家养动物肌肉发育相关基因的研究进展

肌肉的生长发育是一个复杂的多级过程,受到多种因素的调节,尤其是与肌肉发育相关的基因,起到非常重要的作用。已有研究表明,影响肌肉发育的基因有两种调控作用,一方面是正向的促进作用,另一方面是反向的抑制作用,这两种作用的机制都十分复杂。虽然相关基因在分子结构领域的研究已经达到了一定的高度,但仍有部分调控机制的研究尚需要有突破性的进展。基因表达调控细胞的结构和功能,从而进一步影响肌肉的生长发育;肌肉发育的状况直接影响动物的经济效应。因此,研究影响肌肉发育的基因就显得至关重要。本研究对近10年来与4类家养动物(牛,羊,猪和鸡)肌肉发育相关的基因的研究进展进行了综述,重点阐述了这些基因的作用机制和研究进展,并对动物肌肉发育相关基因未来的研究和应用工作进行了综述。     

利用比较基因组学方法对猪BACDNA序列分析来研究抑肌素基因的调控

抑肌素(GDF8, MSTN)是调控骨骼肌发育的TGF-b超家族的一员. 作为负调节因子, 抑肌素通过控制肌纤维的大小和数量来调控骨骼肌的发育. 为了更深入研究它的表达和调控模 式, 我们利用比较基因组学方法对一个大约170 kb的猪BAC序列与人和小鼠的相应序列进行了分析, 这段基因组序列的特点是富含分散型重复而G+C含量较低. 抑肌素基因的同源性在猪、人和小鼠3种生物之间非常高, 正如所希望的, 在人与猪之间的同源性高于它们与小鼠的同源 性. 一个有意思的特征是在抑肌素启动子CCAAT盒下游有两个TA盒, 进一步分析表明TA盒1负责在人、猪中转录, 而TA盒2在小鼠中起作用; 另一个的特征是在猪抑肌素3′UTR有两个polyA信号序列(AATAAA). 进而, 我们在进化保守区域分析到许多潜在的转录因子结合位 点, 它们可能与抑肌素的调控有关. 许多潜在的转录调控因子在肌肉的发育中起重要作用, 暗示着抑肌素与这些因子的复杂相互作用可能是正常肌肉发育所必需的(文中所提到的序列已提交到GenBank, 序号为: AY208121).     

利用比较基因组学方法对猪BAC DNA序列分析来研究抑肌素基因的调控

抑肌素(GDF8, MSTN)是调控骨骼肌发育的TGF-b超家族的一员. 作为负调节因子, 抑肌素通过控制肌纤维的大小和数量来调控骨骼肌的发育. 为了更深入研究它的表达和调控模式, 我们利用比较基因组学方法对一个大约170 kb的猪BAC序列与人和小鼠的相应序列进行了分析, 这段基因组序列的特点是富含分散型重复而G+C含量较低. 抑肌素基因的同源性在猪、人和小鼠3种生物之间非常高, 正如所希望的, 在人与猪之间的同源性高于它们与小鼠的同源性. 一个有意思的特征是在抑肌素启动子CCAAT盒下游有两个TA盒, 进一步分析表明TA盒1负责在人、猪中转录, 而TA盒2在小鼠中起作用; 另一个的特征是在猪抑肌素3′UTR有两个polyA信号序列(AATAAA). 进而, 我们在进化保守区域分析到许多潜在的转录因子结合位点, 它们可能与抑肌素的调控有关. 许多潜在的转录调控因子在肌肉的发育中起重要作用, 暗示着抑肌素与这些因子的复杂相互作用可能是正常肌肉发育所必需的(文中所提到的序列已提交到GenBank, 序号为: AY208121).     

利用比较基因组学方法对猪BAC DNA序列分析来研究抑肌素基因的调控术

抑肌素(GDF8,MSTN)是调控骨骼肌发育的TGF-β超家族的一员.作为负调节因子,抑肌素通过控制肌纤维的大小和数量来调控骨骼肌的发育.为了更深入研究它的表达和调控模式,我们利用比较基因组学方法对一个大约170kb的猪BAC序列与人和小鼠的相应序列进行了分析,这段基因组序列的特点是富含分散型重复而G+C含量较低.抑肌素基因的同源性在猪、人和小鼠3种生物之间非常高,正如所希望的,在人与猪之间的同源性高于它们与小鼠的同源性.一个有意思的特征是在抑肌素启动子CCAAT盒下游有两个TA盒,进一步分析表明TA盒1负责在人、猪中转录,而TA盒2在小鼠中起作用;另一个的特征是在猪抑肌素3′UTR有两个polyA信号序列(AATAAA).进而,我们在进化保守区域分析到许多潜在的转录因子结合位点,它们可能与抑肌素的调控有关.许多潜在的转录调控因子在肌肉的发育中起重要作用,暗示着抑肌素与这些因子的复杂相互作用可能是正常肌肉发育所必需的(文中所提到的序列已提交到GenBank,序号为:AY208121).     

