西藏高原针茅草地土壤因子对丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性的影响

在对西藏高原北部针茅草地根围土壤中的丛枝菌根(AM)真菌种类分离鉴定基础上,研究了藏北针茅草地的土壤质地、pH、有机质和有效磷含量对AM真菌孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度、重要值、物种多样性指数和均匀度的影响.结果表明: 针茅草地根围土壤中共分离鉴定出AM真菌3属15种,其中,球囊霉属9种、无梗囊霉属6种、盾巨孢囊霉属1种.球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为藏北针茅草地AM真菌的优势属;近明球囊霉和光壁无梗囊霉为藏北高寒草原针茅属植物根围AM真菌的优势种.不同质地土壤中AM真菌孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度和重要值均表现出球囊霉属＞无梗囊霉属＞盾巨孢囊霉属的趋势;土壤pH值对AM真菌种群组成无明显影响,球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属真菌分离频度、相对多度和重要值随土壤pH升高而增加,盾巨孢囊霉属则呈现相反趋势;不同土壤有机质含量范围内,AM真菌孢子密度等各项指标均呈球囊霉属＞无梗囊霉属＞盾巨孢囊霉属,而AM真菌属的分布没有明显规律;土壤有效磷含量对AM真菌种丰度和孢子密度影响较小.研究区域内AM真菌物种多样性指数和均匀度随着土壤有效磷含量升高而增加.     

河北省安国地区丹参根围AM真菌多样性

已有研究证实,AM真菌能够促进植物生长发育,提高植物抗病性和抗逆性。为探明药用植物丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza)根围AM真菌资源状况,作者分别于2008年8月和2009年8月,在河北省安国市4个样地(齐村、中药材种植基地、祈州、沙头)采集丹参根围0-30cm土层土壤样品,研究根围AM真菌的生态分布、多样性及其与土壤因子的相关性。共分离鉴定出AM真菌4属24种,AM真菌最大孢子密度为77.55级/土样,最大定殖率为72.72%。其中球囊霉属(Glomus)16种,平均分离频度为100%,相对多度最高达76.4%,是4个样地的共同优势属;无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)5种,分离频度及相对多度仅次于球囊霉属;盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种,仅在祈州样地出现;内养囊霉属(Entrophospora)1种,仅在沙头样地出现;聚丛球囊霉(G.aggregatum)是4个样地的共同优势种。4个样地平均Shannon-Wiener指数从大到小依次为齐村、祈州、沙头、中药材种植基地;中药材种植基地AM真菌组成与其他样地差异显著,其孢子密度、种丰度随土壤速效P、碱解N、有机质和pH值升高而降...     

云南金顶铅锌矿区丛枝菌根真菌多样性的研究

对云南金顶铅锌矿区丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)资源进行了调查,从32种植物的83个根际土壤样本中分离鉴定出5属36种丛枝菌根真菌,其中无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 5种、内养囊霉属Entrophospora 2种、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora 1种、球囊霉属Glomus 24种及盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora 4种。球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为金顶铅锌矿区中丛枝菌根真菌的优势属,沃克球囊霉Glomus walkeri是我国的新记录种。近明球囊霉Glomus claroideum、明球囊霉G.clarum、缩球囊霉G.constrictium、地球囊霉G.geosporum、摩西球囊霉G.mossaea、膨胀球囊霉G.pansihalos和疣突球囊霉G.verruculosum是金顶铅锌矿区的优势种;金顶铅锌矿区土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度为495-11175个/100g土,平均3368±291(SE,标准误差)个/100g土,每种植物根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的物种丰富度为2-20种,平均11.5种;金顶铅锌矿区植物根际土壤中较高的AMF孢子密度和物种丰富度说明AMF对重金属污染具有较强的抗(耐受)性。     

荒漠生境油蒿根围AM真菌多样性

为了阐明荒漠生境主要植被油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)根围AM真菌多样性, 2007年8月从毛乌素沙地和腾格里沙漠选取榆林、盐池、研究站和沙坡头4个样地, 按0–10、10–20、20–30、30–40、40–50 cm 5个土层采集油蒿根围土壤样品, 研究了油蒿根围AM真菌物种多样性和生态分布。在分离的4属28种AM真菌中, 球囊霉属(Glomus)16种, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)7种, 盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)4种, 多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)1种。4个样地的共同优势种为摩西球囊霉(G. mosseae), 共同常见种为双网无梗囊霉(A. bireticulata)和网状球囊霉(G. reticulatum), 共同稀有种为缩球囊霉(G. constrictum)。地球囊霉(G. geosporum)仅出现在盐池, 蜜色无梗囊霉(A. mellea)、帚状球囊霉(G. coremioides)、浅窝无梗囊霉(A. lacunosa)和宽柄球囊霉(G. magnicaule)仅出现在研究站, 黑球囊霉(G. melanosporum)仅出现在榆林。盐池与研究站样地AM真菌种类最多, 榆林样地孢子密度最大, 沙坡头样地种类和孢子密度显著偏低。总体上, 孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度和重要值依Glomus >Acaulospora > Scutellospora> Diversispora呈现显著减小趋势。结果表明, 油蒿与AM真菌之间有良好共生性, 这对进一步利用菌根生物技术维护荒漠生态系统结构的完整性具有重要意义。     

蒙古韭共生真菌及其菌根形态学的研究

本文对生长于内蒙古中西部草原和荒漠地区的蒙古韭Alliummongolicum进行了菌根侵染状态的调查研究。发现蒙古韭的根系有丛枝菌根真菌侵染,其菌根类型为疆南星型(Arum-type)。不同地区采集的蒙古韭菌根侵染率不同,由8.76%至36.12%,侵染率与真菌种的丰富度及孢子密度关系不显著。从7个样点的蒙古韭根际土壤中,分离到丛枝菌根真菌26种:无梗囊霉属5种、球囊霉属18种、内养囊霉属和盾巨孢囊霉属各1种,并有1个未知属种。由此可见,球囊霉和无梗囊霉2个属的种出现频度占绝对优势。除了聚生球囊霉Glomusfasciculatum在沙坡头出现最多外,其它样点中Acaulosporasp.1、缩球囊霉G.constrictum、透光球囊霉G.diaphanum和卷曲球囊霉G.convolutum都有较高的出现频度。尽管不同样地蒙古韭根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌种的丰富度及孢子密度有差异,但样地之间的优势种有相似性。     

金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究*

从金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)75种植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了44种丛枝菌根真菌, 分属无梗囊霉属Acaulospora、古孢霉属Archaeospora、内养囊霉属Entrophospora、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora、球囊霉属Glomus和盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora, 其中,球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为金沙江干热河谷中丛枝菌根真菌的优势属。齿状无梗囊霉A. denticulata、刺状无梗囊霉A. spinosa、瘤状无梗囊A. tuberculata,近明球囊霉Glomus claroideum、明球囊霉G. clarum、根内球囊霉G. intraradices、单孢球囊霉G. monosporum、弯丝球囊霉G. sinuosa是金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)的优势种。金沙江干热河谷土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度为5~6400个/100g土壤,平均1504;每个根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的物种丰富度1~18种,平均9种。     

泰山丛枝菌根真菌群落结构特征

2007年对泰山植被根围内丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌群落组成、数量、分布及其与植物多样性的关系进行了研究。从泰山傲徕峰、黑龙潭库区等样地共分离出4属16种AM真菌:球囊霉属Glomus 9种、无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 4种、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora 2种和盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora1种。其中,球囊霉属Glomus及聚球囊霉Glomus fasciculatum的孢子密度、相对多度、分布频度和重要值均最高,分别为泰山植被区根围内AM真菌优势属和优势种。各样地之间Sorenson相似系数在0.60和0.85之间。植被数量与孢子密度(r=0.80,p0.01)、植物种的丰富度与AM真菌种的丰富度(r=0.77,p0.01)以及与孢子密度(r=0.59,p0.01)均呈极显著正相关关系。研究结果表明植物多样性对于提高AM真菌多样性发挥极为重要的作用。     

