华北地区国家级自然保护区对药用维管植物的保护状况

开展已有就地保护体系对生物多样性的保护现状评估有利于科学指导下一步保护规划工作.本研究收集华北地区46个国家级自然保护区的科学考察报告、多样性研究报告及其他相关文献资料,整理构建了华北地区药用维管植物保护名录数据库,并利用此数据库分析了该地区药用维管植物的就地保护状况.结果发现:华北地区国家级自然保护区不同程度保护了2 364种药用维管植物,隶属于165科800属;其中,1710个物种(占总数的72.34％)受保护程度一般,分布的保护区数量少于10个,仅62个物种(占总数的2.62％)受到有效保护,分布的保护区数量大于30个;不同保护类型的保护区对药用维管植物所发挥的保护作用不同,森林生态类型保护区发挥的保护作用最大,保护了华北地区89.04％(2 105/2 364种)的药用维管植物.研究认为华北地区国家级自然保护区对该地区药用维管植物的就地保护发挥了重要作用,但现有保护状况可进一步完善,尤其应该重视森林生态类型保护区的建设工作以及珍稀濒危药用植物的保护规划.     

厦门市重点保护植物空间优先保护格局研究

生物多样性保护对维持城市生态系统功能具有重要意义。以39种厦门市重点保护植物为对象,通过物种分布模型MaxENT获得物种潜在分布栅格图,利用空间保护优先化定量工具Zonation软件识别理论上既适宜重点保护植物生存又能够保证景观连通性的区域,获得本地重点保护植物景观保护等级。根据2020年全球生物多样性目标,将景观保护等级最高的17%区域视为多物种空间优先保护区,结合Zonation模型生成的随景观丧失物种加权灭绝风险曲线,将保护等级最高的8%区域划为一级保护区,保护等级在8%-17%范围内的区域划为二级保护区。利用MaxENT模型中的jackknife刀切法发现海拔是对本地重点保护植物分布影响最大的环境因子,优先保护区集中分布于海拔较低的海岸带区域。将优先保护区与自然保护地建设现状、厦门市生态功能区规划、土地利用规划、城市总体规划对比发现厦门市岛外西部、北部的优先保护区得到了较好保护;岛外的西南部及东南部、岛内的东部及南部海岸带的优先保护区被建设用地大规模占用,已纳入自然保护地范围的区域较少,存在大量的海岸带优先保护区保护空缺;岛外东南部的部分优先保护区虽未被占用,但规划中属发展备用地,缺乏生态保护。为避免优先保护区面积的进一步萎缩,应重点关注海岸带区域优先保护区的生态保护,将目前属于发展备用地的优先保护区转划为生态留白空间,针对一级、二级优先保护区分别实施刚性和弹性的生态保育措施,在保护生物多样性的同时,严控对海岸带区域优先保护区的进一步开发利用,协调优先保护区内保护与开发利用间的关系。     

三江平原湿地保护区内外的生态功能差异

湿地保护区是一类特殊的陆地保护区,其保护效果不仅取决于内部的管理强度,还受到其周边地区水文状况的强烈影响,因此保护区内外生态功能的差异程度是评价其保护效果的一个综合性指标.根据三江平原建三江管局2004年Landsat-TM影像解译的土地利用图以及2002年1∶50000数字高程(DEM)数据,利用基于Arcview3.2软件的SWAT水文模型获得各湿地保护区的汇水区作为其水文敏感区.在此基础上,利用专家咨询和有关湿地生态系统服务功能价值的研究结果,计算出各湿地保护区及其水文敏感区的湿地生态功能指数.结果表明,国家级保护区的湿地生态功能普遍优于地方级保护区,而其水文敏感区的湿地生态功能则并不一定优于地方级保护区的水文敏感区.通过对各保护区及其水文敏感区的湿地生态功能指数相对值进行聚类分析和相关分析可知,位于浓江-别拉洪河流域且毗邻的几个保护区的湿地生态功能相对状况较为接近,地方级保护区与其水文敏感区的湿地生态功能指数之间存在高度正相关.这充分说明湿地保护区的管理强度很大程度上决定了其保护效果.     

