鲶鱼染色体的显带研究

对鲶鱼染色进行Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ、Ｃ－带，ＣＭＡ３／ＤＡ／ＤＡＰＩ三重荧光染色昨帛 带的研究。结果发现，鲶鱼Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ定位在ｍ１ｑ的末端，上有一种特殊的形态和数目多态现象，即染色体上的ＮＯＲｓ发生串联重复。该种鱼只有部分染色体呈现阳性Ｃ带，，所显示的异染色质可分为三类，有丝粒异染色质、端粒异染色质和居间异染色质，其中ｍ１的整佧长臂都被深染，是Ｃ－带染色最深、染色面积最大的区域。ＣＭＡ３染色显示，Ｎ     

DIDS和ConA对带3蛋白转运活性及结构的影响

测定了伴刀豆球蛋白（ＣｏｎｃａｎａｖａｌｉｎＡ）和ＤＩＤＳ对人红细胞带３蛋白活性及结构的影响。（１）ＣｏｎＡ使带３转运速度常数Ｋ显著增加。ＣｏｎＡ浓度达到０．０５ｍｇ／ｍｌ时,Ｋ值增加３４．４％。ＤＩＤＳ对带３活性有明显的抑制作用。（２）荧光探针ＤＰＨ,３ＡＳ,９ＡＳ,１６ＡＰ分别测定ＣｏｎＡ和ＤＩＤＳ与带３结合后膜流动性的变化。ＣｏｎＡ能明显增加膜脂的流动性,而ＤＩＤＳ则降低膜脂流动性。（３）差示扫描量热法（ＤＳＣ）测定带３蛋白变性性质,发现ＣｏｎＡ使红细胞膜上带３蛋白变性峰出现温度从６９．２５°Ｃ减小到６６．２５°Ｃ,而ＤＩＤＳ则使之增至７９．５°Ｃ。     

带3蛋白转运吡啶二羧酸根离子的动力学研究

利用ＤＰＡ使Ｔｂ３＋的荧先强度显著增强的原理进行带３蛋白活性的测定,方法简便、灵敏、重复性好,而且能够进行连续荧光扫描测量．应用连续荧光扫描法测定了带３蛋白介导的ＤＰＡ与Ｃｌ－交换的动力学特征参数．结果表明,带３蛋白介导的ＤＰＡ与Ｃｌ－的交换对ＤＩＤＳ非常敏感,受ＤＩＤＳ的强烈抑制,抑制程度大于９０％;ＤＰＡ由内向外转运的米氏常Ｋｍ＝２８．１—３１．２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ;带３蛋白的天然底物Ｃｌ－从内侧竞争性抑制ＤＰＡ向外转运,抑制常数ｋｉ＝６０．４±６．９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ;膜内侧ＤＰＡ与外侧Ｃｌ－交换的活化能,在４—２５℃范围内为５．８±０．５ｋＣａｌ／ｍｏｌ２５—３７℃范围内为１９．８±１．５ｋＣａｌ／ｍｏｌ;膜内侧ＤＰＡ与外侧Ｃｌ－交换受转运介质ｐＨ（膜内外对称改变）的显著影响,ｐＨ＜７．４时,交换速度显著升高．本实验证明ＤＰＡ确是经带３蛋白而转运的,但转运机制可能与无机离子转运有所不同。     

