关于停止使用"同翅目Homoptera" 目名的建议

长期以来,在我国昆虫学界,“同翅目Homoptera”和半翅目Hemiptera一直被作为2个并列的昆虫目被广泛使用。传统的“同翅目”被分为3亚目10总科,即鞘喙亚目Coleorrhyncha(包括膜翅蝽总科Peloridioidea)、胸喙亚目Stemorrhyncha(包括木虱总科Psylloidea、粉虱总科Aleyrodoidea、蚧总科Coccoidea和蚜总科Aphidoidea)和头喙亚目Auchenorrhyncha[包括蜡蝉子亚目Fulgoromorpha(包括蜡蝉总科Fulgoroidea)和蝉子亚目Cicadomorpha(包括蝉总科Cicadoidea、沫蝉总科Cercopoidea、叶蝉总科Cicadelloidea和角蝉总科Membracoidea)]。近年来,形态学及分子学特征数据的支序分析研究表明,木虱总科、粉虱总科、蚧总科、蚜总科、蜡蝉总科、蝉总科、沫蝉总科、角蝉总科都是单系群;鞘喙亚目、胸喙亚目、蝉子亚目及蜡蝉子亚目也都是单系群,其相互之间的系统发育关系为：胸喙亚目 (蝉子亚目 (蜡蝉子亚目 (鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目(蝽类)))),它们共同组成了单系的半翅目Hemiptera。系统发育分析表明,在半翅目中,鞘喙亚目与异翅亚目具有最近的亲缘关系,蜡蝉子亚目与鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目是姊妹群,蝉子亚目是蜡蝉子亚目 (鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目)的姐妹群,胸喙亚目是半翅目中最早和最原始的一个分枝。因此传统的“同翅目”并不是一个自然的单系类群,而是一个人为的并系类群。目前,在国际昆虫学界,“同翅目”作为一个人为的并系类群已得到公认和普遍接受,并已不再作为昆虫纲的一个有效目被使用。然而,“同翅目”作为昆虫纲的一个有效目在国内一直被广泛使用,为此,作者建议我国的昆虫学工作者今后应停止使用“同翅目”这一人为的并系目名而使用单系的半翅目目名,即将长期以来一直置于“同翅目”的木虱、粉虱、蚧虫、蚜虫、蝉、沫蝉、叶蝉、角蝉及蜡蝉类昆虫与蝽类昆虫一起作为半翅目的成员对待。     

十二种沫蝉的染色体研究 (同翅目： 沫蝉总科)

观察了同翅目头喙亚目12种沫蝉雄性的染色体数目和减数分裂行为。通过对沫蝉总科现有核型资料的分析,认为沫蝉总科的核型特点是：①染色体较小,数目较多,总科内染色体数目变化范围较大,众数为2n=26（24+XO）;②染色体的易位现象极为普遍,因此可以推测,通过染色体的易位导致染色体数目增加是核型进化的主要机制;③减数分裂前期Ⅰ具有典型的花束期,但没有弥散期。因此从精子发生来看沫蝉总科与叶蝉总科、角蝉总科和蝉总科的关系更为密切,而与蜡蝉总科的关系较远。头喙亚目的亲缘关系可能是：蜡蝉总科+{蝉总科+［沫蝉总科+（叶蝉总科+角蝉总科）］}。     

四十五种叶蝉的染色体研究（同翅目：叶蝉总科）

研究观察了45种中国雄性叶蝉的减数分裂,其中44种的核型为首次报道,染色体数目变化在2n=12～26之间,性别决定均为XO型。从叶蝉总科的组型图来看,该科染色体数目变化在2n=8～28之间,峰值为2n=18(16+XO),另外几种类型2n=16,20,22也有较高的出现频率。科内染色体数目的进化不具有明显的方向性,2n=22(20+XO)是该科的原始核型,易位导致的不均等互换可能是染色体数目进化的主要机制。从精子发生来看叶蝉总科与角蝉总科的关系较为密切,两者的共同特点是：①精母细胞体积较大,显著不同于沫蝉和蝉科;②减数分裂行为及精子变态过程相似;③染色体数目较少,染色体体积较大;④减数分裂前期具有典型的花束期,没有弥散期,因而不同于蜡蝉。但是由于叶蝉总科的染色体变异范围明显大于角蝉总科,而角蝉总科的核型相对较为保守,从核型上来说角蝉总科是比叶蝉总科较为原始的类群。     