海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿机制

在提炼生态保护补偿概念内涵的基础上,综合考虑政策目标、海洋环境自然属性、自然保护区区域特殊性以及我国制度环境,明确了海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿的思路;根据相关法律法规,结合生态系统服务分析,对海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿机制的主体、客体和补偿标准进行了讨论。研究结果表明,海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿应该以持续的生态效益供给为目标,以正外部性内部化为基本原理;海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿的主体是国家,由相关政府部门代表国家履行补偿责任;补偿客体为保护区周边居民和保护区管理机构,对周边居民的补偿标准以其为保护区牺牲的生态效益价值来确定,对管理机构的补偿标准以其使保护区增加的生态效益价值来确定。在构建补偿机制框架后,探讨了保护区运营资金支持和补偿标准公信力等问题,为后续的研究实践提供参考与借鉴。     

协调保护与利用关系推动自然保护事业发展

解决保护区发展过程中的诸多困扰,最根本的任务,就是协调保护与利用的关系,九连山保护区的发展史,就是保护与利用关系协调的历史。回顾历史、总结经验教训,提出建立生态经济区的构想,以促进经济１生态、社会三大效益和谐 。     

水产种质资源保护区的生态系统服务价值评估——以北部湾为例

水产种质资源保护区是养护水产种质资源及其栖息地,保护生物多样性的重要措施,具有重要的生态服务价值.以北部湾二长棘鲷长毛对虾国家级水产种质资源保护区为例,在现场调查的基础上,利用市场价值法、影子工程法、旅行费用法等开展了水产种质资源保护区生态系统主要服务价值评估.结果表明:2008年北部湾二长棘鲷长毛对虾国家级水产种质资源保护区的生态系统服务功能的总价值为836087.52万元,平均单位面积的服务价值为7321.26万元·hm-2;在总服务价值中,供给服务(食品供给和原材料供给)为585078.42万元,占保护区总服务价值的69.98％;调节服务价值和文化服务价值分别为182680.00万元和68329.10万元,分别占保护区总服务价值的21.85％和8.17％;突出了保护区对维系北部湾生物产出和沿海社会经济发展的重要作用,提出了建立水产种质保护区生态服务价值评价标准、加强基础理论研究和加快建立生态补偿机制等建议.     

基于系统保护规划方法东北生物多样性热点地区和保护空缺分析

根据东北地区生物多样性特征,利用系统保护规划方法和国际上常用的保护规划软件C- plan,计算了规划单元的不可替代性值,确定了区域生物多样性热点地区,并根据保护区分布现状进行了生物多样性保护空缺分析.结果显示,东北地区不可替代性较高的热点地区有4个,分别是:(1)长白山西北部林区,(2)大兴安岭北段山地区,(3)大兴安岭南部森林与草原过渡区,(4)松嫩平原中部湿地区. 在优先、一般、非优先3个等级中,需要优先保护地区的总面积是19.49×104km2,约占区域总面积的20.91%.同时,根据已建保护区分布情况研究发现,区域内存在3个明显的保护空缺,即长白山西北部林区、大兴安岭北段山地区和大兴安岭南段森林草原过渡区.建议新建和扩建保护区,同时建立生态廊道把相应的保护区关联起来,以实现区域内生物多样性保护目标.     

长江中游生态区湿地保护空缺分析及其保护网络构建

构建了综合反映长江中游生态区地形、植被与地表覆盖特征的GIS综合空间数据库,在对长江中游生态区核心湿地保护物种,即白鹤（Grusleucogeranus）、东方白鹳（Ciconiaboyciana）、小白额雁（Anser erythropus）、中华秋沙鸭（Mergus squamatus）分布范围和生境需求分析基础上,建立了反映物种分布与GIS数据库中生态地理因子关联的生境适宜性单元,从而确定了核心物种分布的潜在生境,对照现有保护区分布格局,找到了区域湿地生境保护的薄弱和空缺区域（Gaps）,评价了现有保护区系统对潜在生境保护的有效性。基于Gap分析结果和现有保护区分布格局,进一步考虑保护网络的整体性和连通性以及保护成本,构建了长江中游湿地保护区生物保护网络的合理格局。研究结果表明：长江中游生态区核心物种潜在生境涉及134个县（市）级单元,而目前长江中游湿地保护网络仅覆盖了23．49％的潜在生境,仍有大量潜在生境游离于现有保护区系统外。为完善长江中游生态区湿地保护网络,应在湖北（13县）、安徽（8县）和江西（1县）所属22个县域内建立新的湿地保护区或保护小区,并与现有湿地保护系统有机整合,最终才能形成较为完善的由45个县级单元构成的的长江中游生态区湿地生物保护网络合理格局,并保护80％以上核心物种的潜在生境。本研究同时也表明基于GIS生态地理空间数据库和生境适宜性单元概念进行大尺度生境分析具有一定可行性和应用价值。     

