天敌资源在马缨丹生物防治中的应用

外来生物入侵是对全球生物多样性最为严重的威胁之一,对经济、生态和社会安全都具有重要影响。原产于美洲热带至亚热带地区的马缨丹是一种强入侵性杂草,已成为一种世界性的恶性杂草。本文总结了天敌昆虫和致病微生物等天敌资源在马缨丹生物防治中的应用现状,分析了天敌资源对马缨丹的控制效能,并对马缨丹的进一步研究提出了展望。     

外来入侵植物飞机草的研究进展与展望

飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)是世界公认的多年生入侵性杂草, 原产于中、南美洲, 现已扩散至非洲、亚洲、大洋洲和西太平洋群岛的大部分热带及亚热带地区, 严重威胁着入侵地本地植物的生长、生物多样性和生态安全。由于其蔓延速度快, 及其对农、林、牧业等的巨大危害, 引起了社会各界的广泛关注。揭示飞机草的入侵机制, 对于遏制其扩散速度, 最终消除或降低其危害, 恢复生态系统平衡, 具有十分重要的现实意义和科学价值。该文介绍了飞机草的生物学特性、地理分布、入侵后果及防治措施等。鉴于目前对飞机草的入侵路线和入侵机制还没有全面系统的认识, 该文重点介绍了其在世界范围内的传播路线及其成功入侵机制, 旨在为飞机草的防治工作提供科学依据。最后提出有关飞机草生理生态学和分子生物学方面的一些展望, 并强调对其适应性进化遗传基础的研究可能为探讨其成功的入侵机制带来新突破。     

云南的外来入侵植物

综述云南外来入侵植物的现状、分布、入侵的主要途径和危害等。列出云南外来入侵植物75种的详细资料,详细论述其中危害较严重的紫茎泽兰、飞机草、凤眼莲、空心莲子草、马缨丹和肿柄菊等,并讨论应采取的防治对策。提出云南是我国生物多样性最丰富的地区,但也是外来入侵植物危害最严重的地区;虽然很多外来入侵植物都能在云南蔓延,但真正引起严重危害的却不多;恢复本地植被,减少对生态系统的干扰,建立外来入侵物种监测机制和风险评价体系将是防范外来入侵植物的有效途径。     

海洋外来物种入侵生态学研究

海洋外来物种入侵已成为最为严重的全球性环境问题之一。海洋生态系统类型多样、环境复杂,其生物入侵的监测、控制与管理难度相对较大。我国对陆地外来生物的入侵已开展了较为深入的研究,但对于海洋外来生物的入侵研究仍处于起步阶段,对其入侵监测、入侵机制、入侵危害的程度以及防治等问题缺乏基础数据。本文在分析国内外海洋外来生物入侵现状的基础上,概述其入侵生态学研究形势及相关成果,包括海洋外来物种的入侵途径、入侵过程、入侵生态效应以及全球变化对入侵的影响等。海洋外来生物的入侵可能对海洋生态系统造成直接或间接的影响,如种间竞争破坏生态环境、与土著种杂交造成遗传污染、病原生物及有毒藻类导致海洋生态灾害加剧等。此外,从政策和法规、入侵风险评估、监测和公共宣传教育、生物信息系统和有效管理机制等方面提出对我国海洋外来物种入侵的防治策略。本研究为我国海洋外来物种的进一步研究提供了参考。     

发生在云南与东盟边境的一种新害虫——热带拂粉蚧(同翅目:粉蚧科)

【背景】热带拂粉蚧属于粉蚧类昆虫,食性杂,是危害热带和亚热带水果、蔬菜和园林植物的重要害虫,主要随水果、苗木和交通工具等介质进行远距离传播。2014年5月,在我国云南与缅甸边境发现该虫危害草本植物马松子。【方法】在收集整理热带拂粉蚧生物学、地理学等信息的基础上,介绍了其主要形态特征、寄主、分布、生物学特性,并对该有害生物的危害和防治进行了综合分析。【结果】热带拂粉蚧雌成虫长椭圆形,触角8节,体长2.5~3.0 mm,宽1.5~2.0 mm,主要通过孤雌生殖繁殖后代,形态特征与双条拂粉蚧非常相似。我国的广东、广西、海南、云南、福建等热带地区适合该虫生存和危害,一旦入侵我国会对花卉、水果和蔬菜等造成危害,给相关产业带来损失。【结论与意义】热带拂粉蚧在我国有传播扩散的可能,加强检疫是防范该虫入侵的主要手段,生物防治是治理该虫的重要措施。     

外来种入侵的生物学与生态学基础的若干问题

外来物种的入侵及其所造成的危害已越来越为人们所认识。一个外来物种入侵一个新的生境无疑要具备一定的条件 ,尽管目前对这种条件的研究还只是初步的。首先从其自身来说 ,需要有足够的入侵性 ,这可以认为是入侵种的生物学基础 ,可能表现为具有多倍性、一定的遗传变异、杂合性或表型可塑性 ,以及不同的交配系统等 ;其次一个物种的入侵成功还取决于入侵生境的可入侵性 ,这可以认为是入侵种的生态学基础 ,而新的种间关系的形成 ,尤其是入侵种与其他种类的互惠共生关系的建成是关键。本文主要介绍了有关入侵种的生物学和生态学基础中的一些最新进展 ,希望有助于我国学者对相关研究内容的开展以及对有害外来种入侵的防治     

警惕南方黏虫传入我国

原产于美洲热带的南方黏虫 Spodoptera eridania (Stoll)是一种多食性的农业害虫。2016年南方黏虫入侵到非洲4个国家,对木薯和番茄等作物造成了严重危害,目前在我国尚未发现该害虫及相关报道。本文综述了南方黏虫的形态特征、地理分布、生物学特性以及防治措施,为我国今后南方黏虫的检测、监测和防治工作提供参考。从适生性度看,南方黏虫的寄主植物在我国广泛分布;我国也存在气候环境与该虫生存条件相似的地区,且寄主植物所在区域的气候条件同样适于南方黏虫的生长发育。伴随着国际贸易和其自身强大的迁飞能力,南方黏虫具有入侵我国的可能性。因此,有必要对其入侵我国的威胁提出预警,加强边境口岸检疫是防范该虫入侵的主要手段。     

近十年植物入侵生态学重要研究进展

外来植物入侵对本地生物多样性、生态安全、社会经济发展和人类健康造成了严重威胁。因此, 探究植物入侵机制及其生态效应对我国生态可持续发展具有重要意义, 也是植物入侵生态学的主要研究内容。过去10年, 生态学家开展了大量研究, 取得了丰硕成果, 为推动入侵植物防控与生物多样性保护提供了理论指导。为深入解析外来植物入侵机制, 为其防控管理提供依据, 本文从以下3个方面综述了植物入侵生态学重要进展: 首先是外来植物生物学特性、生物和非生物环境对植物入侵的调控作用; 其次是外来植物入侵对本地生态系统的影响; 最后介绍了外来植物入侵的类比研究范式——本地植物入侵, 以及多组学技术在入侵生态学研究中的应用。基于这些研究进展, 本文展望了该领域的未来发展趋势, 包括: (1)研究对象从单一物种扩展到多物种比较; (2)研究地理范围从局域尺度扩大到纬度梯度格局; (3)入侵机制从单一理论验证到综合阐释多个假说。     

外域恶性杂草薇甘菊研究进展

薇甘菊是20世纪80年代末传入中国的一种危害极大的杂草,原产于热带美洲,现已入侵到南亚,太平洋地区及我国华南地区,文中对薇甘菊的形态分类,生物学和生态学特性,危害性及防治等方面的研究进行综述,并提出今后的研究设想。     

外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵的入侵特征与防治策略

刺萼龙葵是原产于北美洲的恶性外来入侵植物,在世界各地广为分布,已入侵我国北方地区,严重威胁我国农牧业安全,亟待明确刺萼龙葵入侵过程与危害,为我国制定刺萼龙葵防治策略提供参考。本文对刺萼龙葵生物学和生态学特性、传播途径、入侵历史和分布特征、危害、现有防除措施及存在等问题进行综述。刺萼龙葵具有花期长、花粉萌发率和结实率高、果实和种子产量大等高繁殖能力特征;能适应多变气候和异质性生境;具有自体传播、风力传播、水力传播、动物传播和人为传播等多种传播途径;已先后入侵了我国9个省级行政区的55个区县,向华北、华中和华东快速入侵的可能性高;刺萼龙葵的植株及分泌物对人畜安全、动物皮毛质量、草地植被结构、农作物产量等方面造成严重危害,并帮助传播植物病虫害。然而,现有的化学和物理防除措施仍不能彻底遏制传播、消除危害和保障生产。为有效防除刺萼龙葵,应开展刺萼龙葵入侵风险评估,针对不同土地利用类型制定防治措施,加强入侵机制和防控技术研究。     