二种木虱的染色体行为研究(同翅目:木虱总科)

报道了2种中国木虱的精子发生,即香椿巴木虱Bharatiana setentrionalis Yang et Li,n=7（XO）;合欢羞木虱Acizzia jamatonica（Kuwayama）,n=13（XO）。研究表明木虱的减数分裂具有3个显著的特征：1）前期I具有弥散期,此时常染色体疏松化,分散于整个细胞核,仅可以观察到异固缩化的性染色体,推测存在基因转录现象,同样的现象存在于蜡蝉和异翅类（Heteroptera）昆虫;2）中期Ⅰ姊妹染色体联合定向,第一次分裂为减数分裂;3）第二次分裂不发生胞质分裂,形成双核精子。从生殖系统的结构和减数分裂中染色体的行为来看,木虱与蜡蝉的关系更为密切。     

中国19种蜡蝉的核型研究(同翅目：蜡蝉总科)

研究了中国19种蜡蝉的染色体数目、性别决定和染色体行为。2n=28(26+XO)被认为是蜡蝉科的原始核型特征。由于蜡蝉精巢具有被膜,减数分裂前期Ⅰ具有弥散期,因此作者认为蜡蝉与半翅目的关系更为密切。     

六类常见泌蜡昆虫的蜡腺和蜡泌物研究进展

泌蜡昆虫体表除了具有和其他昆虫一样的薄蜡层之外,还具有特殊的蜡腺,在生长发育过程中能够分泌蜡质覆盖于体表,从而有利于昆虫防止体内水分过度蒸发、抵御外界多种不利条件、阻碍病原物入侵和躲避天敌寄生或捕食,对昆虫的生存和繁衍具有重要的保护作用。本文概述了蚧虫、蚜虫、蜡蝉、木虱、粉虱和粉蛉等6类常见泌蜡昆虫的蜡腺和蜡泌物的超微形态结构、蜡泌物的主要化学组成及泌蜡的分子机制等方面的研究进展,以期为今后其在昆虫分类学和系统发育学的研究以及在害虫防治中的应用提供参考。     

四合木(Tetraenamongolica)林地昆虫群落的组成、结构及多样性特征

濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)为我国特有的蒺藜科单种属落叶小灌木.对四合木林地昆虫群落进行了调查,共得昆虫标本11363号,263种.隶属于67个科(或总科)11个目.同翅目的个体数量和优势度指数最高;膜翅目的物种丰富度和多样性指数最大;双翅目的均匀度最大.数量优势类群(＞10％)为木虱和叶蝉类,常见类群(1％～10％)是象甲、小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、拟步甲、蚂蚁、蝽科、皮蝽、盲蝽、斑翅蝗科昆虫.营养结构中植食性类群在种类和数量上占绝对优势,其中的吸食类昆虫优势度最大;天敌昆虫以寄生性类群为主,多样性最高;捕食性和中性昆虫的种类和数量相对较少,但捕食者的均匀度最高.灌木层与草本层相比,灌木层昆虫群落的物种丰富度和个体数量明显占优;优势种的优势度大.而草本层昆虫群落的多样性和均匀度高.2层整体的相似性低.膜翅目的共有种最多.     

蝉次目昆虫“足-消化道-马氏管”的形态/功能分化及其在蝉次目昆虫系统演化中的意义

对蝉次目3个总科(蝉总科,沫蝉总科,角蝉总科)代表类群(12种成虫)的足、消化道和马氏管的形态结构及其分化进行了比较形态学研究,提出蝉次目昆虫消化道及马氏管整体结构可被划分为两种类型的观点(蝉总科和沫蝉总科消化道及马氏管整体结构为同一种类型,角蝉总科消化道及马氏管整体结构为另一种类型),并分别绘制了两种类型的模式结构图;基于成虫的马氏管比较形态学研究,提出蝉次目昆虫成虫马氏管可被划分为6部分的观点,并分别绘制了角蝉科、叶蝉科、蝉科和沫蝉科成虫的马氏管区域分化模式结构图。研究结果表明,蝉次目昆虫的足、消化道、马氏管的形态、功能分化与其生物学、行为生态学特性等密切相关,其形态学特征既为蝉次目各类群的单系性提供了重要支持证据,也为进一步从行为学、生态学、生物学等方面探讨蝉次目的系统演化历史提供了新的信息;研究结果支持蝉总科和沫蝉总科为姊妹群的观点,即蝉次目3个总科的系统关系为角蝉总科+(蝉总科+沫蝉总科)。     

