湖泊形态与水生植物多样性关系——以长江中下游湖群典型湖泊为例

通过野外调查、资料收集并结合GIS方法对长江中下游9个湖泊岸线形态演变和水生植物多样性现状及变化进行了研究。结果显示,近几十年来长江中下游一些湖泊岸线长度和计盒维数均显著降低;水生植物物种多样性总体呈下降趋势。相关性分析表明,湖泊岸线发育系数和湖泊计盒维数均与水生植物多样性呈显著相关;湖泊岸线形态特征显著影响沉水、漂浮植物物种多样性。本研究表明湖泊岸线形态对水生植物的生长及分布影响显著,保护湖泊岸线形态对维持水生植物多样性及湖泊生态系统功能具有重要作用。     

黄河流域大型天然湖泊面积与岸线形态的时空动态

天然湖泊对黄河流域的河道流量具有重要的调蓄功能，对区域生态环境、生态系统服务具有重要作用，是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的重要保障。本研究采用Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像，研究了1990—2020年黄河流域内东平湖、扎陵湖、鄂陵湖3个具有代表性的大型天然湖泊的面积变化，并采用景观生态学方法，分析岸线、岸带的形态特征变化，以及各景观指标间的关系。结果表明：扎陵湖和鄂陵湖的湖泊主体面积主要呈扩张趋势，而东平湖主体面积在1990—2000、2010—2020年间明显收缩，3个湖泊的面积变化均主要位于河流入湖口附近。东平湖岸线形态较复杂，其湖岸带景观的破碎程度和聚集程度发生显著变化；扎陵湖的岸线近圆率随着湖泊面积的扩张呈逐渐下降趋势，其湖岸带斑块数量变化明显；鄂陵湖的湖岸带景观分维数均值相对较高，其湖岸带景观的复杂性较强，并且2000—2010年间的湖岸斑块数量显著增长。同时，存在某些湖泊岸线及岸带景观指数显著相关的现象，湖泊近圆率、岸线发育系数的变化显著引起了岸带斑块密度的变化。     

海岸线与海岸景观格局对人为干扰度的动态响应——以营口市南部海岸为例

利用多期遥感数据,提取营口南部海岸五期岸线变化信息、分维值,并利用Arcgis10.2中渔网工具创建评价单元。计算景观格局指数,构建人为干扰强度指标,并进一步探讨岸线变化和景观格局变化对人类活动的动态响应。结果表明:(1)研究区围垦导致岸线长度增长、岸线分形维数的增大,1990—2015年四个时段中岸线年增长速率为0.52%、0.53%、4.98%和0.96%;(2)景观格局指数反映2005年之前景观边界、形状复杂程度与破碎程度有所增加;2005年之后景观形状趋于规则化、土地利用趋于均衡化;(3)研究期间强干扰和弱干扰区域面积均有所增加,中等干扰强度区域面积减小;(4)斑块密度、总边缘长度、边缘密度、景观形状指数和平均分维值均与平均干扰强度指数变化同步。Shannon多样性指数与人为干扰强度变化呈反相关;(5)岸线长度变化和岸线分形维数变化都与人类干扰度呈反相关,相关性分别为-0.97和-0.98。     

西藏唐北地区湖泊动态及空间格局预测

本研究评估了西藏唐古拉山以北地区(唐北地区)湖泊动态并预测了湖泊空间格局变化.使用面向对象分类和光谱角向量变化检测方法生成了2000-2015年西藏唐北地区每5年一期的生态系统分布数据.以此为基础,分析了湖泊与其他生态系统之间的转换和空间格局特征,评估了湖泊空间格局的动态及其与相关自然地理因素的关系.通过增强回归树识别了不同因素对湖泊动态的贡献,使用GEOMOD模型预测了湖泊到2030年的空间变化.结果表明:唐北地区在2000-2015年间湖泊增加了14.2%,是唐北地区生态系统变化的主要形式之一.区域内15个面积大于10 km2的湖泊有10个增加,另有5个减少,且缩减量较低.通过空间格局分析发现,唐北地区湖泊斑块表现为面积和数量同时增加,大斑块面积比重略有上升.扩张幅度高的湖泊多分布于海拔高、坡度大、温度低、降水少、距离冰川近的区域.位于现有湖泊周边、温度低、降水少、坡度小的区域转变为湖泊的几率较高.根据过去15年的趋势,到2030年,唐北地区湖泊将继续增加119 km2,主要变化形式从大湖扩张转变为小型水面扩张.     