Ce~（3＋）与G－肌动蛋白结合引起的构象变化及对聚合的影响

用Ａｅｄａｎｓ标记肌动蛋白单体Ｇ－Ａｃｔｉｎ上Ｃｙｓ３７４残基作为探针,研究了稀土离子Ｃｅ~（３＋）与Ｇ－Ａｃｔｉｎ的结合及引起的微构象变化。Ｃｅ~（３＋）在低浓度（Ｃｅ~（３＋）／Ａｃｔｉｎ摩尔比＜１）和Ｃａ~（２＋）竞争Ｇ－Ａｃｔｉｎ上二价离子的高亲合位点。Ｃｅ~（３＋）取代Ｃａ~（２＋）引起Ａｅｄａｎｓ荧光强度增强与Ｍｇ~（２＋）取代Ｃａ~（２＋）的结果相同。Ｃｅ~（３＋）／Ａｃｔｉｎ＞ｌ则导致Ａｅｄａｎｓ荧光强度下降。说明Ｃｅ~（３＋）在高低两种浓度条件下结合的位点及对Ｃｖｓ３７４的微构象的影响不同。时间分辩测得的Ａｅｄａｎｓ荧光寿命也支持这一结论。ＣＤ谱结果表明Ｃｅ~（３＋）／Ａｃｔｉｎ＜０．４,Ａｃｔｉｎ的二级结构增加,大于０．４又导致其失去。Ｃｅ~（３＋）－Ａｃｔｉｎ在有／无游离ＡＴＰ时用聚合液诱导的聚合结果表明,无游离ＡＴＰ时,极低浓度Ｃｅ~（３＋）促进聚合,高浓度虽有促进但有所减弱;有游离ＡＴＰ时,Ｃｅ~（３＋）／Ａｃｔｉｎ在实验范围内促进聚合。     

10个近交系小鼠的微卫星位点分析及其在遗传监测中应用的探讨（一）

选用不同染色体上的８个微卫星位点,应用ＰＣＲ技术对１０个品系的近交系小鼠进行遗传分析,研究结果表明：在无任何亲缘关系的近交系小鼠品系之间,该８个微卫星位点均具有不同的等位基因。含有不同等位基目的微卫星位点所占的百分比从ＭＳＭ／ＭＳ与Ｃ３Ｈ／ＨｅＪ的１００％到（ＣｘＳ）Ｆ与Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ间的２５％,平均５６．７２％,在重组近交系间及重组近交系与亲本之间,此比率从（ＣｘＳ）Ｄ或（ＣｘＳ）Ｍ与ＢＡＬＢ／ＣＨｅＡ间的５０％到（ＣｘＳ）Ｄ或（ＣｘＳ）Ｍ与ＳＴＳ／Ａ,（ＣｘＳ）Ｄ与（ＣｘＳ）Ｍ间的２５％,此８个微卫星位点有可能做为在基因水平上进行近交系小鼠遗传监测的标记。     

DAKO-M1在胃癌组织表达的免疫组织化学研究

对９５例胃癌组织进行ＤＡＫＯ－Ｍ１（ＤＡＫＯ－ＣＤ１５）表达的免疫组织化学研究。结果发现,ＤＡＫＯ－Ｍ１在胃癌中的阳性率（８６．３％）显著高于癌旁粘膜和正常胃粘膜（Ｐ＜０．０５和０．００５）。其定位分布有３种类型：即腺腔缘型（Ａ型）、胞膜型（Ｍ型）和胞浆型（Ｃ型）。胃非肿瘤性粘膜组织仅为Ａ型。胃癌３型兼有,高分化癌Ａ型（１８．２％）和Ｍ型（６１．４％）均显著高于低分化癌（Ｐ值均＜０．００５）;低分化癌和粘液癌Ｃ型（各占７２．０％和５３．８％）均显著高于高分化癌（２０．５％）,Ｐ＜０．００５和０．０２５。ＤＡＫＯ－Ｍ１Ｃ型和Ｍ型淋巴结转移率（分别为９７．１％和６９．２％）均显著高于Ａ型（３３．３％）者,Ｐ＜０．００５和０．０５。结果提示,ＤＡＫＯ－Ｍ１是判断胃癌分化水平、恶性程度及预测淋巴结转移的一种有用标志物     

四棱豆的核型和G-带带型研究

用改良ＡＳＧ法在四棱角Ｐｓｏｐｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓ ｔｅｔｒａｇｏｎｏｌｏｂｕｓ（Ｌ．）ＤＣ有丝分裂中期,染色体全长显示了密切邻近的多重Ｇ－带带纹,并进行了核型和Ｇ－带带型分析。核型公式为２ｎ＝１８＝４ｍ＋１４ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）,核型类型为２Ｂ。Ｇ－带带型分析表明,同源染色体的带纹数目、分布位置、染色深浅基本一致,可以较准确地进行配对;非同源染色体的带型有明显差异,可以准确区分。讨论了改良ＡＳＧ法在核型     

