达乌尔黄鼠产热的季节性变化

达乌尔黄鼠（Ｃｉｔｅｌｌｕｓｄａｕｒｉｃｕｓ）的产热表现出明显的季节性变化。在非冬眠期,静止代谢率（ＲＭＲ）和非颤抖性产热（ＮＳＴ）于春季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低。冬眠期,ＲＭＲ降到极低水平,只为春季的３．０％。肝脏的线粒体蛋白含量、线粒体呼吸和细胞色素Ｃ氧化酶活力在秋季显著高于其它各季。褐色脂肪组织（ＢＡＴ）的重量、线粒体蛋白含量、细胞色素Ｃ氧化酶活力和α－磷酸甘油氧化酶活力,在夏季处于一年中的最低水平,到了冬季这些指标达到一年中的最高水平。在非冬眠季节ＢＡＴ产热能力升高时,ＮＳＴ能力也相应升高,这表明ＢＡＴ产热能力的增强是ＮＳＴ能力提高的部分机制。达乌尔黄鼠血清Ｔ＿４含量在年周期中没有明显改变,冬眠时血清Ｔ＿３含量显著高于其它各季。     

高原鼠兔冷驯化和脱冷驯化中的产热变化

本文探讨了冷驯化和脱冷驯化对高原鼠兔代谢产热的影响。在冷驯化中，鼠兔的静止代谢率逐渐增加，血清Ｔ３‘／Ｔ４比率上升，肝线粒体状态３呼吸明显增加，线粒体细胞色素Ｃ氧化酶激活，而肝脏线粒体蛋白含量没有明显变化。     

心衰病人的血清T3,T4测定及其意义

目的探讨心衰患者血清Ｔ３、Ｔ４的含量及其临床意义。方法应用放射免疫法测定心衰患者血清Ｔ３、Ｔ４水平５０例,并与３０例病因基本相同心功能代偿者作对照。结果重度心衰者Ｔ３、Ｔ４水平明显下降,与对照组对比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论血清Ｔ３、Ｔ４水平与病人预后密切相关,可作为判断病人病情严重程度及临床疗效的综合指标之一。     

饲料蛋白水平对低温应激下吉富罗非鱼血清生化指标和HSP70 mRNA表达的影响

在水温27℃条件下, 分别对吉富罗非鱼(27.642.79) g投喂3组不同蛋白水平的饲料, 养殖周期56d。饲养结束后, 进行14℃低温应激实验, 研究低温应激后0-24h内, 鱼体血清生化指标与肝脏HSP70　mRNA表达量的变化。结果表明, 短期投喂50%蛋白水平的饲料可以提高罗非鱼血清中葡萄糖、总蛋白、甘油三酯与胆固醇水平以及血清谷丙转氨酶与谷草转氨酶活力。在低温应激后, 50%蛋白组血清葡萄糖、总蛋白、甘油三酯与胆固醇水平呈下降趋势, 而血清皮质醇水平与谷草转氨酶活力表现为先上升后下降变化。25%和38%蛋白组血清葡萄糖水平与谷丙转氨酶活力在应激期间呈上升趋势, 而谷草转氨酶与碱性磷酸酶活力和总蛋白与胆固醇水平呈先上升后下降变化。各实验组溶菌酶活力与肝脏HSP70 mRNA的表达量呈先上升后下降的变化。由此可知, 短期投喂高蛋白饲料可以提高罗非鱼血液中蛋白、血糖与脂肪含量, 增强鱼体抗应激能力, 同时, 高蛋白水平的饲料也会引起肝脏产生分解压力以及增加饲料成本。在生产中, 需要根据实际需要合理确定饲料的蛋白含量。       

饥饿对珠颈斑鸠组织糖元、抗氧化酶活性及血液相应指标的影响

饥饿处理珠颈斑鸠1 d、2 d和3 d,分别测定肌肉、肝脏中糖元含量和肝脏抗氧化酶活性及血清中葡萄糖和甘油三酯含量.结果 显示,饥饿处理后珠颈斑鸠体重及肝体比显著下降,肌肉、肝脏中糖元含量下降,饥饿第3 d肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶活性下降,而丙二醛含量升高,血液中血糖和甘油三酯含量显著下降.     