科尔沁沙地湖泊消涨对气候变化的响应

湖泊是受气候变化影响显著的地理单元之一,不同地区湖泊消涨与气候变化关系的分析是理解陆地水文过程对未来气候变化响应的关键之一。对干旱、半干旱地区而言,湖泊消涨对气候变化的响应是干旱区生态保护和未来可持续发展的重要指征。气候变化对湖泊的影响研究在不同的区域已有较多的研究,但是针对湖泊群且基于湖泊大小分级和不同降水强度的对应研究还很鲜见。有鉴于此,作者在RS和GIS技术支持下,采用湖泊大小和降水强度分级的方法,分析了科尔沁沙地湖泊群消涨与气候变化的关系。在1971-2010年间,年均气温波动升高和降水量波动减少是该区域的主要气候变化特点。从5年移动平均分析来看,1990年是气温变化的转折点,1991-2010年的平均气温7.36（?0.55）℃,高于全球同期平均增温0.52℃。在1975-2009年间,科尔沁沙地湖泊面积和数量的变化趋势呈抛物线型减少,在1995年湖泊面积与数量最高。进入21世纪,湖泊面积萎缩、数量减少呈明显的加快趋势。到2009年,面积>0.05km2湖泊数量仅为81个,不足高峰期（1995年）的11%;湖泊总面积为4375.0hm2,不到1995年的26%。本研究表明,湖泊消涨主要受到年降水量波动影响,与年内降水分布格局无关,气温变化的影响不显著。     

2000-2014年我国西北地区湖泊面积的时空变化

以2000-2014年Landsat TM、ETM+以及OLI影像为基础,通过人工目视解译方法提取我国西北地区111个面积10.0 km²以上湖泊矢量数据,并对湖泊面积变化总体趋势、空间分异特征以及成因进行分析。结果表明：（1）2000-2014年期间,西北地区湖泊总面积呈整体增加的态势,由1.58×10⁴ km²增加为1.74×10⁴ km²。（2）在研究时段内,我国西北地区湖泊面积在整体增加的同时也表现出明显的空间差异。根据湖泊面积变化不同,研究区可以被划分为稳定、扩张、萎缩3种类型和5个区域：新疆维吾尔自治区北部与青海省南部为湖泊面积稳定区;塔里木盆地、昆仑山北麓、阿尔金山、柴达木盆地、可可西里地区、祁连山南麓至三江源北部大片区域为湖泊面积扩张区;由准噶尔盆地和吐鲁番盆地组成的北疆中部地区和喀喇昆仑山北坡山区为湖泊萎缩区。（3）受研究区复杂的自然人文环境影响,在不同区域引起湖泊面积变化的原因不尽相同：总体而言,降水增加、气温上升导致的冰川融水增加和冻土水分释放是湖泊面积呈现扩张趋势地区的最主要原因;在湖泊面积稳定区,湖泊所处的地形条件以及湖泊与河流间强烈的水量交换起着关键作用;日益增强的人类活动是湖泊萎缩区的主要影响要素,但在喀喇昆仑山北坡地区,冰川物质平衡状态的变化也可能发挥着重要作用。     

