青海省高寒草甸不同退化阶段土壤无机碳分异特征

采用时空转换的方法,选取青海省高寒草甸退化演替过程中典型退化阶段,探讨高寒草甸不同退化阶段土壤无机碳(SIC)含量及储量分异特征。结果表明:禾草-矮嵩草群落、小嵩草群落、小嵩草剥蚀期和黑土滩型退化草地0~50 cm土层SIC总储量分别为0.45、0.10、0.13和1.10 kg C·m-2;0~50 cm土层范围内,禾草-矮嵩草群落与黑土滩型退化草地存在明显的碳酸盐淀积层(主要在30 cm土层以下),而小嵩草群落和小嵩草剥蚀期在剖面内无明显的碳酸盐淀积层;草甸草毡表层特征(厚度、破碎度等)以及土壤容重、pH值与SIC变化特征存在某种协同演化关系;高寒草甸退化与无机碳储量之间没有明显的耦合作用,只有当草甸极度退化(黑土型退化草地)时,草甸SIC分层及总储量特征才表现出明显的差异。     

Small-scale switch in cover–perimeter relationships of patches indicates shift of dominant species during grassland degradation

草地生态系统普遍经受着全球气候变化和不可持续的土地利用方式的胁迫,这些环境胁迫往往引起草地生态系统状态在多稳态间 跃变,甚至诱发灾变性跃变,直至荒漠化的发生。研究表明,植被斑块的空间构型可以指示较大空间尺度的生态系统状态跃变。本文展示了小尺度 斑块构型如何指示草地生态系统的状态跃变。在高寒草甸生态系统选取7种草甸群落类型作为研究对象,这7种类型的草甸群落 具有高寒草甸退化过程不同阶段的典型群落特征。在每一种群落类型内,采用样带方法进行植被斑块调查,沿样带采用邻接格子样方法 记录样方内的斑块数量、斑块周长和斑块面积,并测定了每个斑块内的物种多度。研究结果表明,沿着草甸退化阶段七种 类型的草甸群落(即未退化的禾草-嵩草群落、轻度退化的高山嵩草-禾草群落、中度退化的高山嵩草群落、重度退化草皮开裂的高 山嵩草群落、侵蚀期的高山嵩草-杂草群落、严重侵蚀期的杂草-高山嵩草群落、零星杂草的黑土滩裸地),斑块数量和斑块周长随斑块面积的下降呈现先增加的变化趋势,而后,随斑块面积的急剧降低呈下降的趋势。斑块数量、周长与面积关系变化的拐点出现在植被总面积约占68%的状态处。在这一拐点附近,斑块上的植物组成呈现出高山嵩草或杂草占优势两种状态往复波动的不稳定状态,表明草地状态处于向荒漠化裸地跃变的边缘。本研究展示了如何基于小尺度植被斑块空间构型为草地退化、状态跃变提供数量化的早期预警信号,有望为嵩草草甸退化至黑土滩裸地的早期预警提供判定指标。     

人类活动对青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸碳过程的影响

随着人类活动干扰(放牧)的增加,青藏高原高寒嵩草甸的退化演替过程依次为禾草-矮嵩草群落、矮嵩草群落、小嵩草群落和杂类草-黑土滩4个阶。其中小嵩草群落又可划分为草毡表层加厚、开裂与塌陷3个子阶段。采用时空转换的方法,研究了人类活动对青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸碳过程的影响。结果表明,随着人类干扰强度的增加,植物群落地上部分有机碳储量逐渐降低,由禾草-矮嵩草群落的(134.7±17.3)gC/m2逐渐降低到杂类草-黑土滩次生裸地(18.96±6.18)gC·m-2。土壤、植物地下部分有机碳贮量呈单峰曲线变化,草毡表层开裂子阶段最高,分别为(49.7±0.83)gC·kg-1和(3596.7±179.8)gC·m-2。;杂类草-黑土滩阶段最低,分别为(19.2±1.13)gC·kg-1和(121.6±6.1)gC·m-2。受植物地下部贮碳的影响,土壤-植被系统呈现逐渐降低的变化特征。随人类活动干扰的加强,高寒嵩草草地植物有机碳地下/地上分配比发生巨大改变,草地草毡表层厚度不高于4.3cm是保证草地生产与生态服功能双赢的重要指标。     