五指山猪和长白猪背最长肌差异基因的筛选与注释

为了筛选五指山猪和长白猪背最长肌组织差异表达基因,本研究采用RNA-seq技术和生物信息学方法对6月龄、8月龄五指山猪和长白猪的背最长肌进行转录组测序分析,并对差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG Pathway显著性富集分析。通过与猪基因组比对分析后发现,在6月龄和8月龄五指山猪和长白猪均有约44 000 000条Clean reads能够比对到猪基因组上相关基因,每个文库均获得约18 200个表达基因,而转录本的数据为25 000个。在6月龄五指山猪与长白猪中共有30个基因差异表达,在8月龄五指山猪与长白猪中获得29个差异表达的基因。这些差异表达的基因主要富集在与糖酵解代谢、MAPK信号代谢通路和胰岛素信号通路等肌肉发育信号通路,通过筛选获得了与肌肉生长发育有关的候选基因,为探索五指山猪肌肉发育的分子机制提供了理论依据。     

骨骼肌发育的分子遗传学

综述了近年来对骨骼肌发育中分子信号途径和MDFs家族成员调控作用的研究进展.MDFs可以直接控制肌肉结构基因的表达,也可以激活中间调控因子或它们共同控制肌源性表型.调控因子MEF2能作为MDF作用的媒介.Pax-3是肌肉发育的早期阶段中必不可少的.心肌和骨骼肌组织之间有许多相似性,二者基因表达的调控途径也有某种程度的保守性.     

MSTN与骨骼肌生长发育

尽管肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)对骨骼肌生长的抑制作用已得到证实,但其抑制骨骼肌细胞生长分化的分子机理还不是十分清楚,这方面仍是目前研究MSTN功能的热点。本文综述了MSTN调控骨骼肌生长发育的各种途径,为进一步深入探讨MSTN调控骨骼肌生长发育的机理提供思路和依据。     

肌生成抑制素的结构、功能和应用前景

肌生成抑制素是1997年发现的骨骼肌生长发育负调控因子,肌生成抑制素基因缺失鼠肌肉增大,骨骼肌肌群分布更广泛,基因缺失鼠体重较野生鼠大2～3倍。进一步研究表明,肌生成抑制素具有多种生物学功能。     

长链非编码RNA H19对哺乳动物肌肉生长发育的调控

作为最早被鉴定的长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lnc RNA)之一,H19在动物机体内发挥着广泛的作用,不仅可以作为肿瘤抑制因子和致癌基因参与疾病的发生过程,还参与对哺乳动物胚胎各组织生长发育的调控。其中,H19对哺乳动物肌肉组织(包括骨骼肌和心肌)发育的调控受到广泛关注。目前研究发现,H19可通过顺式调控Igf2促进骨骼肌卫星细胞(skeletal muscle satellite cells,SMSCs)的成肌分化和肌肉的生成;H19也可反式作用于靶标基因参与肌肉生长发育过程,如作为"分子海绵"结合let-7、mi R-106、mi R-29等,影响肌肉细胞中葡萄糖的摄取、心肌细胞增殖和肌腱修复等过程,或作为染色质修饰因子结合MBD1蛋白促进胚胎发育和肌肉再生。本文综述了H19对哺乳动物肌肉生长发育调控的研究进展,以期为进一步阐明肌肉生长发育的分子调控机制提供参考。     

猪胚发育分子调控机理与基因转殖猪

近年来,台湾大学畜产系和有关研究机构,对畜禽生物分子学与胚胎分子学调控方面的研究有一定进展,在猪滤泡发育分子调控、猪胚胎发育分子调控和基因转殖猪的研究都取得了重大成果。     

Advances in research on the prenatal development of skeletal muscle in animals in relation to the quality of muscle-based food. I. Regulation of myogenesis and environmental impact