中国东北受威胁植物的优先保护区域

在确定中国东北地区受威胁植物的基础上,依据植物优先保护值确定受威胁植物的优先保护区域.结果表明:中国东北地区共有受威胁植物25科42属60种.在东北地区219个县(市)中,共119个县(市)分布有受威胁植物.吉林省安图县是东北地区拥有受威胁植物最多的县,有受威胁植物42种.确定吉林省安图县、辽宁省桓仁满族自治县等16县(市)为东北地区受威胁植物优先保护县(市).根据受威胁植物的优先保护区域值,划分出中国东北地区的5个优先保护区域,分别为长白山优先保护区、辽东优先保护区、辽南优先保护区、张广才岭优先保护区和小兴安岭优先保护区,并对各优先保护区的主要受威胁植物进行了分析.     

香港自然保护概况

香港是亚洲最富活力的都市之一,在经济发展方面一直受到注目,但是在自然护理方面的成京往往鲜为人知。香港只有大约1000平方公里的土地,其中住了约630万人口,在这地狭人稠的环境中,自然保护区所占的比率竟是全亚洲之冠,有40％的土地是保护区。除了保护陆地资源之外,香港近年来更大力保护海岸及海洋的生态资源。     

黄河流域水鸟保护优先区及空缺

黄河流域为迁徙水鸟提供重要的繁殖地、越冬地和停歇地。然而,黄河流域正面临着农业开垦、城市化、水资源分布不均等一系列的生态安全问题,威胁迁徙水鸟种群及其栖息地稳定性。因此,识别黄河流域重要的水鸟栖息地分布区域,分析当前的保护现状对于开展水鸟及栖息地保护至关重要。以黄河流域为研究区,搜集整合来自国内外观鸟网站(eBird、全球生物多样性信息库(GBIF)和中国观鸟记录中心(BirdReport))、文献和水鸟调查报告中的水鸟调查数据,沿用三个国际上通用的水鸟重要栖息地识别标准,确定了黄河流域水鸟保护优先区。在此基础上,使用水鸟栖息地重要性指数确定水鸟保护优先区保护优先等级,结合国家自然保护地名录,分析水鸟保护优先区保护空缺状况。结果显示:黄河流域共有47个水鸟保护优先区,主要分布在黄河流域中游和下游,其中河南省和山东省水鸟保护优先区较多。满足水鸟保护优先区识别标准的水鸟共14种,其中,极危物种有2个,濒危物种有1个,易危物种有5个。水鸟保护优先区保护优先等级处于I、II和III类的分别有2个、8个和37个。有20个水鸟保护优先区处于保护空缺状态,占总数的42.55%,主要集中在黄河中游和下游,其中,水鸟保护优先等级处于I类或II类的地块有3个,建议将这些保护空缺地以自然保护区、保护小区或国家公园形式纳入湿地保护地体系,并加强长期监测。     

Local scale prioritization of cost-efficient protection within the National Park Thy