土壤-牧草氮素供需状况变化对高寒草甸植被演替与草地退化的影响

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站 ,选取处于不同退化阶段的具有典型代表意义的草甸草场为研究对象 ,通过对其土壤氮素矿化补给能力、牧草对氮素的需求量的研究 ,探讨土壤 牧草氮素供需状况变化对高寒草甸植被演替与草地退化的影响。结果表明 ,在牧草生长季 5～ 8月 ,高寒草甸土壤的氮素矿化补给量为 15 86 g·m-2 ,而随着高寒草甸退化程度的加重 ,植物群落中优势种群由禾草演替为禾草 苔草 嵩草、嵩草至杂类草 ,其牧草生长需要的总氮量分别为 2 2 86、2 4 87、37 3、14 96g·m-2 ,只有在杂类草草甸阶段 ,其牧草生长对氮素的需求才与其土壤氮素供求相适配 ,可见养分是高寒草甸植被演替与草场退化的重要驱动因子之一。     

青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统碳增汇潜力

为了揭示青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统植被变化对碳储量的影响,以原生矮嵩草草甸、退化草甸、人工草地以及农田为研究对象,对比分析了该4种不同土地格局下生态系统的有机碳现状.以原生矮嵩草草甸土壤碳储量为基准对不同类型高寒生态系统的碳增汇潜力进行了估算.结果表明:不同类型生态系统的碳储量和碳增汇潜力有很大差异,在0-40cm土层中,(1)原生草甸碳储量最高,达到17098 g C/m2,退化草甸、人工草地和农田的有机碳汇增加潜力分别为:5637、3823、1567 g C/m2.(2)对于退化草甸和人工草地,土壤有机碳含量和密度明显低于原生草甸和农田.(3)地下生物量碳储量主要集中在0-20cm,且原生草甸地下生物量的碳储量比其他3个植被类型高3.6-5倍.总体上,青藏高原草地生态系统存在巨大的碳增汇潜力.     

青藏高原高山嵩草高寒草甸不同退化阶段植物群落与土壤养分

选取西藏自治区拉萨市当雄县4块不同退化程度的高山嵩草高寒草甸,采用空间序列代替时间演替的方法,研究不同退化阶段高寒草甸的土壤理化性质和植物群落特征以及二者之间的相关关系。结果表明: 不同退化阶段高寒草甸的土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、铵态氮、硝态氮和含水量均随土壤退化程度加剧呈降低的趋势,而pH值呈现升高的趋势。中度退化草甸的植物群落高度、丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数最大。群落盖度、总生物量均为未退化草甸最大、重度退化草甸最小。随着草甸退化程度加剧,莎草科生物量及比例下降,豆科和杂类草生物量及比例增加,禾本科生物量及比例先增加后减小;草甸植物群落地上生物量与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量和土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与土壤pH值呈显著负相关。随着草甸植被的退化,土壤退化加重,最终表现为草地生产力显著下降。     

放牧高寒嵩草草地不同演替阶段土壤酶活性及养分演变特征

以高寒草地演替序列禾草-矮嵩草群落、矮嵩草群落、加厚期小嵩草群落、开裂期小嵩草群落和杂类草-黑土型次生裸地为对象,研究多稳态放牧高寒草地土壤酶活性演变及其与养分的关联性.结果表明:随退化演替推进,植被盖度和地上生物量依次降低,而地下生物量在加厚期和开裂期小嵩草群落达到高峰.土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性在土壤表层(0~10 cm)高于亚表层(10~20 cm),而几丁质酶相反;纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶在禾草-矮嵩草群落最高,杂类草-黑土型次生裸地最低,加厚期小嵩草群落略有升高;几丁质酶在中间3个阶段均显示较高活性;脲酶和蔗糖酶在后期杂类草-黑土型次生裸地阶段明显升高.土壤水分、铵态氮、碱解氮、全氮、全碳和有机碳随退化演替依次递减,但硝态氮和速效磷在后期两阶段回升.除几丁质酶外,其他酶均与速效磷、铵态氮、碱解氮、全碳和有机碳呈正相关,与pH呈负相关;纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶还与土壤水分和全氮呈正相关;影响土壤酶活性的主控因子为速效磷和铵态氮.高寒草地土壤酶受放牧退化演替影响呈现不同演变趋势,酶活性与土壤养分存在相互协同作用,但重度退化的极端环境也可能会激发与氮、碳养分转化相关的土壤酶活性.     

