不同波段LED光源对毛健夜蛾行为的影响

为探明不同波段LED光对毛健夜蛾Brithys crini (Fabricius)行为的影响, 在实验条件下观察了4种不同波段（红光： 620~625 nm; 绿光： 520~523 nm; 蓝色： 465~467 nm; 白光： 460~465 nm）LED光源下毛健夜蛾幼虫的假死、 爬行、 静止、 取食、 排便、 瞭望及其他行为和成虫交配及产卵行为。结果表明： （1）毛健夜蛾幼虫在红光、 绿光、 蓝光和白光4种LED光源下, 爬行、 静止和取食行为时间分配差异极显著（爬行、 静止和取食： P=0.000）, 红光组爬行的时间占98.06%, 绿光组取食时间占83.65%, 蓝光组爬行和静止时间占91.56%, 白光组爬行时间占61.16%; 爬行、 静止、 取食、 瞭望及其他行为发生率差异显著, 红光组和白光组爬行行为发生率最高, 分别为47.37%和32.00%, 绿光组取食行为发生率最高为40.00%, 蓝光组爬行行为发生率最高为32.35%; （2）毛健夜蛾跌落幼虫在4种LED光源下, 假死发生率差异不显著, 但假死持续时间有显著性差异, 红光组假死持续时间显著长于蓝光组和白光组; （3）4种LED光源处理后, 交配和未交配的单雌产卵量无显著差异; （4）第1-2天的暗期分别使用4种光源, 则交配和产卵高峰均出现在第3天的暗期, 而第1-2天的暗期不使用光源, 则交配和产卵高峰出现在第1天的暗期。这些研究结果初步揭示了不同波段光源对毛健夜蛾行为影响不同。     

LED光源对柳圆叶甲成虫行为的影响

【目的】探明LED光源对柳圆叶甲Plagiodera versicolora(Laicharting)成虫行为的影响,为城市亮化工程中害虫的预测预报或干扰其行为、控制其为害提供参考依据。【方法】在实验室条件下观察了6种LED光源(红光620~625 nm、黄光580~585 nm、蓝光465~467 nm、绿光520~523 nm、白光460~465nm和频闪)下柳圆叶甲成虫的行为。【结果】(1)在4 d的节律行为观察中,雌或雄成虫不同光处理下暗时相活动频率差异均不显著,但在12 h暗期︰12 h光期和12 h白光︰12 h光期处理下雌成虫活动高峰在中午、12 h黄光︰12 h光期和12 h绿光︰12 h光期下均在18:00—19:00、其余处理下均在上午;12 h黄光︰12 h光期和12 h蓝光︰12 h光期处理下雄成虫活动高峰分别是18:00—19:00和08:00—09:00,其余活动高峰均在11:00—12:00;同一光照条件下,雌雄成虫在暗时相的活动频率差异均不显著。(2)在3 h的连续行为观察中,雌成虫各行为发生率在不同光处理间差异不显著,而雄成虫的爬行、休息和展翅发生率在不同光处理间则有显著差异;同一光照条件下,雌或雄成虫爬行和休息行为发生率高于其他行为发生率。雌虫以白光下休息时间分配率最高、绿光下最低;雄虫以绿光下爬行时间分配率最低、黄光下休息时间分配率最高;同一光照条件下的同一种行为发生率和时间分配在两性间也有差异。【结论】LED光源对柳圆叶甲成虫行为有影响,但因LED光源颜色(波段)及性别、自身行为种类不同而异。     

光周期和LED光源对茄二十八星瓢虫成虫行为的影响

【目的】探明光周期和LED光源对茄二十八星瓢虫Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata成虫取食、移动、交配和产卵等行为的影响,为该害虫的预测预报和综合治理提供科学依据和技术指导。【方法】在光期光源为白色日光灯,光照强度约为500 lx, RH 75%±2%条件下观察并记录了30℃时6个不同光周期(16L∶8D, 15L∶9D, 14L∶10D, 13L∶11D, 12L∶12D和11L∶13D)下茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食、移动、交配和产卵行为;26℃时暗期以不使用光照(12L∶12D)为对照,使用红、黄、蓝、绿和白光5个不同LED光照(分别记为12L∶12R, 12L∶12Y, 12L∶12B, 12L∶12G和12L∶12W)下茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食、移动、交配和产卵行为。【结果】当光照时长从13 h延长至16 h时,茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食频次有增加的趋势;当光照时长从12 h延长至15 h时,产卵量有增加的趋势。光周期为14L∶10D和13L∶11D时,成虫取食频次(分别为45.25和25.00次/5对)显著低于其他光周期下,光周期11L∶13D下产卵量(仅有7.25粒/5♀)显著低于其他光周期下。蓝光处理组取食频次(112.50次/5对)显著高于黄光和绿光处理组(分别为77.0和66.25次/5对);黄光和绿光处理组产卵量(分别为261.50和285.50粒/5♀)显著高于对照组。【结论】延长光照时间,茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食频次和产卵量均有增加趋势;暗期使用蓝光时成虫取食频次增加,而使用黄光和绿光时则产卵量增加。光周期和LED光源对其移动和交配行为影响不显著。     