厦门市七种药用植物根围AM真菌的侵染率和多样性

调查了福建省厦门市7种常见药用植物根围丛枝菌根真菌分布情况、侵染率及其多样性。结果表明:7种药用植物均能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系,且不同药用植物形成菌根的能力差异明显,盐肤木根围的孢子密度最高,29.0个/g土,喜树的侵染率最高,100%。含笑根围的孢子密度最低,4.7个/g土,鱼腥草的总侵染率最低,4.5%。共分离鉴定AM真菌4属63种,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)39种、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)18种、巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)4种、盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种,其中Glomus、Acaulospora为优势属,黑球囊霉G.melanosporum为优势种。盐肤木根围AM真菌种类最丰富,Shannon-Weiner指数H达到1.29。侵染率与各土壤因子均无显著相关;孢子密度与pH值极显著负相关;种的丰度与pH值显著负相关、与电导率极显著负相关、与孢子密度极显著正相关;Shannon-Weiner指数H与有机质极显著负相关;均匀度与有机质、孢子密度极显著负相关。厦门地区AM真菌资源十分丰富,多样性程度高,宿主植物不同,土壤因子对其侵染率、孢子密度、种的丰度、Shannon-Weiner指数、均匀度的影响也不同。为实现AM真菌生物技术应用于中药材规范化种植提供宝贵种质资源和理论依据。     

我国洛阳与菏泽牡丹主栽园区AM真菌多样性研究

为探明我国特有花卉牡丹 (Paeonia suffruticosa) 根围内的丛枝菌根(AM)真菌资源状况, 作者对河南省洛阳市与山东省菏泽市牡丹主产区土壤中的AM真菌进行了调查。共分离到AM真菌5属35 种, 其中球囊霉属(Glomus)在各采样点相对多度最高, 其次是无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)。两地土壤中AM真菌种的丰度、孢子密度和物种多样性指数等存在差异: 菏泽赵楼牡丹园AM真菌种的孢子密度最高,而其种的丰度最低; 洛阳矬里牡丹种苗基地的孢子密度最低; 菏泽种苗基地的Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他样地。地球囊霉(Glomus geosporum)是洛阳王城公园和菏泽赵楼牡丹园的优势种; 缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)为洛阳土桥花木基地、洛阳牡丹园、菏泽牡丹种苗基地和菏泽赵楼牡丹园的优势种。本研究结果表明我国牡丹主栽园区AM真菌具有丰富的多样性。     

林火对植物根围丛枝菌根真菌多样性的影响

林火是森林生态系统的一种主要干扰因子,以青岛市三标山林火迹地为研究对象,采集荆条(Vitex negundo)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)、花木蓝(Indigofera kirilowii)、青花椒(Zanthoxylum schinifolium)和野青茅(Deyeuxia arundinacea)5种优势植物根围土壤,研究不同林火强度对丛枝菌根(AM)真菌多样性的影响。结果表明,AM真菌侵染率和孢子密度随火灾强度的加强而降低;非过火区植物根围土壤中,分离鉴定出AM真菌3属11种,轻度过火区分离鉴定出AM真菌3属10种,中度过火区分离鉴定出AM真菌3属9种,重度过火区分离鉴定出AM真菌3属8种。过火区AM真菌种丰度低于非过火区。过火区和非过火区AM真菌的重要值和优势种不同,非过火区植物根围的优势种是地球囊霉(Glomus geosporum)、台湾球囊霉(G.taiwanensis)、分支巨孢囊霉(Gigaspora ramisporophora)、极大巨孢囊霉(Gi.gigantean)、福摩萨球囊霉(G.formosanum)、悬钩子球囊霉(G.rubiforme)、柯氏无梗囊霉(Acaulospora koskei)和松蜜无梗囊霉(A.thomii);轻度过火区植物根围的优势种是地球囊霉和台湾球囊霉;中度过火区的是台湾球囊霉和地球囊霉(野青茅除外);重度过火区植物根围的优势种是地球囊霉。不同强度的过火区对AM真菌群落组成有不同程度的影响。认为林火降低植物根围土壤中AM真菌多样性。     