不同演替状态下高寒草甸土壤物理性质与植物根系的相互关系

采用空间代时间的方法,以高寒嵩草草甸不同退化演替状态土壤物理性质(土壤机械阻力、温度、湿度)为变量,探讨高寒草甸不同退化阶段土壤物理性质同植物根系生长特质的相互关系。结果表明:高寒嵩草草甸根系分布具有明显的"V"型垂直构型特征;高寒嵩草草甸根系以细根为主,直径0.5 mm的根系占全剖面根系总长的90.8%—93.6%。土壤紧实度和土壤湿度与植物根系直径细化具有显著的正相关关系(P0.05);土壤温度与根系细化之间具有显著的负相关关系(P0.05),且其对高寒嵩草草甸根系生长特性形成的贡献率最高,说明高寒嵩草草甸植物根系生长构型特征的主控因子为温度。高寒嵩草草甸根系细化及表聚现象与土壤物理性质之间具有一定程度的互馈效应。低温、高紧实度和较高的土壤湿度有助于形成高密度和细根构型的草毡表层,这种土壤根系构型也是高寒草甸植物群落为适应放牧干扰及恶劣环境的应激性改变。该发现对明晰草地退化演替过程中生态系统构件对外界干扰改变的响应和适应过程及为制定合理有效的退化高寒草甸恢复措施提了供理论依据。     

青藏高原高寒草甸初级生产力及其主要影响因素

青藏高原有各类天然草地14×108hm2,其中高寒草甸和高寒灌丛约占青藏高原天然草地面积的50%,占全国草地总面积的16.2%。嵩草草甸是高寒草甸的主体,包括矮嵩草草甸、金露梅灌丛草甸、藏嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和高山嵩草草甸等,这5类高寒草甸平均地上生物量分别为354.2、422.4、445.1、227.3和368.5g/m2,地下生物量分别为3389.6、3548.3、11922.7、4439.3、5604.8g/m2,地下与地上生物量的比例分别为10.55、10.15、27.82、14.82和15.21,远大于IPCC(2006)报告中地下/地上生物量比例的默认值(2.8±95%)。地下生物量对气候变化和放牧的反应比地上生物量更敏感,干旱和重度放牧均降低了地下/地上生物量的比例。在极度退化状态下地下/地上生物量的比例2。对于轻度和中度退化的高寒草甸应以围封禁牧为主要恢复措施,但如果结合补播和施肥,则恢复速率会加快;对于重度和极度退化的高寒草甸,由于草地植物群落中优良牧草的比例极低,仅靠自然恢复很难进行恢复或需要的年限很长,所以必须采用人工重建的措施,并结合毒杂草防除和施肥等措施进行恢复,通过建立人工或半人工草地的措施予以重建。     

无纺布对不同坡度高寒退化草甸地上植被和土壤理化特征的影响

当前三江源区高寒草甸在气候变化和人类活动作用下已经大面积退化。由于该区域地势复杂, 除滩地之外, 不同坡度的退化草地治理技术研究亟待加强。针对退化草地恢复已有大量研究, 然而对草地干扰相对较低的无纺布覆盖技术研究薄弱。基于以上, 在三江源区不同坡度的高寒退化草甸通过铺设无纺布, 来探讨无纺布对不同坡度退化草地植被及土壤理化性质的影响。结果发现: 缓坡地地上生物量、植被高度、土壤水分显著低于陡坡地; 无纺布覆盖能显著提升植被地上生物量、 盖度、 物种分盖度和、含水量以及碳、氮积累; 且对缓坡地植被地上生物量、 物种分盖度和及土壤水分的促进幅度更大。因此无纺布覆盖对植被及土壤提升效应说明这是一项适宜于高寒退化草甸的恢复技术, 特别对水热条件相对较差的缓坡退化草地治理中, 此项技术适宜推广。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV