外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵的入侵特征与防治策略

刺萼龙葵是原产于北美洲的恶性外来入侵植物,在世界各地广为分布,已入侵我国北方地区,严重威胁我国农牧业安全,亟待明确刺萼龙葵入侵过程与危害,为我国制定刺萼龙葵防治策略提供参考。本文对刺萼龙葵生物学和生态学特性、传播途径、入侵历史和分布特征、危害、现有防除措施及存在等问题进行综述。刺萼龙葵具有花期长、花粉萌发率和结实率高、果实和种子产量大等高繁殖能力特征;能适应多变气候和异质性生境;具有自体传播、风力传播、水力传播、动物传播和人为传播等多种传播途径;已先后入侵了我国9个省级行政区的55个区县,向华北、华中和华东快速入侵的可能性高;刺萼龙葵的植株及分泌物对人畜安全、动物皮毛质量、草地植被结构、农作物产量等方面造成严重危害,并帮助传播植物病虫害。然而,现有的化学和物理防除措施仍不能彻底遏制传播、消除危害和保障生产。为有效防除刺萼龙葵,应开展刺萼龙葵入侵风险评估,针对不同土地利用类型制定防治措施,加强入侵机制和防控技术研究。

Invasion characteristics of the alien invasive plant Solanum rostratum and its control strategies

Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum Dunal) is a well-known alien invasive plant native to North America that had spread globally before invading North China and posing a serious risk to the agricultural security and animal husbandry. Studying the invasion process and associated hazards of the invasive plant is imperative to provide a reference for developing prevention and control strategies. We reviewed the latest research on biological and ecological characteristics, dispersal routes, invasion history, distribution characteristics, damages, and existing control measures and challenges related to the plant. It possesses high reproductive potential owing to its long flowering period, high pollen germination rate, and high fruit and seed yield. It adapts to climatic variations and heterogeneous habitats and disperses its seeds through autochory, anemochory, hydrochory, zoochory, and anthropochory. It has invaded 55 municipal counties in nine provincial administrative regions in China and has a high probability of invading North, Central, and East China. The aboveground parts of the plant and its exudates may pose serious risk to human and animal security, animal fur quality, structure of grassland vegetation, and crop yield and transmit plant diseases and pests. However, the existing chemical and physical measures have not proven effective in controlling the spread of this plant and eliminating its negative impact on agricultural and livestock production. Performing invasion risk assessment for S. rostratum is critical for implementing control measures according to each land-use type, strengthening research on invasion mechanisms, and effectively controlling the plant.