云南江城县爬行动物多样性与保护现状

为探究不同种植方式对稻田中小型土壤动物多样性的影响，本研究选取上海市崇明岛常规、有机和生态(稻-渔共作)三种种植方式的稻田为研究样地，采用干漏斗法对其中的中小型土壤动物群落结构进行调查。结果表明，调查共捕获中小型土壤动物449头，分属2门5纲8目，优势类群为弹尾目(Collembola)物种，占总捕获量的82.18%。三种种植方式稻田的中小型土壤动物群落结构有明显差异，其中，有机种植模式稻田的中小型土壤动物密度明显高于另外两种种植模式。中小型土壤动物群落的垂直分布呈现表聚性特征，类群数和密度均表现为向下减小的趋势。生态种植稻田的中小型土壤动物丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数均为最高，有机种植稻田的中小型动物优势度指数最高。三种不同种植方式稻田的中小型动物呈中等程度相似。与常规和有机种植水稻方式相比，生态种植方式更有利于提高中小型土壤动物的多样性和均匀度水平，促进稻田生态系统的稳定与健康发展，对稻田种植的可持续性及农业面源污染的指示作用方面具有一定意义。     

川西北冷杉林恢复过程中土壤动物群落动态

为了掌握川西北冷杉林群落恢复过程中土壤动物群落的变化动态,2008年4月对川西北地区的原始冷杉林和50a冷杉林的土壤动物群落进行了调查。共捕获大型土壤动物287个,33科(类);中小型土壤动物4681个,57科(类)。50a冷杉林大型土壤动物群落的类群数和密度显著高于原始冷杉林(P<0.05);中小型土壤动物群落的类群数和密度分别显著低于(P<0.05)和高于原始林(P<0.05)。PCA排序结果表明两个不同年龄段间的大型和中小型土壤动物群落结构均存在明显差异,但大型土壤动物群落间的相似性系数小于中小型土壤动物群落,表明大型土壤动物群落的恢复速度慢于中小型土壤动物群落;且大型和中小型土壤动物群落间的Srenson相似性均低于Morisita-Horn相似性,进一步表明群落物种组成的恢复速度较慢,而优势类群及常见类群的数量恢复较快。50a冷杉林的大型和中小型土壤动物的多样性指数H、丰富度指数D和优势度指数C均高于原始冷杉林,而均匀度指数E则低于原始冷杉林,但仅大型土壤动物的丰富度指数D存在显著差异(P<0.05)。以上研究结果表明,冷杉林的恢复过程可显著提高大型土壤动物群落多样性,且土壤动物群落的组成恢复较慢,而优势类群和常见类群的个体数量恢复较快。     

黑土区免耕秸秆不同覆盖频率下大型土壤动物群落结构特征

为探讨免耕玉米秸秆不同覆盖频率下大型土壤动物群落组成、结构和季节变化,于2015年4、7和10月,在中国科学院吉林省梨树县保护性耕作试验基地,对免耕玉米秸秆不同覆盖频率各样地进行大型土壤动物群落调查。结果获得大型土壤动物26类,隶属2门5纲13目,线蚓为优势类群,不同类群在各处理样地所占数量比例存在差异。免耕秸秆不同覆盖频率样地大型土壤动物个体密度、类群丰富度和多样性指数均高于常规耕作样地。各处理样地大型土壤动物群落个体密度的最高值均出现在10月,类群数量和多样性则以7月最高。不同土壤动物类群对免耕秸秆覆盖频率增加的响应存在差异。相对常规耕作,免耕秸秆覆盖频率的增加可显著提高腐食性类群密度。     