低温暴露和恢复对棘胸蛙雌性亚成体生存力及能量物质消耗的影响

棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)亚成体在人工驯养过程中容易出现越冬困难,非正常的冬眠可能会影响次年的繁育。以雌性棘胸蛙亚成体(1—2龄)为对象,研究该蛙在人工低温暴露(4℃保持90 d)条件下的生存力、机体能量物质消耗、肥满度、脏器系数的变化特征,以及这些参数在温度恢复至正常(由4℃缓慢升至22℃后保持7 d)后的变化情况。结果表明,该蛙在低温暴露过程中存活率逐渐降低,恢复期无死亡。肥满度(K)和体重/体长(Kwl)在低温暴露期间有逐渐升高的趋势,但两者在经历恢复期(22℃,7 d)后均恢复至初始水平(P>0.05)。胃系数和脾系数在低温暴露期呈明显的上升趋势(P<0.05),且两者在第90天均显著大于初始水平(P<0.05)。恢复期肝系数显著减小(P<0.05)。在低温暴露期各阶段肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量与初始无统计差异(P>0.05);肝脏水分在低温暴露期间呈明显下降趋势(P<0.05),而肌肉水分则与之相反;肝脏非脂肪干物质含量呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),而肌肉非脂肪干物质则呈相反趋势。肝糖原含量随暴露时间的延长呈现显著上升趋势(P<0.05),低温暴露第60天和第90天肝糖原含量与初始相比分别增加59.4%和60.1%,而恢复期肝糖原含量则降至初始水平(P>0.05)。根据结果可以看出,在低温暴露过程中肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量变化不显著,同时肥满度、肝系数、肝脏非脂肪干物质和肝糖原含量均有不同程度的升高,而肌肉非脂肪干物质则显著减少(P<0.05),说明该蛙雌性亚成体在低温期主要消耗的能量物质不是脂肪而是肌肉非脂肪干物质,或者肌肉非脂肪干物质在组织间发生了大量转运。     

饥饿胁迫对刀鲚形体、体成分及血液生化指标的影响

以室内养殖刀鲚为试验对象,研究20天的短期饥饿对其形体、体成分和血液生化指标的影响,实验组分别在第0、2、5、10、15和20天取样。结果表明,脏体比和肝体比在饥饿的第2天即显著下降(P<0.05),肥满度和体质量在20天的饥饿期内呈下降趋势,但变化不显著(P＞0.05)。刀鲚肌肉粗脂肪在第5天显著下降(P<0.05),下降5.99%,而粗蛋白含量在第15天时才显著降低(P<0.05),水分在整个饥饿期间总体呈上升趋势,第10天显著上升(P<0.05),粗灰分含量在饥饿期间变化不显著(P>0.05)。血清总蛋白、球蛋白、胆固醇和皮质醇随着饥饿时间的延长呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而血清甘油三酯和血糖总体呈先急速下降并维持一定水平,其中甘油三酯在饥饿至第2天显著下降(P<0.05),血糖浓度在第5天显著下降(P<0.05)。表明短期饥饿胁迫使刀鲚形体发生一定的变化,随着饥饿时间的延长,刀鲚首先先动用体内储存的脂肪来满足能量供应,再动用蛋白质来维持体内的正常代谢,血液生化指标也发生与饥饿相适应的变化。     

薄层培养的菊苣不定根化分中内源IAA和细胞分裂素的动态变化（简报）

薄层培养下菊苣花梗不定根原基发生之前，ＩＡＡ含量急剧增加，之后又迅速下降；ｉＰＡ含量在不定根原基出现后上升，随后也快速下降；ＤＨＺ＋ＤＨＺＲ在原基形成前含量一直在下降，原基形成后，含量稍有上升／而Ｚ＋ＺＲ含量始终在缓慢下降。     

