大熊猫国家公园四川片区自然保护地空间关系对大熊猫分布的影响

理清自然保护地的空间关系与分布格局是加强空间管控、整合优化自然保护地体系的基础。以大熊猫国家公园四川片区内的自然保护地为案例,基于ArcGIS空间数据的处理、分析与可视化表达等功能,结合韦恩(Venn)图在空间层面上量化分析了公园范围内各类自然保护地的空间关系,并进一步揭示了不同保护情景下大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的分布格局。研究结果表明:(1)研究区内含有6类自然保护地,占研究区总面积的75.13%,其中40.68%为交叉重叠区域。(2)各类自然保护地皆存在大面积的交叉重叠。自然保护区为研究区面积最大的自然保护地类型,占自然保护地总面积的72.53%,其中45.89%为交叉重叠区域;其他类自然保护地占自然保护地总面积的60.87%,其中66.48%为交叉重叠区域。(3)猫点密度与自然保护地的交叉重叠程度呈现逆向增长趋势,区域的重叠水平越高,猫点密度越低。(4)自然保护地整体非重叠区的猫点密度高于重叠区。自然保护区是整体猫点密度最高的自然保护地类型,其非重叠区密度明显高于重叠区;森林公园非重叠区与水利风景区重叠区呈现较高的猫点密度。(5)与自然保护区交叉重叠的自然保护地中,位于自然保护区的猫点密度远高于其他重叠区。由此可见,大熊猫国家公园四川片区内原有自然保护地体系体量大但空间关系复杂,不同区域间的保护效能既不平衡也不充分。建议将研究区内自然保护区的非重叠区、位于自然保护区的世界遗产地区域、森林公园的非重叠区以及水利风景区的重叠区等作为大熊猫的核心保护区,施行严格保护;将自然保护区的重叠区、世界遗产地的其他区域作为生态保育区,恢复受损退化的大熊猫栖息地及所在的自然生态系统;将其他区域作为一般控制区,在有效维护大熊猫种群及其栖息地的前提下适度开展人为活动。同时,建议对空间重叠和邻近相接的区域开展科学评估,明确自然保护地的唯一属性。另一方面,我们期待健全自然保护地管理体制,统筹自然保护地的空间布局,为以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设"松体制之绑"。

Impacts of spatial relationship among protected areas on the distribution of giant panda in Sichuan area of giant panda national park

Clarifying the spatial relationship and distribution pattern of protected area is the basis for strengthening spatial control as well as integrating and optimizing the protected area system. This paper conducted a case study on the protected area in Sichuan area of giant panda national park. Based on ArcGIS functions of processing, analysis and visualization of spatial data, the spatial relationship of various protected areas within the research region was quantitatively analyzed at the spatial level combining Venn diagram. The distribution pattern of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) under different scenarios for conservation was further identified. The results showed that there were 6 types of protected areas in the study area, accounting for 75.13% of the total area, and 40.68% of which was overlapping region. Overlapping was widespread in all kinds of protected areas. Nature reserve accounted for 72.53% of the protected area as the biggest protected area type, of which 45.89% was overlapping. Other types accounted for 60.87% of the protected area, of which 66.48% was overlapping. A reverse growth trend was presented between the density of giant panda and overlapping level. In the protected area, the density of the non-overlapping region was higher than that of the overlapping. The Nature Reserve was the densest protected area, and its non-overlapping density was obviously higher than that of the overlapping region. The higher density occurred in the non-overlapping region of Forest Park and the overlapping region of Water Park. Among the protected areas that intersected with nature reserve, the density in nature reserve was much higher than that of the overlapping region. Thus, the original system of protected area had a large scope with complex spatial relationship in Sichuan area of giant panda national park. The conservation effectiveness between different regions was neither balanced nor sufficient. This paper suggests that the non-overlapping region of Nature Reserve, World Heritage within Nature Reserve, the non-overlapping region of Forest Park and the overlapping region of Water Park in the study area should be taken as the core protection zone for giant panda to protect strictly. The overlapping region of Nature Reserve and other region of World Heritage should be taken as the conservation zone to restore the damaged and degraded habitat of giant panda and its natural ecosystem. The region except above areas should be taken as general control zone, where human activities could be moderately carried out under the premise of effectively maintaining the giant panda population and its habitat. In addition, this paper proposes to carry out scientific evaluation for the overlapping, adjacent and junction region, and to clarify the unique attributes of the protected area. We also look forward to perfecting management system and the integrated planning of the spatial layout to promote the development of the protected area system composed mainly of the national park.