基于PSR框架的内蒙古自治区土壤保持服务分区

土壤侵蚀是中国北方重要的生态问题,内蒙古自治区位于干旱半干旱地区,是中国北方典型的土壤侵蚀区。针对以往生态功能分区分析框架复杂多样、权重设定人为主观等问题,以内蒙古自治区为例,基于压力-状态-响应系统分析框架,从气候背景-土壤保持-植被条件三方面构建指标体系,运用自组织特征映射(SOFM)神经网络和GIS空间分析技术,以1280个小流域为基本单元进行土壤保持服务分区,按照分区单元的聚集度对多种方案进行优选,并依据区域共轭性原则最终将研究区划分为3个土壤保持服务区和11个土壤保持服务亚区。     

大熊猫国家公园四川片区自然保护地空间关系对大熊猫分布的影响

理清自然保护地的空间关系与分布格局是加强空间管控、整合优化自然保护地体系的基础。以大熊猫国家公园四川片区内的自然保护地为案例,基于ArcGIS空间数据的处理、分析与可视化表达等功能,结合韦恩(Venn)图在空间层面上量化分析了公园范围内各类自然保护地的空间关系,并进一步揭示了不同保护情景下大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的分布格局。研究结果表明:(1)研究区内含有6类自然保护地,占研究区总面积的75.13%,其中40.68%为交叉重叠区域。(2)各类自然保护地皆存在大面积的交叉重叠。自然保护区为研究区面积最大的自然保护地类型,占自然保护地总面积的72.53%,其中45.89%为交叉重叠区域;其他类自然保护地占自然保护地总面积的60.87%,其中66.48%为交叉重叠区域。(3)猫点密度与自然保护地的交叉重叠程度呈现逆向增长趋势,区域的重叠水平越高,猫点密度越低。(4)自然保护地整体非重叠区的猫点密度高于重叠区。自然保护区是整体猫点密度最高的自然保护地类型,其非重叠区密度明显高于重叠区;森林公园非重叠区与水利风景区重叠区呈现较高的猫点密度。(5)与自然保护区交叉重叠的自然保护地中,位于自然保护区的猫点密度远高于其他重叠区。由此可见,大熊猫国家公园四川片区内原有自然保护地体系体量大但空间关系复杂,不同区域间的保护效能既不平衡也不充分。建议将研究区内自然保护区的非重叠区、位于自然保护区的世界遗产地区域、森林公园的非重叠区以及水利风景区的重叠区等作为大熊猫的核心保护区,施行严格保护;将自然保护区的重叠区、世界遗产地的其他区域作为生态保育区,恢复受损退化的大熊猫栖息地及所在的自然生态系统;将其他区域作为一般控制区,在有效维护大熊猫种群及其栖息地的前提下适度开展人为活动。同时,建议对空间重叠和邻近相接的区域开展科学评估,明确自然保护地的唯一属性。另一方面,我们期待健全自然保护地管理体制,统筹自然保护地的空间布局,为以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设"松体制之绑"。     

Ecosystem Services and Opportunity Costs Shift Spatial Priorities for Conserving Forest Biodiversity

Inclusion of spatially explicit information on ecosystem services in conservation planning is a fairly new practice. This study analyses how the incorporation of ecosystem services as conservation features can affect conservation of forest biodiversity and how different opportunity cost constraints can change spatial priorities for conservation. We created spatially explicit cost-effective conservation scenarios for 59 forest biodiversity features and five ecosystem services in the county of Telemark (Norway) with the help of the heuristic optimisation planning software, Marxan with Zones. We combined a mix of conservation instruments where forestry is either completely (non-use zone) or partially restricted (partial use zone). Opportunity costs were measured in terms of foregone timber harvest, an important provisioning service in Telemark. Including a number of ecosystem services shifted priority conservation sites compared to a case where only biodiversity was considered, and increased the area of both the partial (+36.2%) and the non-use zone (+3.2%). Furthermore, opportunity costs increased (+6.6%), which suggests that ecosystem services may not be a side-benefit of biodiversity conservation in this area. Opportunity cost levels were systematically changed to analyse their effect on spatial conservation priorities. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services trades off against timber harvest. Currently designated nature reserves and landscape protection areas achieve a very low proportion (9.1%) of the conservation targets we set in our scenario, which illustrates the high importance given to timber production at present. A trade-off curve indicated that large marginal increases in conservation target achievement are possible when the budget for conservation is increased. Forty percent of the maximum hypothetical opportunity costs would yield an average conservation target achievement of 79%.     