急性冷暴露和冷习服对大鼠和雏鸡某些内分泌活动影响的比较生理学研究

目的：探讨冷应激对哺乳类和禽类某些内分泌活动影响的比较生理学机制。方法：Wistar大鼠和罗曼雄性雏鸡进行急性冷暴露和冷习服实验,探讨急性冷暴露和冷习服对大鼠和雏鸡某些内分泌活动的影响。结果：大鼠在急性冷暴露后血清T3水平在4-36 h有不同程度的升高,而雏鸡的T3浓度则在冷暴露后除12 h有所升高外,其他时间均低于冷暴露前的水平;大鼠血清T4在冷暴露后2 h时升高,而后逐渐降低,而雏鸡冷暴露后2~4 h升高,12 h降低,而后又升高;血清胰岛素（Insulin）的变化趋势大鼠和雏鸡基本一致,均在冷暴露2 h升高,而后渐降;皮质醇（Cortisol）的变化,大鼠为冷暴露后2 h明显升高,而后渐降,而雏鸡则一直保持较高水平;冷习服后大鼠和雏鸡血清的几种激素水平变化趋势基本一致,即冷习服后血清T3升高,T4下降,胰岛素降低,而皮质醇则呈升高趋势。结论：冷应激对哺乳动物和禽类的内分泌活动具有差异性。     

东方粘虫飞行初期糖类的动用和消耗

本文研究了静态和飞翔开始阶段东方粘虫Mythimna separta(Walker)飞翔肌、脂肪体及肠道内糖元和海藻糖以及血淋巴内海藻糖含量的动态变化。飞行1h后脂肪体内消耗糖元最多,约占总消耗糖类的80%-90%;其次是肠道组织的糖元消耗,飞翔肌内糖类含量是有限的,仅够飞翔最初时期(3min)使用。在此时期,飞翔肌海藻糖含量上升然后下降,脂肪体和肠道海藻糖经历下降和继而上升的变化。然而,血淋巴内海藻糖含量一直下降到流入和流出量持平。雄蛾飞翔肌糖类代谢水平高于雌娥飞翔肌。     

眼镜蛇入蛰前和出蛰后血液粘性的变化

利用血液流变学的理论和技术对入蛰前和出蛰后的眼镜蛇血液进行粘滞性、浓稠性及血细胞聚集性的比较分析,发现:(一)眼镜蛇的血液处于低粘滞性、低浓稠性及血细胞低聚集性的状态。(二)眼镜蛇出蛰后血液粘性比入蛰前非常显著增高,血液流速减慢,致使组织器官血液供应不足,影响了眼镜蛇出蛰后的活动,故其活动能力比入蛰前差。     

Changes of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism during cold acclimatization in hibernating jerboa (Jaculus orientalis)

Jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) is a deep hibernator originating from sub-desert highlands and represents an excellent model to help to understand the incidence of seasonal variations of food intake and of body as well as environmental temperatures on lipid metabolism. In jerboa, hibernation processes are characterized by changes in the size of mitochondria, the number of peroxisomes in liver and in the expression of enzymes linked to fatty acid metabolism. In liver and kidney, cold acclimatization shows an opposite effect on the activities of the mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (-50%) and the peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX) (+50%), while in brown and white adipose tissues, both activities are decreased down to 85%. These enzymes activities are subject to a strong induction in brown and in white adipose tissue (3.4- to 7.5-fold, respectively) during the hibernation period which is characterized by a low body temperature (around 10 degrees C) and by starvation. Expression level of AOX mRNA and protein are increased during both pre-hibernation and hibernation periods. Unexpectedly, treatment with ciprofibrate, a hypolipemic agent, deeply affects lipolysis in brown adipose tissue by increasing acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity (3.4-fold), both AOX activity and mRNA levels (2.8- and 3.8-fold, respectively) during pre-hibernation. Therefore, during pre-hibernation acclimatization, there is a negative regulation of fatty acid degradation allowing to accumulate a lipid stock which is later degraded during the hibernation period (starvation) due to a positive regulation of enzymes providing the required energy for animal survival.     