This study applied MARXAN to identify cost-efficient areas for biodiversity protection, within the Thy National Park in Denmark. Public authorities have requested a more systematic approach to managing public land, which identifies cost-effective solutions and potential trade-offs between economic cost and biodiversity benefits. The aim of this study was to support the local management staff in setting conservation targets and prioritizing their management efforts. This was addressed through the creation of two primary scenarios: i) applying uniform conservation targets to all biodiversity features, and ii) heterogeneous targets addressing various degrees of conservation importance. Four sub-scenarios were established for each primary scenario to investigate the implications of various conservation targets on conservation cost. Local data on red-listed species and habitat types were used to assess biodiversity benefits. Detailed cost estimates of required conservation actions were included. The results indicated that scenarios with uniform conservation targets provided more flexible networks of protected areas but contributed less to target achievement and a smaller share of selected planning units overlapped with current protected areas. Applying heterogeneous targets based on threat status resulted in a higher degree of target achievement and compactness, but provided less flexible networks. However, these networks may be more suitable for efficient management due to a higher level of clustering and spatial overlap with threatened species distributions.     

Using species distribution modeling to set management priorities for mammals in northern Thailand

Rapid deforestation has occurred in northern Thailand and is expected to continue. Thus, identification and protection of sufficient amounts of the highest quality habitat is urgent. Wildlife occurrence data were gathered along wildlife trails and patrolling routes in protected areas and forest patches outside of protected areas. Geographic Information Systems, bio-physical and anthropogenic variables were used to generate suitable habitats for 17 mammal species using maximum entropy theory (MAXENT). Suitable habitats for all species were aggregated, and used to set priorities for wildlife conservation in northern Thailand. In addition, predicted deforestation was overlaid on moderate and high priority areas to determine future wildlife threats and aid decision-making concerning which areas to protect. The results revealed that the total extent of suitable habitats for the studied species covers approximately 37% of the region. Nearly 70% of the total habitat for endangered and vulnerable species is predicted in large and contiguous protected areas. Threatened areas with high biodiversity encompass approximately 1.9% of the region, and 66% of this figure is predicted to occur in existing protected areas. Based on the model outcomes, we recommend reducing human pressures, enhancing the density of prey species and conservation outside protected areas, as well as increasing connectivity of suitable habitats among protected areas that are too small to maintain viable populations in isolation.     

Safeguarding sloths and anteaters in the future: Priority areas for conservation under climate change

Sloths and anteaters form the monophyletic order Pilosa, which is currently represented by only 16 extant species distributed exclusively in the Neotropics. This present-day low species richness is an inheritance of the Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, where over 65 Pilosa species known from the fossil record went extinct. The large number of species lost in the recent past suggests that this group is greatly vulnerable to extinction. Here, we propose long-term priority conservation areas for the order Pilosa, considering different future climate change scenarios, biotic stability, and the multiple dimensions of the group's biodiversity, such as species richness, species endemism, and phylogenetic diversity. Projections of species distribution for future scenarios show increased fragmentation and clear habitat loss as the Amazon Forest is replaced by savanna-like habitats. Conservation solutions were highly congruent for the different dimensions of biodiversity, with priority areas emerging mainly in the Atlantic Forest, Amazonian wetlands, highlands of Ecuador, and the Central American isthmus. Expanding the currently protected areas network by 6% with the proposed priority areas, independently of which future climatic scenario is considered, can increase sloths and anteaters' coverage in the future by 12%. As a group of high phylogenetic and ecological importance, future conservation planning should deliberately aim to protect areas favorable to Pilosa, especially given the current scenario of environmental dismantling and neglect of critical Neotropical biomes.     