四种蝉科昆虫的精子形态(半翅目:蝉科)

【目的】为了明晰蝉科昆虫的精子形态及其在分类和系统发育分析方面的意义,本研究对蝉亚科的蒙古寒蝉Meimuna mongolica、黑蚱蝉Cryptotympana atrata、蛉蛄Pycna repanda及姬蝉亚科的蟋蝉Tettigetta sp.的精子进行了比较研究。【方法】分别通过光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜,观察这4种蝉科昆虫的精子形态特征。【结果】蒙古寒蝉、黑蚱蝉、蛉蛄和蟋蝉这4种蝉科昆虫精子形态基本相似,但精子长度在种内和种间都有明显不同,均表现出多态性。根据精子长度,蛉蛄精子可被分为长精子、中长精子和短精子3种类型;蒙古寒蝉、黑蚱蝉和蟋蝉的精子被分为长精子和短精子2种类型。4种蝉的精子结构也基本相似,头部包含顶体和细胞核,颈区由中心粒和中心粒侧体组成,尾部一般由一根轴丝和一对线粒体衍生物组成,轴丝微管为9+9+2模式。但蝉亚科3个物种的部分精子具有多个线粒体衍生物;首次在蛉蛄精子尾部发现一个电子致密的三角形区域,该结构在蝉科其他昆虫精子中未曾发现。蝉科不同类群的精子中心粒侧体存在显著差异,姬蝉亚科的蟋蝉精子中心粒侧体为片层状结构,蝉亚科昆虫则为鞘状结构。【结论】与蝉次目的角蝉总科和沫蝉总科昆虫精子相比,仅蝉科昆虫的精子表现出多态性,是该科的特有衍征。精子尾部可具多个线粒体衍生物的现象在蝉亚科物种中是否普遍存在有待进一步研究。蝉科不同类群在精子形态方面的差异,为蝉科昆虫分类及蝉次目系统发育分析提供了重要信息。     

沫蝉总科Cercopoidea昆虫

沫蝉总科Cercopoidea隶属于昆虫纲Insecta半翅目Hemiptera头喙亚目Auchenorrhyncha，包括沫蝉科Cercopidae、尖胸沫蝉科Aphrophoridae、巢沫蝉科Machaerotidae及长盾沫蝉科Clastopteridae4个科，我国只有前3个科的种类。沫蝉总科目前全世界记录约3000种，广泛分布于世界各地，中国已知的种类300余种。沫蝉的若虫第七、八腹节具有发达的泡沫腺，能分泌胶质，与呼出的气体相混，形成泡沫状液体盖住身体以作保护，因而得名沫蝉。本期封面照片拍摄于安徽宣城。     

Molecular phylogeny of the homoptera: a paraphyletic taxon

Homoptera and Heteroptera comprise a large insect assemblage, the Hemiptera. Many of the plant sap-sucking Homoptera possess unusual and complex life histories and depend on maternally inherited, intracellular bacteria to supplement their nutritionally deficient diets. Presumably in connection with their diet and lifestyles, the morphology of many Homoptera has become greatly reduced, leading to major controversies regarding the phylogenetic affiliations of homopteran superfamilies. The most fundamental question concerns whether the Homoptera as a whole are monophyletic. Recent studies based on morphology have argued that the Homoptera Sternorrhyncha (Aphidoidea, Coccoidea, Psylloidea, Aleyrodoidea) is a sister group to a group comprising the Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha (Fulgoroidea, Cicadoidea, Cercopoidea, Cicadelloidea) and the Heteroptera, making the Homoptera paraphyletic. We sequenced the 5 580-680 base pairs of small-subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA from a selection of Homoptera, Hemiptera, and their putative outgroups, the Thysanoptera and Psocoptera, to apply molecular characters to the problem of Homoptera phylogeny. Parsimony, distance, maximum-likelihood, and bootstrap methods were used to construct trees from sequence data and assess support for the topologies produced. Molecular data corroborate current views of relationships within the Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha based on morphology and strongly support the hypothesis of homopteran paraphyly as stated above. In addition, it was found that Homoptera Sternorrhyncha have extra, GC-rich sequence concentrated in a variable region of the 18S rDNA, which indicates that some unique evolutionary processes are occurring in this lineage.Correspondence to: C.D. von Dohlen     