Lipid changes in blood serum and tissues of the Egyptian Cobra “Naja haje haje” during the hibernation cycle

• 1.Total lipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and total cholesterol in blood serum, liver, brain, cardiac and skeletal muscles of Naja haje haje were determined during the different phases of the hibernation cycle.
• 2.A sharp decrease in the level of total lipids of blood serum and all tissues occurred during hibernation. Upon arousal, lipogenesis is commonly restored.
• 3.Elevated concentrations of serum free fatty acids predominated in pre-hibernation and hibernation periods, while the tissues recorded highly significant declines during hibernation.
• 4.Occurrence of marked decreases in triglycerides contents of serum and tissues except the cardiac muscles in the hibernation and arousal phases.
• 5.Sharp increases in the phospholipid contents of blood and the selected tissues were recorded during hibernation. The level declined in both liver and cardiac muscles in arousing animals.
• 6.Total cholesterol level was lowered in blood during hibernation. The cardiac muscles showed a highly significant decrease while liver, brain and skeletal muscles showed elevations in the same phase.

     

Plasma thyroxine and cortisol under basal conditions and during cold stress in the aging dog

The effects of aging on plasma concentration of thyroxine (T4) and cortisol and on responses of these hormones to low ambient temperatures were determined in the dog. Female beagle dogs were divided into three age groups: old, adult, and puppies. The mean (+/- SD) ages were 11.4 +/- 0.2 years, 3.0 +/- 0.4 years, and 7.6 +/- 0.2 weeks, respectively. All dogs came from a genetically homogeneous colony and were free from any disease. The adult and old dogs were used during anestrus. Based on four daily blood samples, the mean (+/- SE) T4 level in the old dogs (2.8 +/- 0.1 microgram/dl) was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than that in the adults (4.2 +/- 0.2 micrograms/dl) and puppies (4.4 +/- 0.2 micrograms/dl). By contrast, mean plasma cortisol levels in the old dogs (21.1 +/- 3.1 ng/ml) and adults (15.4 +/- 2.4 ng/ml) were significantly higher than those in the puppies (7.2 +/- 1.1 ng/ml). No significant changes in plasma T4 and cortisol occurred in any of the three age groups at 22 degrees C or during exposure to 10 or 4 degrees C. Exposure to -5 degrees C, however, produced significant increases in T4 (greater than 130% by 5 hr) and cortisol (greater than 280% by 1 hr) in adult dogs. This temperature produced only a modest increase in T4 (70% by 3.5 hr) and no change in cortisol in the old dogs. The puppies showed no change in T4 and cortisol during exposure to -5 degrees C. The results demonstrate that with advancing age, plasma T4 and cortisol concentrations change in opposite directions, thus supporting the hypothesis of a negative relationship between these two hormones. These results also show that the responses of these hormones to the stress of cold decline during aging and are not yet developed in the very young.     

Six months of disuse during hibernation does not increase intracortical porosity or decrease cortical bone geometry,strength, or mineralization in black bear (Ursus americanus) femurs

Disuse typically uncouples bone formation from resorption, leading to bone loss which compromises bone mechanical properties and increases the risk of bone fracture. Previous studies suggest that bears can prevent bone loss during long periods of disuse (hibernation), but small sample sizes have limited the conclusions that can be drawn regarding the effects of hibernation on bone structure and strength in bears. Here we quantified the effects of hibernation on structural, mineral, and mechanical properties of black bear (Ursus americanus) cortical bone by studying femurs from large groups of male and female bears (with wide age ranges) killed during pre-hibernation (fall) and post-hibernation (spring) periods. Bone properties that are affected by body mass (e.g. bone geometrical properties) tended to be larger in male compared to female bears. There were no differences (p>0.226) in bone structure, mineral content, or mechanical properties between fall and spring bears. Bone geometrical properties differed by less than 5% and bone mechanical properties differed by less than 10% between fall and spring bears. Porosity (fall: 5.5±2.2%; spring: 4.8±1.6%) and ash fraction (fall: 0.694±0.011; spring: 0.696±0.010) also showed no change (p>0.304) between seasons. Statistical power was high (>72%) for these analyses. Furthermore, bone geometrical properties and ash fraction (a measure of mineral content) increased with age and porosity decreased with age. These results support the idea that bears possess a biological mechanism to prevent disuse and age-related osteoporoses.     