基于动物适宜栖息地的北京市自然保护地保护成效评估

栖息地是野生动物赖以生存的基础,明晰物种的适宜栖息地分布是切实加强野生动物保护、提高生物多样性保护成效的重要基础。北京市野生动植物资源丰富,也建立了一系列自然保护地以加强对野生动物的保护。当前亟需系统评估北京市现有自然保护地体系对野生动物适宜栖息地的保护成效,为未来北京市野生动物保护管理和自然保护地体系整合工作优化提供科学指导。研究选取了北京地区6个较为典型的野生动物为主要研究对象,包括黑鹳（Ciconia nigra）、褐马鸡（Crossoption mantchuricum）、大鸨（Otis tarda）、鸳鸯（Aix galericulata）、金雕（Aquila chrysaetos）和斑羚（Naemorhedus griseus）,利用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS的空间分析功能分析其适宜栖息地的分布;将自然保护地与适宜栖息地相叠加,识别其适宜栖息地的分布热点和保护空缺,进而评估了北京市现有自然保护地体系的保护成效。研究结果表明,6个研究物种在现有的自然保护地体系中均得到了不同程度的保护,其中褐马鸡的受保护率最高（92.82%）,鸳鸯的受保护率最低（13.66%）。各类自然保护地的物种热点区覆盖率不同,风景名胜区类型覆盖率最高（14.74%）。6个物种适宜栖息地的热点区域总面积为280.01km²,保护空缺占热点区域总面积的49.45%,其中密云区、门头沟区和房山区的保护空缺面积最大。基于现有自然保护地体系对野生动物适宜栖息地的保护效率以及存在的空缺,建议因地制宜,采取扩大或合并现有自然保护地、增设新的自然保护地或营造微生境等方式来提升自然保护地的整体保护效率。研究结果可为北京市自然保护地的整合优化提供重要依据,为野生动物重要栖息地的识别与划定提供可行方案,并为加强野生动物的保护管理提供科学指导。     

基于随机森林模型的国家重点保护陆生脊椎动物物种优先保护区的识别

准确可靠地识别国家重点保护陆生脊椎动物物种的优先保护区,是生物多样性保护的热点问题之一。采用随机森林(random forests)模型,基于12个环境变量,对中国263种国家重点保护陆生脊椎动物建模,并预测各个物种在背景点的适生概率,迭加计算得到国家重点保护陆生脊椎动物物种的生境适宜性指数。此外,基于对生境适宜性指数的空间自相关分析,识别和确定国家重点保护陆生脊椎动物物种优先保护区,并对优先保护区目前的被保护情况进行分析。结果表明,国家重点保护陆生脊椎动物物种的优先保护区的面积为103.16万km~2,约占我国国土面积的10.90%。优先保护区主要分布在我国的西部地区,包括西南地区的秦岭-大巴山山区、云南省与印度及缅甸的交界地区、武陵山山区、喜马拉雅山-横断山脉山区、阿尔泰山脉山区、天山山脉山区、昆仑山山脉山区;东北的大、小兴安岭、东北-华南沿海地区及长江中下游地区有少量分布。优先保护区中被保护的面积为50.40万km~2,占优先保护区总面积的48.86%,保护率偏低,未被充分保护。利用系统聚类分析,将未被保护的优先保护区划分成3种优先保护顺序,以期为相关部门的决策提供科学依据,更好地保护生物多样性。     

The impact of recreational use and access on biotic and abiotic disturbances on areas protected by local communities and a state conservation agency

Local communities often conserve nearby natural areas to support recreational activities and other benefits these areas provide. Areas protected by local communities could contribute to wider efforts to achieve large-scale conservation goals, such as biodiversity protection, provided the ecological conditions on-site are compatible with achieving these goals. To explore the potential contribution of locally established protected areas, we focus on areas protected by local communities in California, USA, using ballot initiatives, a form of direct democracy. We compare the ecological condition of wooded habitat on protected areas funded by local communities through the ballot box to that of similar habitats on protected areas funded by a state conservation agency. As an indicator of ecological condition, we focus on coverage by exotic plant species. We examine whether protected area characteristics or aspects of human-mediated onsite disturbance related to recreational use explain exotic plant cover found on each type of protected area. Exotic plant cover did not differ between areas protected by local communities and those protected by our larger scale conservation actor. Instead, elevation was the best predictor of exotic plant cover. Our results suggest protected areas established by local communities may be in no worse a condition than those established by a state public agency and warrant inclusion when tracking progress towards large-scale conservation goals for protected areas.     