Biology, host range, and risk assessment supporting release in Africa of Falconia intermedia (Heteroptera: Miridae), a new biocontrol agent for Lantana camara

The ornamental hybrid shrub, Lantana camara L. (lantana), is a serious environmental weed and has been targeted for biological control in South Africa since 1961. The established biocontrol agents cause insufficient levels of damage and additional natural enemies are required to reduce the invasiveness of this weed. The lantana mirid, Falconia intermedia (Distant), is a promising new agent that was imported from the Caribbean for life history and host-range studies. The nymphs and adults are leaf-suckers that cause chlorotic speckling, which reduces the photosynthetic capacity of the plant. Biological studies indicate that F. intermedia has considerable biocontrol potential, in that it has a high intrinsic rate of increase, the potential for multiple generations a year, highly mobile adults, and a high level of damage per individual. Host-specificity trials indicated that the lantana mirid has a narrow host range, with L. camara being the most suitable host, but several indigenous African species in the closely related genus Lippia are suitable alternative host plants. Under multiple-choice conditions, adults showed a significant and strong oviposition preference for L. camara over the Lippia species. A risk assessment of potential nontarget effects indicated that three Lippia species could sustain damage levels in the field. The relatively low probability of damage to indigenous species was considered a justified trade-off for the potentially marked impact on L. camara. The regulatory authorities accepted the results of this study and F. intermedia was released against L. camara in South Africa in April 1999.     

四种入侵植物提取液对褐云玛瑙蜗牛的防控效果

实验室内观察了4种入侵植物水提取液对褐云玛瑙蜗牛成体和幼体的触杀及抑制蜗牛卵发育效果的差异性。结果表明:(1)以1.0 g/mL薇甘菊和南美蟛蜞菊水提取液对蜗牛喷杀处理, 对蜗牛触杀的有效时间分别为82 h和118 h;马樱丹触杀蜗牛的致死时间和有效时间最慢,4种入侵植物水提取液对成体褐云玛瑙蜗牛触杀效果强弱顺序为:薇甘菊 > 南美蟛蜞菊 > 五爪金龙 > 马缨丹。(2)1.0 g/mL 的4种入侵植物水取液对幼体蜗牛触杀的有效时间比成体蜗牛缩短2倍以上,幼体蜗牛个体死亡数量呈急剧增加趋势, 而成体蜗牛个体死亡数量呈相对平缓的增加趋势。(3)1.0、1.5 g/mL及2.0 g/mL薇甘菊水提取液对成体蜗牛触杀效果差异显著(P < 0.05)。以2.0 g/mL薇甘菊水提取液触杀蜗牛的有效时间最短, 与10%的四聚乙醛处理组相当, 为78 h, 显著少于1.5 g/mL的96 h和1.0 g /mL 的130 h。(4)褐云玛瑙蜗牛卵发育对1.0 g/mL 的4种入侵植物水提取液的干扰表现更为敏感。1.0 g/mL的薇甘菊水提取液抑制蜗牛卵发育的效果最好, 抑制率达81.67%,且与其它处理组间存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。而1.0 g/mL的马缨丹提取液优于五爪金龙提取液对褐云玛瑙蜗牛卵的抑制效果则表明入侵植物内源次生成分对不同发育时期的动物的防控效果存在差异。1.0 g/mL入侵植物水提取液各处理组对褐云玛瑙蜗牛卵发育抑制效果由强至弱的顺序为:薇甘菊 > 南美蟛蜞菊 > 马缨丹 > 五爪金龙。总之, 4种入侵植物对褐云玛瑙蜗牛成体、幼体和卵均具有较好的触杀与抑制作用, 利用入侵植物防控入侵动物, 以害制害, 化害为利, 是一种具有良好应用前景的环境友好型生物防治措施。     

苋科(广义)入侵植物墙生藜在中国的新记录

外来物种的归化和入侵对全球环境和社会发展造成了严重影响，已成为当今各国生物多样性管理和生态保护中所面临的全球性问题。我国是遭受外来入侵危害最为严重的国家之一，在外来物种入侵的预警、管理和治理等方面形势严峻。基于野外调查和文献研究，该文报道了苋科(广义)入侵植物墙生藜[Chenopodiastrum murale(L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila&Borsch]在中国的新记录。墙生藜原产于地中海地区，现已扩散到欧洲、美洲、非洲和大洋洲的40多个国家，是一种危害较大的外来入侵植物，同时也是我国海关和检验检疫部门明确规定禁止入境的检疫性有害生物，现于云南省昆明市呈贡区发现该外来入侵植物。该文对其形态特征进行了详细描述，简要介绍了其分类历史，并提供了可供鉴定比对的野外生态照片；此外，对墙生藜可能的传入途径进行了分析，对其危害和风险作了简要评估。该物种的新发现说明我国外来入侵生物的本底调查还存在不足。     