山蝠和黑斑蛙乳酸脱氨酶同工酶及血糖浓度的季节变化

本工作采用聚丙烯酸胺凝胶电泳等方法,对山蝠（Ｎｙｃｔｕｓｎｏｃｔｕｌａ）和黑斑蛙（Ｒａｎａｎｉｇｒｏｍａｃｕｌａｔａ）在冬眠或蛰伏期与活动期的血清、脑、骨胳肌中的乳酸脱氢酶（ｌａｃｔａｔｅｄｅｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎａｓｅ,ＬＤＨ）同工酶和血糖浓度进行了比较研究。ＬＤＨ同工酶及血糖浓度表现出明显的季节变化。与活动期的动物相比,在冬眠或蛰伏期中的动物的ＬＤＨ１缺乏、ＬＤＨ５明显增多（Ｐ＜０．００１）,血糖浓度明显升高（Ｐ＜０．００１）。此外,ＬＤＨ同工酶和血糖浓度的季节变化在冬眠动物和蛰伏动物之间还存在着明显的差异。这些结果提示,ＬＤＨ同工酶含量和血糖浓度的季节变化不仅与动物的能量代谢水平相适应,而且显示了冬眠和蛰伏两种生理过程中的可能差异。     

Seasonal rhythms in the functioning of the hypophyseo-thyroid system of the suslik Citellus parryi

In experiments on the Arctic ground squirrel Citellus parryi, radioimmune assay of the content of thyrotropin of the hypophysis and thyroxine and triiodothyronine of the thyroid in the peripheral blood has been made at monthly intervals from July until May. It was found that during hibernation period, thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in the blood of sleeping animals are high as compared with those during pre-hibernation period in autumn and active period in May. Thyrotropin content of the blood increases from October to May, being the lowest however during the season of the deepest hibernation from December to February. It is suggested that activation of the hypophysial--thyroid system after resting period in summer and autumn begins in October. During deep sleeping, it is depressed, being recovered in March. High levels of the thyroid hormones during hibernation period may be explained by metabolic strategy of the organism in hibernating animals which is directed to optimization of energy supply of hibernation.     

Plasma lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis): a comparison between pre-hibernators and hibernators.

1. The concentrations of total cholesterol (free cholesterol plus cholesteryl ester) in the plasma and in two lipoprotein fractions of golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) were measured during pre-hibernation and compared to those values measured during hibernation. 2. Hibernating ground squirrels had significantly higher (P less than 0.005) very low density lipoprotein plus low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL + LDL-C) concentrations than did pre-hibernating ground squirrels. 3. Hibernating squirrels additionally exhibited significantly higher (P less than 0.005) total plasma cholesterol concentration per high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (TPC/HDL-C) ratios than did pre-hibernating squirrels. 4. The significant differences in the lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations observed in this study suggest that lipoprotein metabolism in pre-hibernators was significantly different from that in hibernators and was a reflection of the marked biochemical and physiological adjustments these animals must undergo during their transition from pre-hibernation to hibernation.     

Immunoreactivities of PPARγ2, Leptin and Leptin Receptor in Oviduct of Chinese Brown Frog During Breeding Period and Pre-Hibernation

The Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii) is a special amphibian with one unique physiological phenomenon, which is that its oviduct expands prior to hibernation, instead of during the breeding period. In this study, we investigate the localization and expression level of PPARγ2, leptin and leptin receptor proteins in oviduct of Rana dybowskii during breeding period and pre-hibernation. There were significant variations in oviductal weight and size, with values much lower in the breeding period than in pre-hibernation. PPARγ2 was observed in stromal and epithelial cells in both periods. Leptin was immunolocalized in epithelial cells in both periods, whereas leptin receptor was detected only in stromal cells. Consistently, the protein levels of PPARγ2, leptin and leptin receptor were higher in pre-hibernation as compared to the breeding period. These results suggested that oviduct was the target organ of leptin, which may play an important paracrine role in regulating the oviductal hypertrophy during prehibernation.Key words: Leptin, leptin receptor, oviduct, PPARγ2, Rana dybowskii.