秸秆还田对黑土区西部农田中小型土壤动物群落的影响

为了解秸秆还田对黑土区农田中小型土壤动物群落的影响,于2016年6—9月在内蒙古兴安盟扎赉特旗调查了玉米秸秆按产量还田0(CK)、4500(JG1)、9000(JG2)、13500(JG3)和18000 kg·hm~(-2)(JG4)5个水平对农田中小型土壤动物群落影响。结果表明:从试验样地共捕获中小型土壤动物3350657只,隶属于53个类群;秸秆还田显著提高中小型土壤动物密度(F=12.040,P0.05),秸秆还田提高了中小型土壤动物的类群数,但未达到显著水平(P0.05);JG4处理下中小型土壤动物密度最高(933030只·m~(-2)),类群数最多(34);月份对中小型土壤动物群落影响明显,密度和类群数均在7月最多;JG4处理下中小型土壤动物丰富度指数和优势度指数最高,分别为0.98和0.34;CK处理下中小型土壤动物多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,分别为1.72和1.73。相关分析表明:中小型土壤动物密度和优势度指数与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P0.05),而与土壤容重呈显著负相关(P0.05);中小型土壤动物密度与土壤温度呈显著正相关(P0.05);中小型土壤动物类群数和丰富度指数与土壤有机质呈极显著正相关(P0.01);中小型土壤动物群落多样性指数与土壤pH之间的相关性不显著(P0.05)。     

围封对内蒙古退化典型草原大型土壤动物群落多样性的影响

为了探讨不同围封年限对内蒙古退化典型草原大型土壤动物群落多样性的影响,选取位于内蒙古草原生态系统定位站的退化围栏封育19和32年草地为研究样地,以围栏外自由放牧草地为对照,调查了0~10、10~20、20~30 cm不同土层大型土壤动物群落组成。共采集到大型土壤动物984只39类,隶属于2门、4纲、9目。各样地的优势类群不同,封育32年样地为步甲科、叶甲科幼虫、叶蝉科;封育19年样地为叶蝉科、步甲科、叩甲科幼虫;放牧样地为叩甲科幼虫、蚁形甲科。大型土壤动物丰富度、Shannon指数、均匀度指数、密度-类群指数、密度都表现为封育19年样地最高,封育32年样地次之,放牧样地最低,而优势度指数则呈现出相反变化趋势。垂直分布3样地均表现出明显的表聚现象,随着土壤深度增加,个体数和类群数均逐渐递减。围封后土壤含水量、土壤p H、土壤全磷和有机质含量均发生了显著变化(P0.05),而土壤容重、孔隙度和土壤全氮含量变化不显著(P0.05)。大型土壤动物密度、Shannon指数、均匀度指数与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。研究表明,围封对内蒙古退化典型草原大型土壤动物群落水平和垂直分布具有显著的影响,围封样地大型土壤动物的个体数和类群数明显高于放牧样地。同时,围封有助于内蒙古退化典型草原土壤理化性质的改善。     

贵州波多洞和甲良洞内部分环境因子与动物群落结构的相关性

在2002-2005年的2月和7月多次赴荔波波多洞和甲良洞对肉眼能见到的软体动物、节肢动物和脊索动物进行了观察和采集。在波多洞共获标本1045号,隶属3门6纲13目27科45种或类群,在甲良洞共获标本469号,隶属3门6纲9目24科52种或类群。根据上述两洞内各光带中动物种类和数量组成,可划分为6个动物群落。经群落多样性分析,物种丰富度、群落多样性、最大多样性、均匀度、优势度和相似性指数最高的分别是群落D（8.3223）、D（3.4677）、D（3.8286）、D（0.9057）、C（0.0404）和D-E（0.6611）。环境因子与群落多样性的相关分析结果显示：土壤中有机质的含量与物种数、物种丰富度、群落多样性和群落最大多样性指数都呈极显著正相关（相关系数分别为0.908、0.913、0.826和0.818）,与群落均匀度指数呈显著正相关（相关系数为0.674）;空气中CO2的含量与物种数、物种丰富度、群落多样性、群落最大多样性和均匀度指数都呈负相关（相关系数分别为-0.324、-0.552、-0.573、-0.345和-0.742）。这些结果暗示土壤有机质的含量和空气中CO2的含量是影响洞穴动物群落变化的重要因子。     