光期位点对茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食和爬行行为节律的影响

目的】探明光期位点对茄二十八星瓢虫Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata(Fabricius)成虫的取食与爬行行为影响,为今后利用光干扰其节律行为提供科学依据。【方法】在实验条件下(26±0.5)℃,RH75%±2%、不同光期位点(L_(06:00-18:00),L_(10:00-22:00),L_(14:00-02:00),L_(18:00-06:00),L_(22:00-10:00)和L_(02:00-14:00))下每1 h观察1次并记录各处理下取食和爬行发生情况,连续观察5 d。【结果】(1)雌雄虫取食行为具有节律性,雌雄成虫取食行为相对集中发生在上午10:00—12:00;各光期位点处理组白天取食百分率均高于夜间。(2)雌雄虫爬行行为亦具有节律性,雌雄成虫爬行行为虽可发生在白天不同时间段,但绝大部分发生在光期;各光期位点处理组光期爬行百分率均高于暗期。【结论】不同光期位点对茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食和爬行行为节律性影响不同,其中对取食行为节律影响甚微,对爬行行为节律影响较大。     

不同波长光源对新蚜虫疠霉产孢能力的影响及霉菌蓝光受体基因的克隆和表达分析

光在调控真菌的多种生理过程中发挥着重要作用。为探究光照对新蚜虫疠霉Pandora neoaphidis产孢的影响,本文研究了不同波长光源(蓝光、绿光、白光、红光、黄光)和无光黑暗条件对新蚜虫疠霉分生孢子弹射能力的影响,通过cDNA末端的快速扩增(RACE)对新蚜虫疠霉的蓝光受体蛋白基因pnwc-1进行克隆并对其进行生物信息学分析,利用qRT-PCR对蓝光光源不同照射时长下pnwc-1的表达量进行了定量分析。结果表明,蓝色光源(波长460–465nm)照射后的新蚜虫疠霉菌丝产生的分生孢子数量显著高于其他波长光源,排序为:蓝光>绿光>白光>红光>黄光>无光。另外,分析克隆获得的全长为2 423bp的pnwc-1基因发现,其编码的蛋白具有蓝光受体蛋白典型的保守结构域,同源比对结果显示新蚜虫疠霉与接合菌门真菌归为一类但相对独立。qRT-PCR的定量分析结果表明随着照射时长增加,蓝光处理能显著提高pnwc-1的表达量,而且pnwc-1的相对表达量与累积产孢量存在正相关(R2=0.9798)。本研究为后续蓝光及其受体基因功能的深入研究提供了实验基础,并促进以新蚜虫疠霉为代表的虫霉目真菌在害虫生物防治中的应用。     

光谱对小贯小绿叶蝉趋光行为的影响

为了解小贯小绿叶蝉Empoasca onukii Matsuda对光的行为反应,为茶园害虫综合防治提供新思路,本研究利用光谱行为学,采用18种LED单色光源对小贯小绿叶蝉的趋光行为进行了研究。结果显示,小贯小绿叶蝉成虫对18个光源中的黄光（590~595 nm）趋向性相对较强,其次为紫光（420~425 nm）,对白色光源（对照）的趋向性最低。趋光性由大到小分别为黄光（590~595 nm）,紫光（420~425 nm）,紫外光（390~395 nm）,蓝光（460~465 nm）。忌避性较强的分别为橙光（600~605 nm）,对照,冰蓝青光（490~495 nm）,绿光（520~525 nm）。17种光谱与对照光结合显示,小贯小绿叶蝉对不同光谱的选择发生了变化,更倾向于先择紫外光（370~375 nm、380~385 nm、385~390 nm）,紫光（420~425 nm）,其次为琥珀色光（595~600 nm）,趋光率最低的为蓝光（460~465 nm）和红光（660~665 nm）。双光谱结合时,其选择随不同的结合而发生改变。黑暗、对照和光谱间相结合处理时,白光结合下对光谱的选择趋向性显著高于黑暗条件,两者间呈负相关。小贯小绿叶蝉对黄光（590~595 nm）和紫外光（370~375 nm）的趋向性较强,而对橙光（600~605 nm）、绿光（520~525 nm）和蓝光（460~465 nm）有显著的忌避性。可利用其对光谱的选择性,在室内饲养或茶园防治中采用相应的光谱进行处理,从而达到合理利用的目的。     