低氧对肺动脉内皮细胞PDGF—B链释放及平滑肌细胞生长的影响

应用蛋白ｄｏｔｂｌｏｔ技术检测了低氧内皮细胞条件培养液（ＨＥＣＣＭ）和常氧内皮细胞条件培养液（ＮＥＣＣＭ）内ＰＤＧＦ相对含量,并利用［３Ｈ］－ＴｄＲ掺入法和流式细胞术观察了ＨＥＣＣＭ和ＮＥＣＣＭ及加入特异ＰＤＧＦ抗体对肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣ）生长的影响。结果表明,ＨＥＣＣＭ中的ＰＤＧＦ含量明显高于ＮＥＣＣＭ;ＨＥＣＣＭ能明显增强ＰＡＳＭＣ内ＤＮＡ合成,促进ＰＡＳＭＣ从Ｇｏ／Ｇ１期进入Ｓ期;当预先加入ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ链抗体时,则会明显地抑制ＨＥＣＣＭ对ＰＡＳＭＣ的ＤＮＡ合成,阻止ＰＡＳＭＣ从Ｇｏ／Ｇ１期进入Ｓ期。结果提示,低氧时ＰＡＳＭＣ增殖与肺动脉内皮细胞分泌释放ＰＤＧＦ增加有关     

GM3对重建Gs与AC偶联功能的影响

将神经节苷脂ＧＭ３（Ｍｏｎｏｓｉａｌｏｇａｎｇｌｉｏｓｉｄｅ－ＧＭ３）通过保温法掺入到含激活型Ｇ蛋白（ＳｔｉｍｕｌａｔｏｒｙＧＴＰ－ｂｉｎｄｉｎｇｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,Ｇｓ）与腺苷酸环化酶（ＡｄｅｎｙｌｙｌＣｙｃｌａｓｅ,ＡＣ）的脂酶体中,研究了ＧＭ３对Ｇｓ和ＡＣ偶联功能的影响。实验结果表明,在４－１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度范围的ＧＭ３增加ＡＣ的基础活力;在高于４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,ＧＭ３可显著抑制Ｇｓ激活ＡＣ的能力;而在ＧＭ３浓度高于１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的条件下,Ｇｓ结合ＧＴＰγＳ（Ｇｕａｎｏｓｉｎｅ５＇－Ｏ－（３－ｔｈｉｏｔｒｉｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ））的活力受到明显抑制。随外源ＧＭ３浓度的增加,ＧＭ３对Ｇｓ激活ＡＣ的能力与对ＡＣ基础活力的影响似乎并不完全一致。这些结果提示,Ｇｓ与ＡＣ的解偶联对较低浓度的ＧＭ３的影响更加敏感。用荧光探剂ＭＣ５４０标记脂酶体,测量其荧光光谱的结果显示,随着ＧＭ３浓度增加,ＭＣ５４０的荧光强度增强,这说明外源性的ＧＭ３的掺入使膜脂质分子头部的堆积变得更加疏松。这可能提示,ＧＭ３介导的膜脂物理状态的变化是调节Ｇｓ与ＡＣ偶联功能的重要因素之一。     

蛋白激酶B及其在磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶介导的信号转导中的作用

蛋白激酶Ｂ（ＰＫＢ）是原癌基因ｃ－ａｋｔ的表达产物,它参与由生长因子激活的经磷脂磷肌醇３－激酶（ＰＩ３Ｋ）介导的信号转导过程。与许多蛋白激酶相似,ＰＫＢ分子具有一特殊的ＡＨ／ＰＨ结构域（ＡＨ／ＰＨｄｏｍａｉｎ）,后者能介导信号分子间的相互作用。ＰＫＢ是ＰＩ３Ｋ直接的靶蛋白。ＰＩ３Ｋ产生的脂类第二信使ＰＩ－３,４,Ｐ２和ＰＩ－３,４,５－Ｐ３等均能与ＰＫＢ和磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶（ＰＤＫ）的ＡＨ／Ｐ     