野生植物根围的丛枝菌根真菌Ⅱ

本文主要报道了野生植物根围Glomus属的17个种,聚球囊霉G.aggregatumSchenck＆Smith,苏格兰球囊霉G.caledonium（Nicol.＆Gerd.）Trappe＆Gerd,近明球囊霉G．claroideumSchenck＆Smith,明球囊霉G．clarumNicolson＆Schenck,缩球囊霉G．constrictumTrappe,透光球囊霉G．diaphanumMorton,幼套球囊霉G．etunicatumBecker＆Gerdemann,集球囊霉G．fasciculatum（Thaxter）Gerd．＆Trappe,何氏球囊霉G．hoiBerch＆Trappe,地球囊霉G.geosporum（Nicol．＆Derd.）Warker,根内球囊霉G．intraradicesSchenck＆Smith,摩西球囊霉G．mosseae（Nicol．＆Gerd.）Gerd.＆Trappe,隐球囊霉G.occultumWalker,网状球囊霉G.reticulatumBhattcharjee＆Mukerji,地表球囊霉G.versiforme（Karsten）Berch,台湾球囊霉G．formosanumWu＆Chen,悬钩子球囊霉G．rubiformeGerdemann＆Trappe）Almeida＆Schenck;内养囊霉属1个种,稀有内养囊霉Entrophosporainfrequens（Hall）Ames＆Schenider。其中,网状球囊霉为我国新记录种。     

接种AM真菌对短命植物生长发育及矿质养分吸收的影响

 采用分室培养方法研究接种幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum,BEG168)、摩西球囊霉(G. mosseae, BEG167)、混合菌剂(M)对两种沙漠早春短命植物小车前(Plantago minuta)和尖喙牻牛儿苗（Erodium oxyrrhynchum）生长发育及矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明,接种AMF处理的小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗根系形成了典型的菌根结构,侵染率为22 %～60%;接种AMF提高了小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗两种植物的生物量、株高及N、P养分吸收量。小车前单独接种BEG167、BEG168以及混合接种都显著提高了单株种子数量,其增幅分别 为67%、50%和78%。上述结果说明,在极端贫瘠和干旱的古尔班通古特沙漠中,丛枝菌根真菌对于早春短命植物小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗的生态适应性的贡献表现为促进营养生长、提高后代（种子）繁殖数量。     

Effects of preplant inoculation of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on population growth of the root-lesion nematode,Pratylenchus penetrans

Six species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus aggregatum, G. clarum, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices, G. mosseae and G. versiforme) were evaluated, in three greenhouse experiments, for their effects on reproduction of the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, and growth of Ottawa 3 apple rootstock. Glomus mosseae increased total dry weights of nematode-inoculated and non-inoculated rootstock in all three greenhouse experiments, and G. intraradices increased dry weights in two of three greenhouse experiments. Plants inoculated with G. mosseae generally supported fewer P. penetrans per gram of root than plants inoculated with other AM fungi, but did not differ significantly from the controls in any greenhouse experiment. Colonization of roots by AM fungi was reduced by P. penetrans at initial inoculum densities greater than 250 nematodes/L soil. In field trials, preplant inoculation with either G. intraradices or G. mosseae increased rootstock growth and leaf concentrations of P, Mg, Zn and Cu in fumigated plots but not in non-fumigated plots, indicating that colonization by native AM fungi in non-fumigated plots may have been sufficient for adequate nutrient acquisition. The abundance of vesicles and arbuscules was greater in roots of plants inoculated with AM fungi before planting than in roots of non-inoculated plants, in both fumigated and non-fumigated plots. P. penetrans per gram of root and per 50 ml soil were significantly lower for G. mosseae- inoculated plants than for non-inoculated plants in fumigated soil but not in non-fumigated soil.     

我国北方农田土壤中AM真菌的多样性

AM真菌是农业生态系中一类重要的土壤微生物,它在农田土壤中的发生和分布受多种环境因素的影响。为深入了解我国北方农田土壤中AM真菌的多样性规律,于2000年在河北、山东的农田土壤中采集有代表性的土样127个。通过进一步扩繁、纯化,从中分离出AM真菌5属22种,鉴定了20个种,包括一个国内新记录种沾屑球囊霉(Glomus spurcum)。分析AM真菌的多样性特点及其影响因素发现,农田土壤中以球囊霉属(Glomus)的频度最高,其次为无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora);优势种类为幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae).土壤速效磷含量、pH状况主要对孢子密度产生影响,对种群分布影响不大。宿主植物类型对AM真菌的侵染状况和多样性影响较大;比较玉米(Zea mays)、甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)根区AM真菌的种群组成后发现两者有所不同,但优势种一致.     