江湖阻隔对短吻间银鱼空间发生格局的影响

基于2001–2003年长江流域86个水体短吻间银鱼资源的连续调查,本文报道了短吻间银鱼(Hemisalanxbrachyrostralis)在流域尺度上的分布格局和年度动态,分析了其时空分布格局与湖泊面积和隔离因子间的关系,探讨了流域江-湖水网系统破碎化对短吻间银鱼种群结构和动态的影响。结果显示短吻间银鱼仅分布于葛洲坝以下的长江中下游,发生率低(年均21.3%),空间发生格局年度变动频率高,种群稳定性低。调查湖泊内目标种发生率、种群稳定性均与湖泊面积呈正相关关系,而与湖泊隔离系数呈负相关关系;三年的发生格局始终极显著地正相关于湖泊的面积因子,同时负相关于湖泊的隔离因子。表明江湖阻隔所引发的湖泊水面缩减和湖间隔离度增大对短吻间银鱼资源产生了深刻的影响,对其空间格局的形成贡献显著。     

滇中高原湖泊鱼类多样性的研究

依据历年馆藏的鱼类标本和资料,采用多元逐步回归与多项式逐步回归的分析方法,系统分析了滇中6个高原湖泊鱼类的物种丰度、特有种以及属的数目与7个主要湖泊环境因子之间的关系。分析结果显示,控制湖泊鱼类物种丰度、特有种数和属数的关键湖泊环境因子是湖泊面积和湖岸线长度;其中与湖泊面积呈显著正相关,而与湖岸线长度呈负相关。分析不停留于这一常规的横向比较,而是从历史生物地理学的角度,更深入一步揭示了滇中6个湖泊鱼类多样性的演化实质上是受湖泊的发育阶段所控制的。     

气候变化对我国红松林地理分布影响的研究

在红松林地理分布规律研究的基础上,应用地理信息系统ＩＤＲＩＳＩ和专门计算机软件——生态信息系统ＧＲＥＥＮ,找出适宜红松林分布的地理气候参数区间,并以此确定了红松林适宜分布区,在此基础上,根据全球气候预测模型ＧＣＭｓ预测的２０３０年的气候变化结果,就气候变化对我国红松林地理分布的可能影响进行了预测。结果表明：到２０３０年,因气候变化的影响,我国适宜红松分布的面积将有所增加,但增加幅度不大,仅占当前气候条件下适宜红松分布面积的３．４％,局部地区变化的情况是：在黑龙江省的西北部适宜红松分布的面积将有所增加;在辽宁省的西南部适宜红松分布的面积将有所减少。红松林现实分布区的南界将向北移动０．１～０．６个纬度,北界将向北扩展０．３～０．５个纬度,黑龙江省境内的红松林分布区的西界将向西扩展０．１～０．５个经度。我国适宜红松分布的面积将由当前气候条件下的２．９×１０７ｈｍ２,增加到３．０×１０７ｈｍ２。就当前气候变化影响预测中存在的问题及未来研究的方向进行了讨论。     

黄河口岸线变迁对潮滩盐沼景观格局变化的影响

基于2001、2005和2010年3期TM遥感影像,运用GIS技术,分析了黄河三角洲不同区士或(Ⅰ区,刁口段;Ⅱ区,东营港及临近岸段;Ⅲ区,河口段;Ⅳ区,南部莱州湾岸段)潮滩盐沼的景观演变与海岸线变迁的动因关系。结果表明,岸线变迁直接决定了潮滩盐沼面积的增长或缩减,但其在不同区域的影响程度差异较大。2001-2010年,Ⅰ区由于1976年以后刁口流路废弃、水沙输入量锐减导致其岸线持续蚀退,潮滩面积锐减明显(减少57.64 km~2,减少率25.94%);Ⅲ区由于1976年以后黄河由清水沟或清8汉入海,河口区域的持续淤积状态使得岸线持续增长,潮滩面积增加显著(增加66.17 km~2,增长率17.39%);而Ⅱ区由于海堤修建及港口建设等人类活动影响,岸线基本处于稳定状态,潮滩面积变化不大,Ⅳ区潮滩面积持续增加。不同区域潮滩盐沼景观格局随距海远近均呈明显带状分布,依次为芦苇盐沼、碱蓬-柽柳-芦苇盐沼、碱蓬盐沼和光滩。2001-2010年,不同景观类型之间存在明显转移,光滩、碱蓬盐沼和芦苇盐沼的面积持续减少(分别减少6.02、18.39和99.20 km~2,减少率为4.61%、12.86%和50.11%),碱蓬-柽柳-芦苇盐沼的面积整体呈增加趋势(增加35.50 km~2,增长率为24.99%)。研究发现,不同区域的景观类型均随岸线的淤积或蚀退而发生向海或向陆的演替,岸线变迁是影响不同区域潮滩盐沼景观格局的决定因素,而黄河调水调沙工程的长期实施对于近年来河口段岸线的变迁以及盐沼植被景观类型的演变具有深刻影响。     