Characterization of different types of condensed chromatin inCostus (Zingiberaceae)

The chromatin structure of six diploids species ofCostus was analysed using conventional Giemsa staining, C-banding and DAPI/CMA fluorochromes. The interphase nuclei in all the species show an areticulate structure and the prophase chromosomes show large blocks of proximal condensed chromatin. After banding procedures, each chromosome exhibits only centromeric dot-like DAPI⁺/CMA^– C-bands whereas the satellites (one pair at each karyotype) are weakly stained after C-banding and show a DAPI^–/CMA⁺ fluorescence. Two chromocentres show bright fluorescence with CMA and weak staining after C-banding whereas the others chromocentres show only a small fraction of DAPI⁺ heterochromatin. These results were interpreted to mean that the greater part of the condensed chromatin has an euchromatic nature whereas two types of well localized heterochromatin occur in a small proportion. The Z-stage analysis suggests that heterochromatin and condensed euchromatin decondense at different times. The chromosome number and morphology of all species are given and the implications of the condensed euchromatin are discussed.Dedicated to Prof.Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess on the occasion of her 70th birthday.     

Chromosome CPD(PI/DAPI)- and CMA/DAPI-banding patterns in Allium cepa L

Chromosome banding patterns of Allium cepa L. were obtained by using fluorochrome combinations chromomycin A3 (CMA) + 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), DAPI + actinomycin D (AMD) and propidium iodide (PI) + DAPI. In A. cepa, telomeric heterochromatin displayed dull fluorescence after staining with DAPI and DAPI/AMD. After staining with the GC-specific CMA and AT-specific DAPI, the CMA-positive fluorescence of the NOR region and the telomeric bands of C-heterochromatin was observed. In combination with DAPI, PI, a dye with low AT/GC specificity, produced almost uniform fluorescence of chromosomal arms and heterochromatin, whereas the NOR-adjoining regions displayed bright fluorescence. Denaturation of chromosomal DNA (95 degrees C for 1-3 min) followed by renaturation in the 2 x SSC buffer (37 degrees C, 12 h) altered the chromosome fluorescence patterns: specific PI-positive bands appeared and the contrast of CMA-banding increased. Bright fluorescence of the NOR and adjoining regions was also observed in the case. Three-minute denaturation led also to a bright PI-positive fluorescence of telomeric heterochromatin. The denaturation of chromosomal DNA before staining results in changes of the DAPI fluorescence pattern and in the appearance of DAPI fluorescence in GR-rich NOP regions. The mechanisms underlying the effects of denaturation/renaturation procedures on chromosome banding patterns obtained with different fluorochromes are discussed.     

Reverse fluorescent chromosome banding with chromomycin and DAPI

Two DNA binding guanine-specific antibiotics, chromomycin A₃ (CMA) and the closely related mithramycin (MM), were used as chromosome fluorescent dyes. Root-tip metaphase chromosomes of three plant species and human metaphase chromosomes were sequentially stained with CMA or MM and the DNA binding AT-specific fluorochrome 4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). In some cases a non-fluorescent counterstain was used as contrasting agent: methyl green in conjunction with CMA, and actinomycin D (AMD) in combination with DAPI. — In all three plant species, Vicia faba, Scilla siberica, and Ornithogalum caudatum, the nucleolus organiser regions and/or associated heterochromatin displayed very bright fluorescence with CMA and MM and, in general, heterochromatic segments (C-bands) which were bright with CMA and MM were pale with DAPI whereas segments which were dim with CMA and MM displayed very bright fluorescence with DAPI. — Human metaphase chromosomes showed a small longitudinal differentiation in CMA fluorescence, which was essentially the reverse of the banding pattern obtained with AMD/DAPI double-staining, but of lower contrast. The CMA-banding pattern appears to be similar to the pattern found by R-banding procedures.     

Chromosome CPD(PI/DAPI)- and CMA/DAPI-Banding Patterns in Allium cepa L.