西双版纳勐养自然保护区生境格局研究

使用ARC/INFO和ARC/VIEW地理信息系统 ,对以 1 995年 3月的卫星影像图、相关图件及数据为基础的图形数据库进行迭加分析 ,研究了西双版纳勐养自然保护区的生境格局 .结果表明 :1 )生境格局不是所有生态因素图件的简单迭加 ,以年均温和年降水量为主导因素 ,以自然植被为可见指标研制了生境格局 ;2 )确定出 3种生境类型的 2 0个生境个体 :热带季节雨林生境 (2 37.53km2 ,占总面积的 2 1 % )、热带山地雨林生境(1 2 6 .93km2 ,占 1 1 % )和亚热带季风常绿阔叶林生境 (764 .88km2 ,占 68% ) ;3)初步建立了一个山地生境格局的研究体系 :生态小区→生境类型→生境组分 ;4)生境格局研究揭示了保护区 59%的现有重点保护对象 (热带雨林 )不在核心区的现实 ,为保护区功能区调整提供了科学依据 .     

Collaboration or Contention? Decentralised Marine Governance in Berau

Conservation of marine space is a new frontier in environmentalists’ involvement with resource governance in Indonesia. The coastal and marine area of Berau was established as a District Marine Conservation Area (MCA) based on District Head Regulation No. 31/2005. The total MCA of 1.27 million ha was expected to become part of the wider MCA networks of the East Borneo Seascape and the Sulu Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion, as well as of the Coral Triangle international network of conservation areas in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The Berau MCA was developed in collaboration between the Berau district government and international environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). They claimed to use a new concept of partnership with the decentralised district government as the principal institutional partner. However, the governance framework is full of legal disconnects due to decentralisation of resource management, and its implementation faces the real-life challenges of political-economic and historical valuations of the marine environment producing conflicts of interest between the multi-scalar actors involved. Following the very process of establishing the Berau MCA over a five-year period (2005–2010), this paper shows why it is necessary to understand how collaboration and contention are constructed and in turn construct actors' perceptions and perspectives on marine conservation and resource extraction in decentralised coastal governance.     

基于生态系统服务价值和景观生态风险的生态分区识别与优化策略——以祁连山国家公园青海片区为例

生态空间分区识别是支撑自然保护地生态资产管理的前提性和基础性工作。以祁连山国家公园青海片区(以下简称为“园区”)为例,集成遥感技术、地理信息模型方法、景观生态学方法、GIS格网法,分析了园区1998—2018年土地利用、生态系统服务价值、景观生态风险的时空演变特征,选用Z-score标准化构建了四类生态分区。结果表明：(1)草地占园区面积的55.00%以上,30年间(1998—2018年)园区土地利用之间转移总面积为102.49 km²。(2)3个时期(1998年、2008年、2018年)园区生态系统服务价值(ESV)约为274亿元/a,单位面积ESV为172.94万元/km²。不同ESV等级呈现“大分散、小集聚”的镶嵌交错分布格局,高寒河源湿地区和寒温带针叶林区为ESV的高值区。(3)3个时期园区景观生态风险指数(ERI)分别为0.2287、0.2286和0.2310,生态安全状态整体较好,景观生态风险以低生态风险等级和较低生态风险等级占主导地位,占园区面积的90.00%左右。人工牧草地、旱地、建设用地的景观生态风险等级较高。(4)结合生态...     

Conservation targets for viable species assemblages?

Estimates of minimum areas required for effective biodiversity conservation differ substantially. Scientific reserve design and placement procedures indicate that between 30 and 75% of any region may be required to sample biodiversity features. These estimates do not routinely incorporate measures for sampling viable populations of species or explore the area requirements of sampling viable populations of species assemblages. To determine the area requirements for sampling viable populations of a herbivore assemblage, spatially explicit abundance data from the Kruger National Park, South Africa, were analyzed. Area requirements were consistently above 50% and were unaffected by selected target population sizes. In addition, area requirements appeared to be insensitive to selection unit size (analytical grain), habitat quality, the coarseness of the land classification system used or the presence of low-density species. Thus, traditional conservation area targets of 10–15% appear inadequate for representing viable populations of a herbivore assemblage from African savanna regions. This suggests that conservation targets of at least 50% of land classification units may represent a more appropriate conservation rule of thumb, or alternatively, that the use of data independent conservation targets may need to be abandoned.     

