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

碧蛾蜡蝉线粒体基因组全序列首次测定

自从1758年林奈建立半翅目后,有关半翅目高级阶元间的系统发育关系就一直存在争论。蜡蝉总科被认为是决定半翅目系统发育关系的一个重要分类单元。目前,GenBank中已有很多半翅目昆虫的线粒体基因组全序列或接近全序列,但是至今还没有关于蜡蝉总科昆虫线粒体基因组全序列的报道。因此测定蜡蝉总科昆虫的线粒体基因组全序列对于半翅目昆虫系统发育关系的研究具有重要意义。     

中国长头象蜡蝉属一新种记述(半翅目:蜡蝉总科:象蜡蝉科)

记述中国长头象蜡蝉属Doryphorina 1新种:多刺突长头象蜡蝉D.multifurcella ZhengChen sp.nov.。该新种与团簇长头象蜡蝉D.conglobatus Zheng,YangChen相似,与后者的区别主要在:新种阳茎基端部具有2对膜质突起,背突起细长,端部和基部具有长刺;后者背突起细长,侧面观具有3长刺在基部。详细描述了新种的外部形态特征,绘制了外生殖器鉴别特征图,并附成虫彩色照片及长头象蜡蝉属Doryphorina检索表。模式标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

黄瓢蜡蝉属分类研究(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,瓢蜡蝉科)

对东洋区黄瓢蜡蝉属Flavina Stal(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,瓢蜡蝉科)的种类进行了分类研究,描记2新种,即尖胸黄瓢蜡蝉Flavina acuta sp nov.(Laos,Vietnam)和四刺黄瓢蜡蝉Flavina quadrispina sp.nov.(Thailand).新种模式标本保存在Bernice P.Bishop Museum,Honolulu,Hawaii,USA.     

扁足瓢蜡蝉属分类研究(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,瓢蜡蝉科)

对扁足瓢蜡蝉属Neodurium Fennah(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,瓢蜡蝉科)进行了重新描记,该属目前已知3种,其中2新种,即指扁足瓢蜡蝉Neodurium digitiformum Ran et Liang,sp.nov.和平扁足瓢蜡蝉Neodurium flatidumRan et Liang,sp.nov..新种模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所.     

东南亚短象蜡蝉属二新种(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,象蜡蝉科)

记述了采自东南亚地区象蜡蝉科Dictyopharidae短象蜡蝉属Dictyopharina 2新种,长头短象蜡蝉D.longicephala sp.nov.和彭亨短象蜡蝉D.pahangensis sp.nov..研究标本保存于美国Bernice P.Bishop博物馆和中国科学院动物研究所.     

鳖扁蜡蝉和娇弱鳎扁蜡蝉雌性生殖器的描述(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,扁蜡蝉科)

对扁蜡蝉科(半翅目,蜡蝉总科)中鳖扁蜡蝉Cixiopsis punctatus Matsumura和娇弱鳎扁蜡蝉Tambinia debilis St(a)l的雌性生殖器进行了详细描述,绘制特征图并指明各部分的结构名称.结果表明前者生殖管道属于单开口类型,而后者是双开口类型.雌性生殖器特征可为分类学和系统发育分析提供更多的参考信息.     

十二种沫蝉的染色体研究 (同翅目： 沫蝉总科)

观察了同翅目头喙亚目12种沫蝉雄性的染色体数目和减数分裂行为。通过对沫蝉总科现有核型资料的分析,认为沫蝉总科的核型特点是：①染色体较小,数目较多,总科内染色体数目变化范围较大,众数为2n=26（24+XO）;②染色体的易位现象极为普遍,因此可以推测,通过染色体的易位导致染色体数目增加是核型进化的主要机制;③减数分裂前期Ⅰ具有典型的花束期,但没有弥散期。因此从精子发生来看沫蝉总科与叶蝉总科、角蝉总科和蝉总科的关系更为密切,而与蜡蝉总科的关系较远。头喙亚目的亲缘关系可能是：蜡蝉总科+{蝉总科+［沫蝉总科+（叶蝉总科+角蝉总科）］}。     

蒙瓢蜡蝉属Mongoliana Distant的分类研究(同翅目: 蜡蝉总科: 瓢蜡蝉科)

综述蒙瓢蜡蝉属的分类研究历史,记述中国蒙瓢蜡蝉属Mongoliana Distant 7种,其中包括5新种矛尖蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana lanceolata, sp. nov.,三角蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana triangularis, sp. nov.,锯缘蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana serrata, sp. nov.,褐斑蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana naevia, sp. nov. 和曲纹蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana sinuata, sp. nov.;绘制了雄性外生殖器及前翅主要特征图,并列有分种检索表.新种模式标本均保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆.     