Chromosome banding patterns of Allium cepa L. were obtained by using fluorescent dye combinations chromomycin A₃ (CMA) + 4",6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), DAPI + actinomycin D (AMD) and propidium iodide (PI) + DAPI. In A. cepa,telomeric heterochromatin displayed dull fluorescence after staining with DAPI and DAPI/AMD. After joint staining with the GC-specific CMA and AT-specific DAPI, the CMA-positive fluorescence of the NOR region and the telomeric bands of C-heterochromatin was observed. In combination with DAPI, PI, a dye with low AT/GC specificity, produced almost uniform fluorescence of chromosomal arms and heterochromatin, whereas the NOR-adjoining regions displayed bright fluorescence. Denaturation of chromosomal DNA (2 × SSC, 95°C for 1–3 min) followed by renaturation (2 × SSC, 37°C, 12 h) altered the chromosome fluorescence patterns: specific PI-positive bands appeared and the contrast of CMA-banding increased. Bright fluorescence of NOR and adjoining regions was also observed in the case. Three-minute denaturation led also to a bright PI-positive fluorescence of telomeric heterochromatin. The denaturation of chromosomal DNA before staining results in changes of the DAPI fluorescence pattern and in the appearance of bright DAPI fluorescence in GC-rich NOP regions. The mechanisms underlying the effects of denaturation/renaturation procedures on chromosome banding patterns obtained with different fluorochromes are discussed.     

Cytogenetic characterization of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians, by multiple staining techniques and fluorescence in situ hybridization

The chromosomes of Argopecten irradians irradians were studied by various cytogenetic approaches. Conventional chromosome characterization built on C-banding, DAPI-staining, and silver staining was complemented by the physical mapping of ribosomal DNA and telomeric sequence (TTAGGG)n by FISH. Results showed that the constitutive heterochromatin revealed by C-banding was mainly distributed at telomeric and centromeric regions. However, interstitial C-bands were also observed. The pattern of DAPI banding was almost consistent with that of C-banding. Silver staining revealed that NORs were located on the short arms of chromosome 3 and 10, and this was further confirmed by FISH using 18S-28S rDNA. 5S rDNA was mapped as two distinguishable loci on the long arm of chromosome 11. 18S-28S and 5S rDNA were located on different chromosomes by sequential FISH. FISH also showed that the vertebrate telomeric sequence (TTAGGG)n was located on both ends of each chromosome and no interstitial signals were detected. Sequential 18S-28S rDNA and (TTAGGG)n FISH demonstrated that repeated units of the two multicopy families were closely associated on the same chromosome pair.     

R-banding produced by DNase I digestion of chromomycin-stained chromosomes

A distinct reverse (R-) banding pattern was produced on human chromosomes by digesting chromosome spreads with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) in the presence of an excess of chromomycin A3 (CMA), followed by staining with Giemsa. The banding pattern corresponds with that obtained by chromomycin A3 fluorescence, and bands which fluorescence brightly with chromomycin appear darkly with Giemsa. The same relationship was observed in two plants, Scilla siberica and Ornithogalum caudatum, which have contrasting types of heterochromatin. Chromomycin bright C-bands stained darkly with the CMA/DNase I technique, whereas chromomycin negative C-bands appeared lightly stained. The digestion patterns are thought to reflect the variation in chromomycin binding capacity along the chromosome with R-bands and dark C-bands being sites which preferentially bind the antibiotic.     

Chromosome heteromorphisms in the gorilla karyotype. Analyses with distamycin A/DAPI, quinacrine and 5-azacytidine

The chromosomes of one male and three female gorillas were extensively studied with various regional banding methods. The chromosomes were stained with the fluorescent dyes quinacrine mustard and distamycin A/DAPI (DA/DAPI), which label different subsets of heterochromatin in the chromosome complement. Furthermore, lymphocyte cultures were treated with the cytidine analog 5-azacytidine (5-azaC). The 5-azaC-induced undercondensations were found in most of the DA/DAPI-bands as well as in many telomeric C-bands. The karyotype of the gorilla exhibits a considerable number of heterochromatin variants. Of the different types of heteromorphisms noted, the most striking is that involving the short arm regions of chromosomes 12 to 16 and 23 (satellite stalk regions) and the paracentromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes 17 and 18. There also are numerous heteromorphic C-bands localized in the telomeric regions of homologous chromosome arms. In comparison, only few heteromorphisms occur between C-bands in the centromeric and pericentromeric regions of homologs. Finally, a variability in the fluorescence intensity of quinacrine-bright satellites in the short arms of chromosomes 12 to 16, 22, and 23 is observed.     