Skeletal muscle development in vertebrates - also termed myogenesis - is a highly integrated process. Evidence to date indicates that the processes are very similar across mammals, poultry and fish, although the timings of the various steps differ considerably. Myogenesis is regulated by the myogenic regulatory factors and consists of two to three distinct phases when different fibre populations appear. The critical times when myogenesis is prone to hormonal or environmental influences depend largely on the developmental stage. One of the main mechanisms for both genetic and environmental effects on muscle fibre development is via the direct action of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis. In mammals and poultry, postnatal growth and function of muscles relate mainly to the hypertrophy of the fibres formed during myogenesis and to their fibre-type composition in terms of metabolic and contractile properties, whereas in fish hyperplasia still plays a major role. Candidate genes that are important in skeletal muscle development, for instance, encode for IGFs and IGF-binding proteins, myosin heavy chain isoforms, troponin T, myosin light chain and others have been identified. In mammals, nutritional supply in utero affects myogenesis and the GH-IGF axis may have an indirect action through the partitioning of nutrients towards the gravid uterus. Impaired myogenesis resulting in low skeletal myofibre numbers is considered one of the main reasons for negative long-term consequences of intrauterine growth retardation. Severe undernutrition in utero due to natural variation in litter or twin-bearing species or insufficient maternal nutrient supply may impair myogenesis and adversely affect carcass quality later in terms of reduced lean and increased fat deposition in the progeny. On the other hand, increases in maternal feed intake above standard requirement seem to have no beneficial effects on the growth of the progeny with myogenesis not or only slightly affected. Initial studies on low and high maternal protein feeding are published. Although there are only a few studies, first results also reveal an influence of nutrition on skeletal muscle development in fish and poultry. Finally, environmental temperature has been identified as a critical factor for growth and development of skeletal muscle in both fish and poultry.     

The microRNA-127-3p directly targeting Vamp2 in C2C12 myoblasts

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported that can regulate skeletal muscle growth and development. Previously, we demonstrated that miR-127-3p were differently expressed in skeletal muscle and muscle cells. However, the molecular mechanism of miR-127-3p regulation of skeletal myogenesis are not well elucidated. In this study, we transfected miR-127-3p into C2C12 cells, and found miR-127-3p induces myogenesis by targeting Vamp2. Moreover, the regulatory mechanism of Vamp2 in myoblasts proliferation and differentiation was further confirmed. In conclusion, our data providedevidences that miR-127-3p reciprocally regulated myoblasts proliferation and differentiation through directly targeting Vamp2.     

Molecular control of myogenesis: antagonism between growth and differentiation

Insight into the molecular mechanisms that control establishment of the skeletal muscle phenotype has recently been obtained through cloning of a family of muscle-specific regulatory factors that can activate myogenesis when transfected into non-muscle cells. This family of factors, which includes MyoD, myogenin, myf-5, and MRF4, can bind DNA and transactivate muscle-specific genes in collaboration with ubiquitous cellular factors. Growth factors play an antagonistic role in myogenesis by suppressing the actions of the myogenic regulatory factor family. This review will focus on the regulation and mechanism of action of this family of myogenic regulatory factors and on the central role of peptide growth factors in modulating their expression and biological activities.     

The glycosylated IgII Extracellular domain of EMMPRIN is implicated in the induction of MMP-2

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II play major roles in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth and differentiation, and both are locally expressed in muscle cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that IGF-II up-regulates its own gene expression during myogenesis and this auto-regulatory loop is critical for muscle differentiation. How local IGF-I is regulated in this process is unclear. Here, we report that while IGF-II up-regulated its own gene expression, it suppressed IGF-I gene expression during myogenesis. These opposite effects of IGF-II on IGF-I and IGF-II genes expression were time dependent and dose dependent. It has been shown that IGFs activate the PI3K-Akt-mTOR, p38 MAPK, and Erk1/2 MAPK pathways. In myoblasts, we examined their role(s) in mediating the opposite effects of IGF-II. Our results showed that both the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and p38 MAPK pathways played critical roles in increasing IGF-II mRNA expression. In contrast, mTOR was required for down-regulating the IGF-I gene expression by IGF-II. In addition, Akt, Erk1/2 MAPK, and p38 MAPK pathways were also involved in the regulation of basal levels of IGF-I and IGF-II genes during myogenesis. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized negative feedback mechanism and extend our knowledge of IGF-I and IGF-II gene expression and regulation during myogenesis.     

The novel circular RNA CircMef2c is positively associated with muscle growth in Nile tilapia

Muscle growth in teleosts is a complex biological process orchestrated by numerous protein-coding genes and non-coding RNAs. A few recent studies suggest that circRNAs are involved in teleost myogenesis, but the molecular networks involved remain poorly understood. In this study, an integrative omics approach was used to determine myogenic circRNAs in Nile tilapia by quantifying and comparing the expression profile of mRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs in fast muscle from full-sib fish with distinct growth rates. There were 1947 mRNAs, 9 miRNAs, and 4 circRNAs differentially expressed between fast- and slow-growing individuals. These miRNAs can regulate myogenic genes and have binding sites for the novel circRNA circMef2c. Our data indicate that circMef2c may interact with three miRNAs and 65 differentially expressed mRNAs to form multiple competing endogenous RNA networks that regulate growth, thus providing novel insights into the role of circRNAs in the regulation of muscle growth in teleosts.