A review of karyotype variation in jumping plant-lice (Psylloidea,Sternorrhyncha, Hemiptera) and checklist of chromosome numbers

Karyotype variation in Psylloidea (Hemiptera) was analysed. Chromosome numbers and type of chromosome sex determination of 153 species belonging to 51 genera and five out of six families (except tropical Phacopteronidae) are listed. Some important cytological characteristics, such as chromosome type, structure of karyotypes, sex determination type, pattern of male meiosis, type of chromosome rearrangements, and B chromosome occurrence, as well as the C-heterochromatin and NOR localization, are discussed. In addition, a comparison of chromosome systems between Psylloidea and other superfamilies of Sternorrhyncha (Aphidoidea, Coccoidea, and Aleyrodoidea) was undertaken.     

Higher‐level phylogeny of the insect order Hemiptera: is Auchenorrhyncha really paraphyletic?

The higher‐level phylogeny of the order Hemiptera remains a contentious topic in insect systematics. The controversy is chiefly centred on the unresolved question of whether or not the hemipteran suborder Auchenorrhyncha (including the extant superfamilies Fulgoroidea, Membracoidea, Cicadoidea and Cercopoidea) is a monophyletic lineage. Presented here are the results of a multilocus molecular phylogenetic investigation of relationships among the major hemipteran lineages, designed specifically to address the question of Auchenorrhyncha monophyly in the context of broad taxonomic sampling across Hemiptera. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) were based on DNA nucleotide sequence data from seven gene regions (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, histone H3, histone 2A, wingless, cytochrome c oxidase I and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4) generated from 86 in‐group exemplars representing all major lineages of Hemiptera (plus seven out‐group taxa). All combined analyses of these data recover the monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha, and also support the monophyly of each of the following lineages: Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Heteropterodea, Heteroptera, Fulgoroidea, Cicadomorpha, Membracoidea, Cercopoidea and Cicadoidea. Also presented is a review of the major lines of morphological and molecular evidence for and against the monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha.     

Two ancient bacterial endosymbionts have coevolved with the planthoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Members of the hemipteran suborder Auchenorrhyncha (commonly known as planthoppers, tree- and leafhoppers, spittlebugs, and cicadas) are unusual among insects known to harbor endosymbiotic bacteria in that they are associated with diverse assemblages of bacterial endosymbionts. Early light microscopic surveys of species representing the two major lineages of Auchenorrhyncha (the planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea; and Cicadomorpha, comprising Membracoidea [tree- and leafhoppers], Cercopoidea [spittlebugs], and Cicadoidea [cicadas]), found that most examined species harbored at least two morphologically distinct bacterial endosymbionts, and some harbored as many as six. Recent investigations using molecular techniques have identified multiple obligate bacterial endosymbionts in Cicadomorpha; however, much less is known about endosymbionts of Fulgoroidea. In this study, we present the initial findings of an ongoing PCR-based survey (sequencing 16S rDNA) of planthopper-associated bacteria to document endosymbionts with a long-term history of codiversification with their fulgoroid hosts. RESULTS: Results of PCR surveys and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA recovered a monophyletic clade of Betaproteobacteria associated with planthoppers; this clade included Vidania fulgoroideae, a recently described bacterium identified in exemplars of the planthopper family Cixiidae. We surveyed 77 planthopper species representing 18 fulgoroid families, and detected Vidania in 40 species (representing 13 families). Further, we detected the Sulcia endosymbiont (identified as an obligate endosymbiont of Auchenorrhyncha in previous studies) in 30 of the 40 species harboring Vidania. Concordance of the Vidania phylogeny with the phylogeny of the planthopper hosts (reconstructed based on sequence data from five genes generated from the same insect specimens from which the bacterial sequences were obtained) was supported by statistical tests of codiversification. Codiversification tests also supported concordance of the Sulcia phylogeny with the phylogeny of the planthopper hosts, as well as concordance of planthopper-associated Vidania and Sulcia phylogenies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the Betaproteobacterium Vidania is an ancient endosymbiont that infected the common ancestor of Fulgoroidea at least 130 million years ago. Comparison of our findings with the early light-microscopic surveys conducted by Muller suggests that Vidania is Muller's x-symbiont, which he hypothesized to have codiversified with most lineages of planthoppers and with the Sulcia endosymbiont.     