Arcellacea (Testate Lobose Amoebae) as pH Indicators in a Pyrite Mine-Acidified Lake, Northeastern Ontario, Canada

Arcellacea (testate lobose amoebae) were examined in 24 sediment–water interface samples collected over two late August field seasons in 2010 and 2011, from James and Granite lakes, Temagami Region, Northeastern Ontario. The work was carried out to quantitatively test species–environment relationships in a lake system known to be characterized by a significant pH gradient, partially the result of contamination from the early twentieth century Northland Pyrite Mine Co., located on the shoreline in the southern basin of James Lake. Redundancy analysis confirmed that arcellacean assemblage structure was most strongly controlled by pH, explaining 14.06 % (p?<?0.002) of the total variance. Q- and R-mode cluster analysis supported by detrended correspondence analysis yielded two major faunal assemblages. The Oligotrophic Assemblage (1) had a Shannon Diversity Index (SDI) ranging up to 2.45, typical of healthy boreal lakes. This assemblage characterized samples collected from higher pH stations within James and Granite lakes away from the immediate area of the mine site, while the Low pH Assemblage 2010 (2a) and Low pH Assemblage 2011 (2b) groupings were from the very low pH environments of James Lake adjacent to the former mine site. Both low diversity assemblages (SDI ranging from 0.62 to 1.22) were characterized by Arcella vulgaris, a species known to thrive in hostile lacustrine environments. Differing depositional conditions during August 2010, a probable result of different prevailing wind patterns that summer, led to allochthonous specimens of the seasonally planktic Cucurbitella tricuspis dominating the Low pH Assemblage 2010 (2a) fauna.     

滇中湖泊流域生态环境质量监测与评价

九大高原湖泊流域在云南省经济发展中占有举足轻重的地位,其中,滇中五大湖泊流域(滇池、抚仙湖、星云湖、杞麓湖、阳宗海,下文称五湖流域)是云南工农业、旅游业等经济和社会发展最活跃的地区,与流域生态环境质量密切相关。本研究基于遥感生态指数(RSEI)对滇中五湖流域1988—2018年的生态环境质量进行监测和评价。结果表明: 尽管1988—2018年间研究区生态环境质量呈转好趋势,RSEI平均值由0.368增加到0.481,但流域整体生态环境质量欠佳;生态环境质量提高的面积占比57.6%,主要分布在湖泊之间的山地,下降区域主要为湖周的平地区;研究期间,滇池、抚仙湖、阳宗海的生态环境质量持续变好,但近10年,杞麓湖和星云湖的生态环境质量明显变差,各湖泊生态环境质量变化与湖泊水质变化存在一致性。未来生态环境质量的改善还需更多的社会关注和政府投入。     