混合圈养条件下马来穿山甲活动时间的分配与规律

2013年3—4月,采用扫描取样法及目标动物取样法对混合圈养下马来穿山甲(Manis javanica)活动的录像资料进行分析,研究马来穿山甲的个体行为时间分配和活动节律。结果表明:混合圈养下的马来穿山甲主要有取食(摄食,饮水)、运动(攀爬,爬行,踱步)、社会(相互爬背,相互追逐)、隐藏(箱内未知活动)和其他行为(暂停,挖掘,排遗排泄,洗澡等)。活动的主要表现形式为摄食行为(18.56%)、爬行行为(16.11%)、攀爬行为(11.51%)以及社会行为(11.51%)。挖掘行为(0.92%)发生较少,踱步行为占4.40%。从傍晚19:00一直延续到次日06:00均有活动发生,高峰为20:00—23:00。该时段的摄食行为、爬行行为、社会行为发生频率最高。相关性分析结果显示,摄食行为与社会行为的时间分配(R2=0.920,P0.001)、爬行行为(R2=0.796,P0.001)呈极显著相关。我们认为,圈养马来穿山甲的活动规律可能与食物提供的时间以及取食行为发生的时间有关。长时间圈养的动物会表现出刻板行为,而混合圈养下的社会行为有助于削弱这种趋势。因此,为避免饲养条件下马来穿山甲行为多样性的减低,在丰富圈养环境的同时,可适当进行混合圈养。     

光照对螺旋藻生长速率的影响

螺旋藻是一种经济价值很高的微藻。针对螺旋藻的高光效性,在不同波长LED灯照射下,研究光照对螺旋藻生长速率的影响。结果表明,在螺旋藻的养殖中,经过红光(650-675 nm)、绿光(522-532 nm)和蓝光(465-475 nm)处理后,获得最大螺旋藻的干物质含量分别为1.232 g/L、1.195 g/L、0.742 g/L;红光处理过的螺旋藻生长速度最快,所得的干物质含量比对照样增加了66.04%。     

白背飞虱及其天敌黑肩绿盲蝽的趋光性研究

测定了白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horváth及其天敌黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter对紫光(410⁴15 nm)、蓝光(455415 nm)、蓝光(455⁴58 nm)、绿光(515458 nm)、绿光(515⁵18 nm)、黄光(587518 nm)、黄光(587⁵90 nm)、红光(615590 nm)、红光(615⁶18 nm)、白光(6 000618 nm)、白光(6 000⁶ 500 K)6种LED的趋光率。白背飞虱对蓝光和绿光较为敏感,且光波对白背飞虱趋光率的影响效应与暗适应时间有明显的互作;光照强度、羽化日龄及暗适应时间对白背飞虱的趋光率无显著影响。在不同光照强度下,黑肩绿盲蝽对蓝光的趋光率达19.25%±1.12%,显著地高于其它5种光波。     

性别和温度对中华秋沙鸭越冬行为的影响

2011年11月至2012年3月,在江西婺源采用瞬时扫描法探讨性别和温度对中华秋沙鸭行为的影响.中华秋沙鸭越冬期的主要行为是取食、休息、游泳和修整.时间分配方面,雌雄中华秋沙鸭仅社会行为[雌:(2.13±1.40)％和雄:(3.24±1.55)％]存在显著性差异(t＝-2.258,df＝34,P＜0.05),其他行为差异不显著(P＞0.05).原因有:(1)非繁殖期雌雄中华秋沙鸭主要任务均为生存;(2)雌雄个体大小差异不大,对能量的需求量相似.日活动节律方面,雌雄的取食和休息行为均存在显著的节律性变化,分别为雌:取食(F(10,165)＝5.19,P＜0.05)、休息(F(10,165)＝ 2.56,P＜0.05)和雄:取食(F(10,165)＝ 7.55,P＜0.05)、休息(F(10,165)＝ 3.48,P＜0.05),其他行为节律均不显著(P＞0.05).温度对中华秋沙鸭越冬行为的影响较大,时间分配方面,在＜10℃月份环境下,取食(t＝-2.166,df＝ 16,P＜0.05)行为显著高于＞10℃月份,而游泳(t＝5.096,df＝ 16,P＜0.05)行为则相反,其他行为差异不显著(P＞0.05).这一结果表明,平均温度降低时,中华秋沙鸭需要摄取更多的食物以补充寒冷天气能量的消耗,并减少游泳行为降低耗能.日活动节律方面,＞10℃月份中华秋沙鸭日活动节律,仅警戒(F(10,77)＝1.96,P＜0.05)行为存在显著的节律性变化,其他行为的节律性变化不显著(P＞0.05).＜10℃月份中华秋沙鸭取食(F(10,86)＝ 5.93,P＜0.05)和休息( F(10,86)＝ 3.42,P＜0.05)行为存在显著的节律性变化,其他行为的节律性变化不显著(P＞0.05).研究结果表明,温度可以改变中华秋沙鸭的日活动节律,低温使中华秋沙鸭在夜间消耗较多能量,因此中华秋沙鸭在上午花更多的时间取食来补充能量.休息行为在＞10℃月份,中午和傍晚均有一个小的高峰,而在＜10℃月份从11:00开始(除13:00-13:59)均保持较高的水平.中华秋沙鸭采取这种对策,可能是＜10℃月份,晚上和下午温度较低,为了减少消耗,从下午就开始增加休息行为.低温条件下,中华秋沙鸭增加修整和休息行为,这一结果支持“鸟类在低温环境下通过减少行为活动以降低能量消耗和热量损失”这一观点.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.