Evolution of attachment structures in the highly diverse Acercaria (Hexapoda)

Acercaria display an unusually broad array of adhesive devices occurring on different parts of the legs. Attachment structures of all major subgroups are described and illustrated. Nineteen characters of the distal leg region were combined with a data matrix containing 99 additional morphological characters of different body parts. The results of the cladistic analysis are largely congruent with current hypotheses. Zoraptera are not retrieved as close relatives of Acercaria. The monophyly of the entire lineage and of the major subgroups Psocodea, Phthiraptera, and Hemiptera is confirmed. Our data also support the monophyly of Auchenorrhycha and a sister‐group relationship between Thysanoptera and Hemiptera (Condylognatha). In contrast to other lineages of insects, the hairy type of adhesive device is present only in one group within the Acercaria (Heteroptera, Cimicomorpha). The arolium is present in the groundplan but missing in several groups (e.g. Psocodea, Cicadoidea, Aphidoidea). Pretarsal pulvilli evolved several times independently. Tarsal euplantulae and different specialized clasping devices have evolved within Phthiraptera, whereas pretarsal attachment devices are missing in this ectoparasitic group. The potential to modify pretarsal attachment devices in their structural details has probably contributed to the very successful diversification of the predominantly phytophagous Hemiptera.     

Morphological and ultrastructural organization of the male genital apparatus of some Aphididae (Insecta, Homoptera)

Ultrastructural investigations on the amphigonic reproductive mechanisms in Aphidoidea (Homoptera, Sternorryncha) species, of which little is known in the literature, can provide useful information on their reproductive biology. Morphological and ultrastructural investigations were carried out on the reproductive tract and on spermatozoa from sexually mature males of five species belonging to three subfamilies of Aphidoidea. The organization of the reproductive tract and of spermatozoa appears simple and similar in the examined species. Each testis consists of three follicles containing many cysts arranged in a progressive order of maturation from the distal to the proximal tract; spermiogenesis only occurs in sexually mature males, ending with the organization of sperm bundles. Gametes are neatly arranged in each bundle and kept together by a cap showing a particular organization. The distal tract of each spermiduct is enlarged and full of gametes; close to the testis the two spermiducts merge together, except in Drepanosiphum platanoidis where the spermiducts run independently. The various tracts of each examined gland showed no peculiar differences either in the same species or among the species. Some interesting hypotheses are proposed in this work about the probable roles of the investigated structures in the reproductive mechanisms of these insects.     

Molecular phylogeny of Cicadomorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadoidea, Cercopoidea and Membracoidea): adding evidence to the controversy

Abstract. The hemipteran infraorder Cicadomorpha comprises the superfamilies Cicadoidea (cicadas), Cercopoidea (spittlebugs or froghoppers) and Membracoidea (leafhoppers and treehoppers). Earlier attempts to determine relationships among these three monophyletic lineages using either morphological or molecular data suffered from insufficient sampling (taxonomic and data) and problematic tree rooting, leading to discordant results. Presented here are phylogenetic reconstructions within Cicadomorpha based on DNA nucleotide sequence data from multiple genetic markers (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and histone 3) sequenced from representative taxa of Cicadidae, Tettigarctidae, Cercopidae, Aphrophoridae, Clastopteridae, Machaerotidae, Epipygidae, Cicadellidae, Membracidae, Myerslopiidae and Aetalionidae. To test the robustness of the phylogenetic signal, these sequence data were analysed separately and in combination under various alignment parameters using both manual alignment (of both attenuated and full sequences) and alignment via clustal x . The results demonstrate clearly that, despite the alignment method used, basing a phylogeny on a single gene region is often misleading. Analyses of the combination of datasets support the major relationships within Cicadomorpha as (Membracoidea (Cicadoidea, Cercopoidea)). Internal relationships recovered within each superfamily shows evidence for: (1) the placement of Myerslopiidae as the sister group of the remaining Membracoidea; (2) the paraphyly of Cicadellidae; (3) the sister-group relationship between Machaerotidae and Clastopteridae; (4) the monophyly of Cercopidae; (5) the diversification of Epipygidae from within the possibly paraphyletic Aphrophoridae.