湖北省海口湖、太白湖与武山湖水生植物多样性的比较研究

为了探讨人为干扰与淡水湖泊水生植物多样性的关系,比较研究了湖北省海口湖、太白湖与武山湖水生植物多样性的现状和近20a来三湖泊水生植物多样性的变化,讨论了密齿苦草对太白湖人为干扰的适应机制,探讨了武山湖水生植物多样性及其退化水生生态系统恢复的可能途径。主要结论是：（1）海口湖、太白湖、武山湖现各分布有水生植物57种、35种和11种,分别隶属于28科42属、18科30属和6科9属,近20a来三湖泊分别有1种、9种和29种水生植物消失。（2）1999－2000年三湖泊各分布有水生植物群丛类型14个、6个和0个;全湖植被覆盖率分别是96.18%,76.17%和0％;全湖平均单位面积生物量分别为2896g/m^2,177g/m^2和0g/m^2(鲜重）,近20a来其分别下降了12.1%,88.3%和100％;武山湖水生植被已完全消失。（3）所有群丛中,以海口湖的“野菱＋菱群丛”（Trapa incisa Trapa bispinosa Ass.)的群落物种多样性指数最高;密齿苦草群丛（Vallisneria denseserrulata Ass.);菹草群丛（Potamogeton crispus Ass.)和和“野菱＋菱群丛”为海口湖与太白湖所共有,三者的多样性指数均是海口湖显著高于太白湖。水生植物多样性丰富程度的现状是：海口湖＞太白湖＞武山湖,多样性丧失的程度与其所受干扰程度成正相关。（4）密齿苦草对太白湖人为干扰的适应机制是其具有繁殖能力强的地下根状茎和多数地下越冬块茎。（5）武山湖水生植物多样性及该湖退化水生生态系统恢复的关键是消除工厂废水污染的同时,处理好施肥量与透明度的关系、鱼与草的关系。     

Do environmental differences between lakes in northwestern Argentinean Patagonia affect the infection of Philureter trigoniopsis (monogenea) in Galaxias maculatus (osmeriformes)?

Philureter trigoniopsis is the only parasite found in the ureters and urinary bladder of Galaxias maculatus in Patagonian Andean lakes. The dynamics of this endoparasitic monogenean were studied in Lake Gutiérrez, a body of water with scarce shoreline vegetation, where the host has an annual cycle of migration to the deep pelagic zone of the lake. To compare variations of the infection related to differences between lakes, G. maculatus specimens were sampled monthly with baited traps from September 1998 to November 1999 in Lake Moreno, which is an oligotrophic body of water with emergent shoreline vegetation and where the fish do not migrate to the deep pelagic areas of the lake. In addition, data for summer infections of P. trigoniopsis from 10 Andean Patagonian lakes that differ in aquatic vegetation, depth, and area were compared. In Lake Moreno prevalence of P. trigoniopsis showed a seasonal pattern, with 1-yr-old fish exhibiting the highest values of prevalence and mean intensity. Negative correlations between water temperature and prevalence and between age of fish and abundance were found. Our results suggest that age of fish may be the main factor structuring the distribution of P. trigoniosis in populations of G. maculatus. At the regional level the relationship between the infection and the characteristics of the lakes was also observed, with prevalence and mean intensity of P. trigoniopsis in G. maculatus higher in large deep lakes without macrophytes.     

中国典型湖泊富营养化现状与区域性差异分析

为全面科学地综合评估全国富营养化现状, 以全国五大湖区22个典型湖泊为研究对象, 科学评估了其富营养化状态, 分析了全国湖泊富营养化状态的区域性差异, 并探讨了富营养化状态与总磷的定量关系。结果表明, 2010—2011年, 59.1%的调研湖泊处于不同程度的富营养化状态, 其中云贵湖区的富营养化程度最为严重, 蒙新湖区的富营养化呈两极分化状态, 东北山地-平原湖区与东部湖区的湖泊基本均处于中营养-轻度富营养之间, 青藏高原湖区的富营养化程度最低。通过分析日照数、无霜期、气温、水深、海拔、降雨与湖泊营养状态的关系, 揭示了湖泊所处的地理位置是影响湖泊富营养化的基本因素, 具有区域性的分布规律。综合分析结果表明, 全国范围内湖泊中叶绿素a与总磷浓度存在显著相关性, 其中东部平原湖区、东北平原-山地湖区、青藏高原湖区和云贵高原湖区的叶绿素a与总磷浓度符合三次曲线方程, 蒙新湖区的叶绿素a与总磷浓度符合S型曲线方程; 东部平原湖区、东北平原-山地湖区、青藏高原湖区叶绿素浓度随着总磷浓度的增加, 首先出现1个极小值点, 然后出现1个极大值点, 其中3个湖区极小值点对应的总磷浓度分别为: 0.054、0.089和0.072 mg/L, 可为我国对应湖区的湖泊富营养化控制指标提供借鉴。     