蒙瓢蜡蝉属Mongliana Distant的分类研究（同翅目：蜡蝉总科：瓢蜡蝉科）

综述蒙瓢蜡属的分类研究历史，记述中国蒙瓢蜡蝉属Mongliana Distant 7种，其中包括5新种：柔尖蒙飘蜡蝉Mongoliana lanceolata,sp.nov.,三角蒙飘蜡蝉Mongoliana triangularis,sp.nov，锯缘蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana serrata,sp.nov.,褐斑蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana naevia,sp.nov.和曲纹蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana sinuata,sp.nov.绘制了雄性外生殖器及前翅主要特征图，并列有分种检索表。新种模式标本均保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

同翅类昆虫的雄性生殖系统及精子发生(昆虫纲:半翅目)

本文比较了同翅类昆虫雄性生殖系统的结构、减数分裂期间染色体的行为和精子尾部的超微结构。研究表明蜡蝉总科和异翅类的精巢具有被膜,而蝉总科、叶蝉总科、沫蝉总科、角蝉总科、木虱总科、蚜总科、粉虱总科和蚧总科的精巢均不具有被膜。也可以根据精巢小叶的形状将精巢分为三类,蝉总科、叶蝉总科、沫蝉总科、角蝉总科、蚜总科和粉虱总科的精巢小叶为球形,蜡蝉总科、木虱总科和蚧总科的精巢小叶为管状,而异翅类的精巢小叶为片层状。减数分裂可以被分为5类:①蝉型(Cicadoidtype);②蜡蝉型(Fulgoroidtype);③木虱型(Psyloidtype);④蚜型(Aphidoidtype);⑤粉虱型(Aleyrodoidtype)和⑥蚧型(Coccoidtype),至少具有四个类群的减数分裂前期I具有弥散期,它们是:木虱总科、蜡蝉总科、蚧总科和异翅类。除粉虱总科和蚧总科的精子尾部退化以外,其余种类的精子鞭毛均具有典型的9 9 2轴丝结构。     

蜡蝉总科(昆虫纲:半翅目)系统分类研究进展

蜡蝉总科隶属于半翅目头喙亚目,大致可分为18～21个科。中国记载16科。蜡蝉总科的科级系统发育关系一直存在着广泛争议,至今尚无一个为大多数学者所接受的分类系统。因此,研究蜡蝉总科的系统发育具有重要的理论价值。本文从种及种下阶元的分类鉴定、种上阶元的系统发育、生物地理学等方面对蜡蝉总科的分类研究进行综述。     

四十五种叶蝉的染色体研究（同翅目：叶蝉总科）

研究观察了45种中国雄性叶蝉的减数分裂,其中44种的核型为首次报道,染色体数目变化在2n=12～26之间,性别决定均为XO型。从叶蝉总科的组型图来看,该科染色体数目变化在2n=8～28之间,峰值为2n=18(16+XO),另外几种类型2n=16,20,22也有较高的出现频率。科内染色体数目的进化不具有明显的方向性,2n=22(20+XO)是该科的原始核型,易位导致的不均等互换可能是染色体数目进化的主要机制。从精子发生来看叶蝉总科与角蝉总科的关系较为密切,两者的共同特点是：①精母细胞体积较大,显著不同于沫蝉和蝉科;②减数分裂行为及精子变态过程相似;③染色体数目较少,染色体体积较大;④减数分裂前期具有典型的花束期,没有弥散期,因而不同于蜡蝉。但是由于叶蝉总科的染色体变异范围明显大于角蝉总科,而角蝉总科的核型相对较为保守,从核型上来说角蝉总科是比叶蝉总科较为原始的类群。     

Evolutionary transformations of abdominal wax-plates in the larvae of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera,Cicadina)

The main patterns of wax-plates in the nymphs of Fulgoroidea are reviewed in the ontogenetic and phylogenetic aspects. A hypothesis of the common origin of the sensory pits and wax glands of the Fulgoroidea is proposed. The morphological coordination of the sensory pits and wax-glands is discovered. Each elementary waxplate (wax plaque) is derived from a solitary wax gland, which is associated with a definite sensory pit of the ground plan and regulated by a stable ontogenetic program. Each subsequent instar is characterized by appearance of one additional sensory pit and one elementary wax-plate, arising from one primary wax gland.     