严防外来有害生物褐纹甘蔗象入侵海南

【背景】褐纹甘蔗象原产于菲律宾,严重危害椰子等棕榈科植物和甘蔗,目前该虫已传入我国台湾、广东、广西和云南,尚未在海南省发生。【方法】为尽早预防该虫传入,本文简要描述了褐纹甘蔗象的生物生态学特性,并运用有害生物危险性分析(PRA)方法,从国内分布情况、潜在的经济危害性、受害寄主的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性和危险性管理难度等方面对该虫入侵海南的可能性进行了定性和定量分析。【结果】褐纹甘蔗象在海南省的风险评估值R=2.08,属于高风险的林业有害生物,建议将其列入海南省林业检疫性有害生物名单;同时提出了该虫的综合防治措施和建议。【结论与意义】本研究可为尽早制定褐纹甘蔗象防范措施提供参考。     

Status, invasiveness and environmental threats of three tropical American invasive weeds (Parthenium hysterophorus L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Lantana camara L.) in India

Invasive weeds have threatened the integrity of ecosystems throughout the world. They affect not only the species diversity of native areas but also their biological integrity. In India, a number of invasive exotic weeds have been reported but some viz. Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana camara and Ageratum conyzoides, especially those from tropical America are troublesome and have caused adverse ecological, economic and social impact. These weeds can be seen growing in different landscapes but are luxuriantly localized in unattended forests and cultivated areas. Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae, commonly known as congress grass) is perhaps the most troublesome and noxious weed of urban and rural India. Besides rapidly colonizing areas replacing the native vegetation, it is also known to cause a number of human health problems such as skin allergy, rhinitis and irritation to eyes of the residents in the vicinity. Likewise, it causes fodder scarcity in addition to being unpalatable and toxic to livestock. Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), another serious tropical American pest, has encroached upon large areas of land, especially the forests where it has virtually replaced the forest floor vegetation and reduced tree growth. Also because of its bushy and spreading type of growth it obstructs forest operations. The third weed, Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae, Billy goat weed) has invaded agricultural fields. It interferes with crops and causes yield reductions of major staple crops of India. When it invades rangeland areas, it out competes native grasses causing scarcity of fodder. These weeds have similar growth strategies such as fast growth rates, short life-cycles, greater reproductive potential, high competitive abilities and allelopathy that make them successful invaders of native habitats. Mechanical, chemical, biological and cultural control tactics have failed individually, though integrated approaches combining all these approaches along with community participation and proper land management have been relatively successful. This paper presents various aspects of biology, ecology, hazards and control measures of these weeds.     

原产地和入侵地紫茎泽兰对泽兰实蝇的选择性、卵巢蛋白质含量与解毒酶活性的影响

[目的] 紫茎泽兰是我国危害严重的恶性入侵杂草。比较专一性天敌泽兰实蝇对该杂草入侵前后植株的适应性,是揭示外来植物入侵后适应性机制的重要科学问题之一。[方法] 比较泽兰实蝇对原产地和入侵地紫茎泽兰植株的寄主选择性,并测定寄生于2类植株的上泽兰实蝇卵巢蛋白质含量及乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性。[结果] 泽兰实蝇对原产地和入侵地紫茎泽兰的选择无显著性差异;寄生在紫茎泽兰入侵地植株上的卵巢蛋白质含量较原产地植株上更高。解毒酶活力比较表明,入侵地紫茎泽兰上泽兰实蝇的羧酸酯酶活性低于原产地上的,但谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（雌虫）活性比较则相反,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性比较均无显著性差异。[结论] 紫茎泽兰入侵后,专一性天敌泽兰实蝇的适应性有所下降,丰富了外来植物入侵机制中天敌逃逸假说的内涵。     