汶川地震灾区生物多样性热点地区分析

汶川地震灾区位于长江上游,是我国大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的主要分布区,被保护国际认定的25个全球生物多样性热点地区之一.2008年5月12日发生的汶川大地震导致该区域生态环境遭受严重破坏,需要识别生物多样性热点地区,指导灾后生物多样性保护.选取物种生境质量、植被景观多样性指数和物种多样性指数作为评价指标,其中生境质量采用InVEST生物多样性模型计算,然后利用空间相关分析中G系数进行热点地区分析,探测出灾区生物多样性的热点区,并在此基础上与现有保护区分布、物种生境分布以及Marxan模型计算出的优先区进行对比验证.结果显示:热点区范围涉及到现有76％的保护区,且保护区内的热点区面积达到灾区所有保护区面积的55％;在选取的69个指示物种中有60个物种位于热点区的生境面积占这些物种在灾区的总生境面积的50％以上,有32个物种在80％左右,热点区内的所有指示物种生境总面积占整个灾区指示物种生境总面积的70％以上.基于空间相关分析方法得出的热点地区基本上与Marxan模型输出的优先保护区范围结果基本一致.但空间相关分析的热点区划分克服了Marxan模型优先保护区分布过于离散,孤岛效应明显的不足.     

Pastoralism and conservation

Traditional subsistence pastoralists are often seen as causing environmental degradation through overgrazing, and are also seen as responsible for a decline in wildlife numbers through resource competition and habitat change. This paper investigates recent ideas on the interaction of pastoralism and conservation that question the validity of the concepts of overstocking and overgrazing as applied to arid and semiarid rangelands. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area, a Maasai pastoralist/wildlife conservation joint land use area in northern Tanzania, shows no clear signs of pastoralist-induced environmental degradation despite a preoccupation with this possibility by successive administrations. Ecological studies together with other considerations suggest that joint land use works to the long-term benefit of both pastoralism and conservation in this and other areas.     

Integrating a participatory process with a GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis for protected area zoning in China

Current management plans for nature reserves in China are ineffective and do not meet their intended goals of balancing conservation and development. Protected area zoning is an approach that can reduce conflict by partitioning the landscape into various land use units that are managed for different levels of human activity. In this paper, we present a systematic methodology that integrates a participatory process with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) using a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) technique to guide a zoning scheme for the Meili Snow Mountain National Park (MSMNP), Yunnan. A participatory process involving multiple stakeholders and technical experts was used to establish park management objectives: nature conservation; tourism and recreation; and, community development. To meet these three objectives, criteria and impact factors for each objective were identified and weighted through a participatory process, and a GIS fuzzy set membership function was then used to generate gradient effects of each criterion. Three suitability maps of conservation, eco-tourism, and community development were generated. The three suitability maps were overlaid to generate a final combined suitability map, and five management zones (strict protected zone, ecosystem conservation zone, eco-tourism zone or buffer zone, park service zone, and traditional land use zone) were identified and mapped that corresponded to different protection and management strategies. Conservation targets (endangered species, alpine and forest ecosystems) and development zones were spatially segregated across the landscape, and the final zoning scheme was found to be acceptable by the various stakeholders.     

变化环境影响下张承地区水源涵养和土壤保持服务及其权衡与协同关系研究

张家口-承德地区是京津冀环境优化的战略要地,开展水源涵养和土壤保持服务的定量评估对维护生态系统的安全运行意义重大。综合运用InVEST模型、空间偏相关统计制图及情景模拟等手段,分析了张承地区近20年水源涵养和土壤保持服务的时空变化特征及其复杂空间关系,定量评估二者对气候和土地利用变化的响应。结果表明:2000-2019年张承地区水源涵养量、土壤保持强度分别以0.97mm/a的速率增加和-0.50t hm^-2 a^-1的速率减少,空间上二者均呈西低(坝上高原)东高(冀北及燕山山地)的分布格局。冀北及燕山山地落叶阔叶林生态区水源涵养和土壤保持能力强,二者空间关系以协同为主;坝上高原草原与农业生态区则权衡关系更占优势。水源涵养和土壤保持服务关系复杂,空间上与区域土地利用类型、植被覆盖度和坡度关系密切。情景模拟结果表明,降水(r=0.90,P<0.01)对水源涵养服务的影响远大于潜在蒸散(r=-0.37,P>0.1),且降水变幅越大对水源涵养量的作用越强;而降水变化与土壤保持服务呈线性正相关关系,降水每增加(减少)10%引起土壤保持强度增加(减少)74.7t/hm²。预计2030年张承地区水源涵养能力将明显提升,土壤保持能力变化不大,届时人为干扰(如生态保护、规划控制)将对提升水源涵养服务产生重要影响。为改善张承地区水源涵养和土壤保持服务,需同时考虑多种因素的综合影响,以制定更合理的政策措施。建议继续加大国家重点生态工程建设,尽可能限制建设用地扩张,提高植被覆盖度,尤其加强保护关键坡度带是今后生态管理工作应关注的重点。     