Restriction enzyme and fluorochrome banding analysis of the constitutive heterochromatin of Saguinus species (Callitrichidae, Primates)

Metaphases of Saguinas fuscicollis fuscicollis and Saguinas mystax were subjected to restriction enzyme banding (Alu I, Hae III, Hin fI, Rsa I, Dde I, Mbo I and Msp I) and sequenced C-banding, together with fluorochrome staining (CMA3 and DAPI). Both species showed large C-bands in the pericentromeric regions. S. f. fuscicollis also manifested distal C-bands in both arms of pair 5 and in the short arms of pairs 8-15. In each species the heterochromatin revealed different reactions to the restriction enzymes and fluorochromes. This was related to its location in the genome (centromeric, pericentromeric, distal), making possible the identification of distinct categories of constitutive heterochromatin. In S. f. fuscicollis there were at least five types, namely centromeric in bi-armed chromosomes, centromeric in acrocentrics, pericentromeric, distal, and cryptic bands, detected only with the Alu I. There were three types in S. mystax, viz centromeric in bi-armed chromosomes, centromeric in acrocentric, and pericentromeric chromosomes. Several aspects of their constitution and origin are discussed.     

Heterochromatin characterization in five species of Heteroptera

The amount, composition and location of heterochromatin in Athaumastus haematicus (Stål, 1859), Leptoglossus impictus (Stål, 1859), Phthia picta (Drury, 1770) (Coreidae), Largus rufipennis Laporte, 1832 (Largidae) and Jadera sanguinolenta (Fabricius, 1775) (Rhopalidae) are analyzed by C-banding and DAPI/CMA fluorescent banding. As the rule for Heteroptera the possession of holokinetic chromosomes and a pre-reductional type of meiosis cytogenetically characterize these five species. Besides, all of them (except L. rufipennis) present a pair of m chromosomes. C-banding technique reveals the absence of constitutive heterochromatin in A. haematicus, scarce C-positive blocks in L. impictus and J. sanguinolenta, and C-positive heterochromatin terminally located in P. picta and L. rufipennis. All C-bands are DAPI bright, except for a DAPI dull/CMA bright band at one telomeric end of the X chromosome in L. rufipennis, which probably corresponds to a nucleolar organizing region. The results of the banding techniques are analyzed in relation to the chiasma frequency and distribution in the five species, and it is concluded that there should exist some constraints to the acquisition and/ or accumulation of heterochromatin in their karyotypes.     

Homologous chromosomes characteristics by sequential banding procedures in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

The development of high resolution methods of chromosome banding helped the finding of homologous chromosomes, detecting chromosomal abnormalities, and assigning the gene loci to particular chromosomes in mammals. Unfortunately, small and numerous fish chromosomes do not show GC rich and GC poor compartments, this preventing the establishment of G banding pattern. The combination of techniques enabling the identification of constitutive heterochromatin (C-banding), heterochromatin resistant to restriction endonucleas, NOR bearing chromosomes (AgNO3 banding), or AT rich regions on chromosomes (DAPI banding) in sequential staining provides a better characteristic of fish chromosomes. In this work sequentially DAPI, DdeI, AgNO3 stained chromosomes of rainbow trout resulted in the characteristic banding pattern of some homologous chromosomes. Procedure of FISH with telomere probe and DAPI as a counterstaining fluorochrome visualized simultaneous hybridization signals and DAPI banding. Possibility of detection both FISH and DAPI signals can help in procedures of gene mapping on chromosomes.