金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究

从金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)75种植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了44种丛枝菌根真菌, 分属无梗囊霉属Acaulospora、古孢霉属Archaeospora、内养囊霉属Entrophospora、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora、球囊霉属Glomus和盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora, 其中,球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为金沙江干热河谷中丛枝菌根真菌的优势属。齿状无梗囊霉A. denticulata、刺状无梗囊霉A. spinosa、瘤状无梗囊A. tuberculata,近明球囊霉Glomus claroideum、明球囊霉G. clarum、根内球囊霉G. intraradices、单孢球囊霉G. monosporum、弯丝球囊霉G. sinuosa是金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)的优势种。金沙江干热河谷土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度为5~6400个/100g土壤,平均1504;每个根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的物种丰富度1~18种,平均9种。     

Survey of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in deforested and natural forest land in the subtropical region of Dujiangyan, southwest China

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in deforested (Mantoushan) and natural forest (Banruosi) land in the subtropical region of Dujiangyan was surveyed and compared. A total of 44 taxa of AM fungi were isolated, and the same number of AM fungus taxa (34 taxa) was found in both deforested and natural forest land. Acaulospora and Glomus were the dominant genera in the two sites. Glomus convolutum and G. versiforme were the dominant species in the natural forest land, while only G. versiforme was dominant in the deforested land. There was no significant difference in total spore density of AM fungi between the two sites, but the total species richness of AM fungi was significantly higher in the deforested land than in the natural forest land. The Shannon-Weiner index of AM fungus diversity was a higher in the natural forest land (2.67) than in the deforested land (2.15). There was high AM fungus composition similarity (Sorenson's coefficient C _S=0.71) between the two sites. We suggest that there was little effect of deforestation on the diversity of AM fungi, and that annual herbaceous plants play a major role in maintaining and increasing AM fungus spore density and species richness in deforested land.     

Antioxidant enzyme activities in shoots from three mycorrhizal shrub species afforested in a degraded semi-arid soil

Mycorrhizae may help plants to thrive in Mediterranean semi-arid ecosystems by altering antioxidant enzyme activities. Our objective was to determine the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation with an allochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus claroideum , Schenck & Smith, or with a mixture of native AM fungi, on the activity of antioxidant enzymes from shoots of Olea europaea L. ssp. sylvestris , Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boissier and Rhamnus lycioides L. seedlings afforested in a degraded Mediterranean semi-arid soil. One year after planting, shoot biomass of inoculated O. europaea seedlings was about 630%, of non-inoculated plants. Shoot biomass of G. claroideum -colonized R. sphaerocarpa was greater than that of seedlings inoculated with the mixed native AM fungi after 12 months. Inoculation with a mix of native AM fungi was the most effective treatment for increasing shoot biomass and N, P and K contents in shoot tissues of R. lycioides . Both mycorrhizal inoculation treatments increased the nutrient contents in shoots of O. europaea and R. lycioides . In O. europaea plants, the inoculation treatments increased catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities, but not monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase activities. Inoculation with G. claroideum increased the activities of all antioxidant enzymes in R. sphaerocarpa . Monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities in R. lycioides leaves were preferentially increased by inoculation with the mixture of native AM fungi. This work support the view that increased antioxidant enzyme activities could be involved, at least in part, in the beneficial effects of mycorrhizal colonization on the performance of shrub species grown under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions.     

五种丛枝菌根真菌对枳实生苗耐锌污染的影响

通过盆栽实验研究丛枝菌根(AM)真菌Glomus versiforme(G.v)、G.mosseae(G.m)、G.intraradices(G.i)、G.aggregatum(G.a)和G.etunicatum(G.e)在锌污染条件下枳实生苗的菌根侵染、生长、叶片和根系锌、磷含量及部分生理指标的影响.结果表明:锌污染...