Species immigration, extinction and turnover of vascular plants in boreal lakes

Dictated by limited resource availability for land acquisition, a central question in conservation biology is the ability of areas of different size to maintain species diversity. The selected reserves should not only be species rich at the moment, but should also maintain species diversity in the long run. We used two sets of data on vascular plant species in boreal lakes collected in 1933/34 and 1996 to test the relationships between lake area and the extinction, immigration and turnover rates of the species. Moreover, we investigated, whether the number of species in 1933/34 or water connection between lakes was related to extinction, immigration and turnover rates of species. We found that lake area or shoreline length was not correlated with immigration or turnover rate. But extinction rate was slightly negatively correlated with shoreline length. The original number of species was positively related to the number of species extinctions and to the absolute turnover rate in the lakes, which indicates that species richness does not create stability in these communities. Species number was not correlated with immigration rate. Upstream water connections in the lakes did not affect immigration, extinction or turnover rates. We conclude that length of the shoreline is a better measure of suitable area for water plants than the lake area, and that because the correlation between shoreline length and extinction rate was slight, also small lakes can be valuable for conservation.     

Effects of shoreline development on the nearshore environment in large deep oligotrophic lakes

1. In large deep oligotrophic lakes, the shallow nearshore waters may provide the most important habitat for animals to feed and breed, and it is this area of the lake where humans are most likely to have initial impacts as the shoreline is developed. Nutrients in fertilizers, sediments and sewage effluents are likely to be rapidly intercepted by nearshore algae at the lake edge, having heterogeneous effects nearshore before offshore effects are noted. 2. Here we examined the spatially explicit effects of residential development on nearshore periphyton communities in three large deep oligotrophic lakes that have all experienced modest residential development in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. We demonstrate that substantial nearshore changes in the basal food web are detectable even with low levels of shoreline development. These changes can potentially affect whole‐lake food web dynamics. 3. For our primary study site (Lake Crescent, Washington, USA), we found that algal biomass and accumulation of detritus were higher at developed sites. In addition, both macroinvertebrate and periphyton communities exhibited a shift in composition with more detritivores and filamentous green algae at developed sites. These differences were more pronounced during the spring than at other times of year. 4. A complementary investigation of field patterns in Priest Lake and Lake Pend Oreille (Idaho, USA) suggested that, although spatial and temporal patterns were idiosyncratic, indicators of productivity and the presence of filamentous green algae were generally higher at developed sites across lakes. 5. Stable isotope signatures and water column nutrients were not useful in distinguishing developed and undeveloped sites, increasing the potential usefulness of periphyton monitoring during early stages of lake development. 6. A laboratory investigation suggested that common macroinvertebrate grazers assimilated a much greater proportion of diatoms than the filamentous green algae that are associated with fertilization at developed sites. 7. These findings have at least two clear implications: (i) periphyton may be used to detect human impacts before disturbance is evident in offshore monitoring programmes and (ii) nearshore impacts in response to modest residential development have the potential to disrupt lake food web dynamics.     

阳宗海和滇池中紫色非硫细菌数量和种群结构的比较

在2002年平水期对高原湖泊阳宗海和滇池中的紫色非硫细菌(PNSB)数量和种群结构进行了比较研究。对两湖中的各因子进行t检验,发现各因子和PNSB数量都有极显著差异,富营养化湖泊滇池中的PNSB数量远远多于贫营养化湖泊阳宗海;两湖中PNSB的优势种是红假单胞菌属,也有少数的红螺菌属。两湖种群结构的区别是滇池有红微菌,而阳宗海有大量红细菌。