Evolution of the planthoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)

The planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) comprises approximately 20 described insect families, depending on which classification is followed. Multiple competing hypotheses of fulgoroid phylogeny have been published, based on either morphological character coding or DNA sequence data; however, those hypotheses disagree in several key aspects regarding the evolution of planthoppers. The current paper seeks to test these hypotheses, including the Asche (Asche, M. 1987. Preliminary thoughts on the phylogeny of Fulgoromorpha (Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha). In: Proceedings of the 6th Auchenorrhyncha Meeting, Turin, Italy, 7-11 September, 1987, pp. 47-53.) hypothesis of a trend in ovipositor structure, which may be correlated with planthopper feeding ecology. Presented here are phylogenetic reconstructions of Fulgoroidea based on analysis of DNA nucleotide sequence data from four loci (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, Histone 3, and Wingless) sequenced from 83 exemplar taxa representing 18 planthopper families and outgroups. Data sets were analyzed separately and in various combinations under the maximum parsimony criterion, and the total combined dataset was analyzed via both maximum parsimony and partitioned Bayesian criteria; results of the combined analyses were concordant across reconstruction paradigms. Relationships recovered suggest several major planthopper lineages, including: (1) Delphacidae+Cixiidae; (2) Kinnaridae+Meenoplidae; (3) Fulgoridae+Dictyopharidae; (4) Lophopidae+Eurybrachidae (possibly+Flatidae); (5) Ricaniidae+Caliscelidae (possibly+Tropiduchidae). Results also suggest the placement of Achilixiidae outside of Cixiidae and of Tettigometridae as one of the more recently diversified lineages within Fulgoroidea. The resulting phylogeny supports Asche's (1987) hypothesis of a functional trend in ovipositor structure across families.     

Fine structure of the mouthparts of Diostrombus politus and Proutista moesta (Hemiptera: Derbidae)

Insect mouthparts are important sensory and feeding structures, morphological studies of this organ can provide additional data for phylogenetic studies. The planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea is among the dominant groups of phytophagous insects, however, the mouthparts ultrastructure of this superfamily remains unsatisfactorily studied. This study investigates the ultrastructure of the mouthparts of two species in the family Derbidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea), Diostrombus politus Uhler and Proutista moesta (Westwood), using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that these two derbids are of a typical piercing-sucking type found in Hemiptera. They consist of a cone-shaped labrum, a three-segmented labium and a stylet fascicle with two interlocked maxillary stylets incompletely wrapped by two mandibular stylets. The arrangement of the sensilla on the labial tip differ slightly between the two derbid species, and the subapical labial sensilla are likely different among genera in the family Derbidae.     

On the taxonomic position of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Parapryg</Emphasis> (Homoptera,Fulgoroidea) and classification of Protorthoptera and related groups

Parapryg alogus Aristov et Rasnitsyn, 2014 (terminal Permian of European Russia) is transferred from Prygidae (Cnemidolestida) to Surijokocixiidae (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea). Some characters and approaches used in classification of Protorthoptera and related groups are briefly discussed.     

Notes on the tribe Rhotalini (Homoptera,Achilidae) with analysis of the hind-wing venation and redescription of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taractellus</Emphasis> metcalf from Chile

The genus Taractellus Metcalf is redescribed based on new material; its position in the family Achilidae and in the tribe Rhotalini is confirmed. The evolutionarily labile anastomosis of the medial and anterocubital veins of the hind wing in the representatives of Achilidae and in the other Fulgoroidea is analyzed.     

A Preliminary Molecular Phylogeny of Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

The planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) is one of the most dominant groups of phytophagous insects. It comprises about 20 families, containing a total of 9000 species worldwide. Despite several recent studies, the phylogeny of Fulgoroidea is not yet satisfactorily resolved and the phylogenetic positions of several key families, especially Cixiidae, Delphacidae, Tettigometridae, Nogodinidae, Acanaloniidae and Issidae, are contentious. Here, we expand upon recent phylogenetic work using additional nuclear (18S and 28S) and novel mitochondrial (16S and cytb) markers. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses yielded robust phylogenetic trees. In these topologies, a group containing Cixiidae and Delphacidae is recovered as the sister group to the remaining taxa. Tettigometridae is placed in a more nested position and is grouped with Caliscelidae. Sister relationships are found between Flatidae and Ricaniidae, and between Dictyopharidae and Fulgoridae. Nogodinidae and Issidae are confirmed to be non-monophyletic families. For major nodes of interest, divergence date estimates are generally older than those from the fossil record.