川西亚高山针叶林土壤动物群落对模拟林下植物丧失的响应

受研究手段的限制,有关森林物种组成对土壤动物群落影响的研究少有报道。采用人工除灌和除草的林地控制实验方法,研究了亚高山人工林灌草层关键物种丧失对土壤动物群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)灌木层去除后土壤动物密度极显著低于对照(P0.01);线虫纲(Nematoda)优势度持续增加,处理15个月时极显著高于对照(P0.01);土壤动物群落多样性指数极显著低于对照(P0.01);腐食性功能团类群数及个体数百分比有所下降。(2)草本层去除后土壤动物密度显著低于对照(P0.05);线虫纲优势度持续增加,处理15个月时显著高于对照(P0.05);土壤动物群落多样性指数极显著低于对照(P0.01);腐食性功能团类群数略低于对照,个体数百分比无显著差异。综上所述,林下灌草层去除,尤其是灌木层去除,导致土壤动物群落个体数量、多样性指数降低,优势类群格局、腐食性功能团构成发生变化,从而在一定程度上影响到森林生态系统的物质循环功能。     

乌鲁木齐市水磨沟公园土壤动物群落多样性研究

为了研究水磨沟公园土壤动物群落结构,于2006年4月15日至9月21日在水磨沟公园不同高度选择3个取样区,每个取样区设立两个不同的取样点,采集了0～5、5～10、10～15cm3个不同层次的大中型土壤动物.共获得土壤动物1153个,分别属于3门8纲18目,其中鞘翅目、中腹足目、小引类为优势类群,占全捕量的61%.蜘蛛目、伪蝎目、半翅目为稀有类群,仅占总捕获量的2.34%,其余为常见类群.分析表明,在不同高度土壤动物群落物种组成和多样性之间有明显的区别;山顶土壤动物个体数量和群落物种多样性指数明显的高于山地土壤动物个体数量和群落物种多样性指数.同时随着土壤深度的增加土壤动物物种数量逐步减少,表现出明显的垂直分布特征.     

豚草入侵对中小型土壤动物群落结构特征的影响

豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)是菊科豚草属的恶性杂草,在我国华南地区已成功入侵并造成严重危害。为了解豚草入侵对中小型土壤动物群落的影响效应,采用野外样地试验法研究了豚草入侵地中小型土壤动物的群落特征。全年4次采样共获得中小型土壤动物4174头,隶属于4门11纲26类,其中线虫类为优势类群,蜱螨目和弹尾目是常见类群。结果显示,豚草入侵改变了中小型土壤动物群落的结构特征,入侵地中小型土壤动物的总个体数以及线虫类、弹尾目动物的个体数显著增加,但中小型土壤动物类群数的变化不明显;在群落的物种多样性方面,豚草入侵显著提高了群落的密度-类群指数,物种丰富度、优势度指数亦有所上升,但差异不明显,而均匀度、Shannon-Wiener指数则趋于下降;在群落相似性方面,入侵区与其它处理区的差异较小。豚草入侵所引起的局部气候环境、凋落物、根系分泌物与土壤理化性质的变化可能是造成中小型土壤动物群落结构特征改变的主要原因。     

科尔沁沙地不同造林类型对土壤动物多样性的影响

为深入认识流沙生境中种植人工林对土壤动物多样性的影响,选择科尔沁流动沙地及其周围灌木林和乔木林地(生长年龄均为30年左右)为研究样地,对土壤动物群落与土壤环境进行调查,分析了土壤动物群落结构对流动沙地种植人工林的响应及影响因素.结果表明:流动沙地种植人工林对土壤性状产生显著影响,尤其是灌木林覆盖流动沙地显著改善了土壤环境,增加了土壤水分,提高了土壤营养条件.在3种林地中共捕获土壤动物485只、11个类群.优势类群为蜱螨目和弹尾目,常见类群为啮目,其他8个类群为稀有类群.从流动沙地到灌木林地和乔木林地,土壤动物密度减少,类群数和Shannon指数增加,而均匀度指数下降.但土壤动物密度、类群数、Shannon指数和均匀度指数在3种样地间均无显著性差异.土壤电导率是影响土壤动物类群数分布的重要因素.在科尔沁沙地,流动沙地种植人工林能够改善土壤环境和影响土壤动物多样性,但以30年的人工林研究其对流动沙地土壤动物群落的影响存在局限性.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.