Developing products for conservation decision-making: lessons from a spatial biodiversity assessment for South Africa

South Africa's first national assessment of spatial priorities for biodiversity conservation, released in 2005, aimed to identify conservation priority areas for mainstreaming into all sectors at national and provincial scales. This National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA) was based on a planning for implementation approach in order to deliver defensible products useful to decision-makers. The NSBA aimed to produce a map of broad-scale priority areas for future finer-scale assessment and conservation action. This map summarized information on species, ecosystems, ecological processes, and the pressures they face from human activities. Owing to the complexity of the priority area map, two additional user-friendly products — maps of ecosystem status and protection levels — were developed. These products represented the habitat loss and protected area coverage of South Africa's ecosystems relative to their conservation targets. A year after release, we reflect on the NSBA process, products and uptake by implementing agencies (with a specific focus on the terrestrial biodiversity assessment) in order to contribute to the growing body of documented best practice in conservation planning. The ecosystem status product has been widely used at national and provincial scales due in large to its clear and compelling message. The protection level and overall priority map have also witnessed uptake, the former in guiding the expansion of protected areas and the latter as an integrated map of national biodiversity status. The strong collaboration of local planners and implementers with in-depth experience of biodiversity assessment, using a systematic approach and focusing on communicating a few high level messages, appears to have contributed to the initial, successful uptake of the NSBA. We conclude with a call to address data and monitoring shortcomings before the next NSBA in 2010.     

Ecoregion-Based Conservation Planning in the Mediterranean: Dealing with Large-Scale Heterogeneity

Spatial priorities for the conservation of three key Mediterranean habitats, i.e. seagrass Posidonia oceanica meadows, coralligenous formations, and marine caves, were determined through a systematic planning approach. Available information on the distribution of these habitats across the entire Mediterranean Sea was compiled to produce basin-scale distribution maps. Conservation targets for each habitat type were set according to European Union guidelines. Surrogates were used to estimate the spatial variation of opportunity cost for commercial, non-commercial fishing, and aquaculture. Marxan conservation planning software was used to evaluate the comparative utility of two planning scenarios: (a) a whole-basin scenario, referring to selection of priority areas across the whole Mediterranean Sea, and (b) an ecoregional scenario, in which priority areas were selected within eight predefined ecoregions. Although both scenarios required approximately the same total area to be protected in order to achieve conservation targets, the opportunity cost differed between them. The whole-basin scenario yielded a lower opportunity cost, but the Alboran Sea ecoregion was not represented and priority areas were predominantly located in the Ionian, Aegean, and Adriatic Seas. In comparison, the ecoregional scenario resulted in a higher representation of ecoregions and a more even distribution of priority areas, albeit with a higher opportunity cost. We suggest that planning at the ecoregional level ensures better representativeness of the selected conservation features and adequate protection of species, functional, and genetic diversity across the basin. While there are several initiatives that identify priority areas in the Mediterranean Sea, our approach is novel as it combines three issues: (a) it is based on the distribution of habitats and not species, which was rarely the case in previous efforts, (b) it considers spatial variability of cost throughout this socioeconomically heterogeneous basin, and (c) it adopts ecoregions as the most appropriate level for large-scale planning.     

Integrating species life-history traits and patterns of deforestation in amphibian conservation planning

Aim  To identify priority areas for amphibian conservation in southeastern Brazil, by integrating species life-history traits and patterns of deforestation.
Location  State of São Paulo, Brazil.
Methods  We used the software M arxan to evaluate different scenarios of amphibian conservation planning. Our approach differs from previous methods by explicitly including two different landscape metrics; habitat split for species with aquatic larvae, and habitat loss for species with terrestrial development. We evaluated the effect of habitat requirements by classifying species breeding habitats in five categories (flowing water, still water permanent, still water temporary, bromeliad or bamboo, and terrestrial). We performed analyses using two scales, grid cells and watersheds and also considered nature preserves as protected areas.
Results  We found contrasting patterns of deforestation between coastal and inland regions. Seventy-six grid cells and 14 watersheds are capable of representing each species at least once. When accounting for grid cells already protected in state and national parks and considering species habitat requirements we found 16 high-priority grid cells for species with one or two reproductive habitats, and only one cell representing species with four habitat requirements. Key areas for the conservation of species breeding in flowing and permanent still waters are concentrated in southern state, while those for amphibians breeding in temporary ponds are concentrated in central to eastern zones. Eastern highland zones are key areas for preserving species breeding terrestrially by direct or indirect development. Species breeding in bromeliads and bamboos are already well represented in protected areas.
Main conclusions  Our results emphasize the need to integrate information on landscape configuration and species life-history traits to produce more ecologically relevant conservation strategies.