飞机草对热带珊瑚岛的生理生态适应性

入侵植物对环境的适应性是探究其入侵性的基础。西沙群岛为热带珊瑚岛,具有高盐、强碱、高温、强光、干旱等恶劣环境特点。近年来,西沙群岛的一些原生植物群落中出现了飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)入侵现象,可能会对当地脆弱的生态系统造成严重的危害。该文研究了西沙群岛原生植物群落林窗中和文昌市郊飞机草的叶片形态解剖结构、生理学特征、叶片营养元素含量等,拟探讨飞机草对热带珊瑚岛特殊生境的适应性。结果表明:与生长在文昌市的飞机草植株相比,生长在热带珊瑚岛的飞机草叶片较厚、气孔密度较低、叶绿素a及丙二醛含量较低、超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性较高,有利于其适应热带珊瑚岛的强光和季节性干旱等环境,并造成较大的潜在入侵性。因此,在热带珊瑚岛植被的保护与恢复过程中,加强对飞机草的监测及防控非常必要。     

Global Invasion of Lantana camara: Has the Climatic Niche Been Conserved across Continents?

Lantana camara, a native plant from tropical America, is considered one of the most harmful invasive species worldwide. Several studies have identified potentially invasible areas under scenarios of global change, on the assumption that niche is conserved during the invasion process. Recent studies, however, suggest that many invasive plants do not conserve their niches. Using Principal Components Analyses (PCA), we tested the hypothesis of niche conservatism for L. camara by comparing its native niche in South America with its expressed niche in Africa, Australia and India. Using MaxEnt, the estimated niche for the native region was projected onto each invaded region to generate potential distributions there. Our results demonstrate that while L. camara occupied subsets of its original native niche in Africa and Australia, in India its niche shifted significantly. There, 34% of the occurrences were detected in warmer habitats nonexistent in its native range. The estimated niche for India was also projected onto Africa and Australia to identify other vulnerable areas predicted from the observed niche shift detected in India. As a result, new potentially invasible areas were identified in central Africa and southern Australia. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of niche conservatism for the invasion of L. camara. The mechanisms that allow this species to expand its niche need to be investigated in order to improve our capacity to predict long-term geographic changes in the face of global climatic changes.     

A weed with multiple utility: Lantana camara

L. camara is a terrible weed, exerting huge detrimental effect on biodiversity. Its leaves and flowers contain toxins, lantadene A and B, so unfit for herbivory by ruminants. This weed stunts the growth of neighbouring plants owing to the allelopathic effect of its root leachate. The seeds tide over adverse period and germinate when favourable conditions prevail. Further, pruning makes the thicket denser. Almost all removal strategies of this weed have been unsuccessful so far. So, management of this weed by utilization is required. Recent studies have reported that L. camara improves soil quality by enriching it with nitrogen, exhibits termiticidal effect, acts as lignocellulosic substrate for cultivation of edible mushrooms, acts as potential insecticide and fumigant for grains storage against weevils, antifungal agent, herbicide against water hyacinths. L. camara has bioactive ingredients exhibiting anticancer, antiulcerogenic, hypolipidemic, larvicidal and anti-inflammatory activity. L. camara fibre has been reported to be suitable candidate as reinforcement in biomaterials. Also, this plant extract is effective in bovine dermatophilosis therapy. L. camara has also immense industrial importance, as a source of oleanolic acid and carboxymethylcellulose. L. camara biomass can be implicated as a substrate for bioethanol and biogas production. This invasive weed can also serve as livelihood options, as the woody twigs can be utilized for aesthetic and durable furniture making apart from the use as firewood. The latest published papers on the novel uses of L. camara have been reviewed, with the objective of providing a thrust to weed management by utilization.     

入侵种银胶菊和三叶鬼针草与本地种气体交换特性的比较

以菊科入侵植物银胶菊(Parthenium hysterophorus)和三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)以及与其共生的菊科本地植物小蓟(Cirsium setosum)为对象,比较了3种植物气体交换参数和叶片特性的差异。结果表明,银胶菊和三叶鬼针草的净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,P_n)、叶绿素含量、比叶面积(specific leaf area,SLA)、叶片单位质量P含量(leaf P content per unit mass,P_(mass))、光合能量利用效率(photosynthetic energy use efficiency,PEUE)和光合氮利用效率(photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency,PNUE)均显著高于小蓟。植物叶片P_n与水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)、叶片P_(mass)、SLA呈极显著正相关,植物叶片单位质量N含量(leaf P content per unit mass,N_(mass))与叶片SLA、单位质量建成成本(leaf construction cost per unit mass,CC_(mass))、叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关。与本地植物相比,较高的气体交换参数和叶片生化指标有可能是银胶菊和三叶鬼针草成功入侵的原因之一。