基于生物多样性的樟江流域自然保护地空间优化

优化生态保护空间格局是我国生态文明建设的重要内容,也是国际保护生态学研究的前沿方向.评估资源禀赋、识别并确定优先次序和预测保护区对保护和管理濒危物种至关重要.樟江流域内已占11.9％流域面积的保护区仍出现77.9％流域面积的生境显著退化,发展与保护亟待合理平衡.Zonation4GUI软件以互补性非穷尽式算法为基础,在...     

雄安新区上游白洋淀流域水质净化提升目标下的生态恢复格局优化

白洋淀流域是雄安新区重要的淡水来源之一,流域内退耕政策在改善水质同时大幅降低了农田面积。如何通过退耕空间规则的优化权衡水质净化效率与农田面积是亟待解决的问题。通过设置基于不同退耕规则的情景,并与实际情景对比,提出了退耕规则的优化方案。结果表明：相同面积下,河岸带退耕的水质净化效率高于坡耕地退耕;相同退耕规则下,退耕还林驱动的水质净化效率高于还灌,还草;单位面积河岸带退耕的水质净化效率随缓冲区距离增加而降低;300m河岸带退耕还林情景下的水质净化率提升高于其他所有模拟情景,也比实际退耕情景（2015）高,同时农田面积降幅也低于实际情景。研究表明通过对退耕规则进行空间优化不仅能够满足区域水质净化提升的目标,还有利于保障区域农田面积,减少生态系统服务间的权衡。     

基于MAXENT模型的丹顶鹤营巢生境适宜性分析——以扎龙保护区为例

明确物种繁殖栖息地的潜在分布对于受胁物种的保护与科学管理具有十分重要的意义。扎龙保护区是国际濒危物种丹顶鹤西部迁徙种群的主要繁殖地之一,近年来繁殖种群数量波动较大。通过GIS空间技术平台,利用MAXENT模型,结合2012—2013年丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)营巢分布点和环境特征变量,对扎龙保护区丹顶鹤营巢生境的适宜性进行了分析。结果表明:模型的评价效果达到优秀水平(训练集AUC=0.901);绿度(34.9%)、距道路距离(17.1%)、土壤湿度(16.3%)、海拔(15.7%)是丹顶鹤营巢生境的主要环境特征变量;核心区中部和南部是丹顶鹤主要的适宜营巢分布区,缓冲区和实验区有少量的适宜营巢区分布,丹顶鹤适宜营巢生境面积为35857.35hm~2,占保护区总面积的17.07%。建议在重点管理核心区的同时,对缓冲区和实验区的小面积芦苇沼泽给予更多关注。     

拟自然水景的水均衡分析及水量设计研究

低影响设计和开发（LID）雨水资源,有助于水资源的保护和水景减量设计,形成具有自我调节能力的水景海绵体。将水均衡法运用于水景参数化设计中,构建拟自然水景水量平衡方程式,探寻汇水区雨水汇水量最佳值,进而为水景水量设计提供参考。由水均衡法核心思想质量守恒原理,即区域总输入水量等于总输出水量,提出拟自然水景水均衡分析方法,并以习水箐山森林公园主入口景观区为例,探讨水均衡分析在水景参数化设计中的应用。     

三峡库区稀有濒危植物异地保护群落设计的初步研究

提出了建造群落舁地保护三峡库区稀有濒危植物的方法。从地点选择、面积确定、物种组成和群落结构等方面探讨了异地保护群落设计的原理和方法。根据对三峡库区及其附近的残存稀有濒危植物群落的调查,选择九宫山自然保护区的一个独特生境,设计了一个面积约３０００ｍ＾２,优势种为珙桐（Ｄａｖｉｄｉａ ｉｎｖｏｌｕｃｒａｔａ）、金线槭（Ｄｉｐｔｅｒｏｎｉａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）、水青树（Ｔｅｔｒａｃｅｎｔｒｏｎ ｓｉｎｒ     

Conservation Planning for Offsetting the Impacts of Development: A Case Study of Biodiversity and Renewable Energy in the Mojave Desert

Balancing society’s competing needs of development and conservation requires careful consideration of tradeoffs. Renewable energy development and biodiversity conservation are often considered beneficial environmental goals. The direct footprint and disturbance of renewable energy, however, can displace species’ habitat and negatively impact populations and natural communities if sited without ecological consideration. Offsets have emerged as a potentially useful tool to mitigate residual impacts after trying to avoid, minimize, or restore affected sites. Yet the problem of efficiently designing a set of offset sites becomes increasingly complex where many species or many sites are involved. Spatial conservation prioritization tools are designed to handle this problem, but have seen little application to offset siting and analysis. To address this need we designed an offset siting support tool for the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan (DRECP) of California, and present a case study of hypothetical impacts from solar development in the Western Mojave subsection. We compare two offset scenarios designed to mitigate a hypothetical 15,331 ha derived from proposed utility-scale solar energy development (USSED) projects. The first scenario prioritizes offsets based precisely on impacted features, while the second scenario offsets impacts to maximize biodiversity conservation gains in the region. The two methods only agree on 28% of their prioritized sites and differ in meeting species-specific offset goals. Differences between the two scenarios highlight the importance of clearly specifying choices and priorities for offset siting and mitigation in general. Similarly, the effects of background climate and land use change may lessen the durability or effectiveness of offsets if not considered. Our offset siting support tool was designed specifically for the DRECP area, but with minor code modification could work well in other offset analyses, and could provide continuing support for a potentially innovative mitigation solution to environmental impacts.     

Designing a sustainable land use scenario based on a combination of ecological assessments and economic optimization

Land use change and the corresponding effects on ecosystems and their services has gained much interest in the recent past, particularly in areas with a significant reservoir of biodiversity, the so-called biodiversity hot spots. In order to assess the impact of possible future land use decisions in a watershed in Yunnan, Southwest China, we applied a method of combining ecological and socio-economic indicators to highlight key aspects concerning the current status of our research area. Data on species diversity, landscape matrix and erosion risk as well as agricultural and socio-economic activities were gathered and analyzed. We were able to locate the areas were conservation measures, erosion control and improved agricultural practices would have the strongest impacts. This information was used to develop a storyline for a “Go Green” scenario. Expert groups and interdisciplinary panels were used to critically review, enhance and expand this storyline in the area of conflict between nature conservation, rural livelihood and economic development.Based on the set of planning prerequisites, a village-household linear programming model was developed and solved with the General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) to identify factors driving landscape and land use changes for three different farming systems in the Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve, mainly to contribute to the CLUE_Naban model by providing representative farm types and to analyze the decision making of land use (until 2025). In addition, this model is designed to provide policy makers with potential strategic intervention options for land use planning through the utilization of shadow prices.This process enabled us to reconcile the demands for nature conservation and economic wellbeing on a basis of an iterative and participatory working process that incorporates ecological and economic datasets, but also takes the sustainability of rural livelihood into account.     

Species diversity and conservation status of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) of Russian waters

The paper considers the composition of the fauna of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) in the waters adjacent to the coast of the Russian Federation. Its features are analyzed in the seas of basins of different oceans. The conservation status of cartilaginous fishes in the waters of Russia is assessed according to the criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The current state of individual threatened species is briefly characterized.     

水土流失治理新范式:基于流域过程模拟和情景分析的方法

随着土壤侵蚀问题的日益突出,水土流失治理逐渐成为实现区域可持续发展的当务之急.通过在试验小流域实施治理措施并评价其效益是水土流失治理的传统范式,但这种范式存在试验周期长、可重复性差、资金和人工技术投入大、推广性差等局限性,已不能适应当前水土流失治理的需要.近年来兴起的基于流域过程模拟的情景分析方法在定量模拟流域过程对地理变量响应的基础上,通过评价不同治理措施的环境、生态和经济效益,探索能够协调经济发展与环境保护关系的水土流失治理措施.该方法能够在无需大范围工程实施和实地观测的情况下对各种治理措施的效益进行评价,花费少,灵活性强,在水土流失治理措施的决策制定中具有较大优势.本文详细阐述以情景分析方式作为水土流失治理新范式的基本思路,通过实例分析,演示新范式在治理流域水土流失中的应用,并展望新范式在流域治理中的未来发展趋势.